J/ApJS/265/50 Low-mass companions to KOIs observed with APOGEE (Canas+, 2023)
Characterization of low-mass companions to Kepler Objects of Interest observed
with APOGEE-N.
Canas C.I., Bender C.F., Mahadevan S., Bizyaev D., De Lee N.,
Fleming S.W., Hearty F., Majewski S.R., Nitschelm C., Schneider D.P.,
Serna J., Stassun K.G., Stefansson G., Stringfellow G.S., Wilson J.C.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 265, 50 (2023)>
=2023ApJS..265...50C 2023ApJS..265...50C
ADC_Keywords: Spectra, infrared; Photometry; Optical; Radial velocities;
Stars, double and multiple; Exoplanets; Abundances, [Fe/H];
Stars, masses; Stars, ages; Stars, diameters; Extinction
Keywords: Binary stars ; Companion stars
Abstract:
We report the characterization of 28 low-mass
(0.02M☉≤M2≤0.25M☉) companions to Kepler objects of
interest (KOIs), eight of which were previously designated confirmed
planets. These objects were detected as transiting companions to
Sunlike stars (G and F dwarfs) by the Kepler mission and are confirmed
as single-lined spectroscopic binaries in the current work using the
northern multiplexed Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution
Experiment near-infrared spectrograph (APOGEE-N) as part of the third
and fourth Sloan Digital Sky Surveys. We have observed hundreds of
KOIs using APOGEE-N and collected a total of 43175 spectra with a
median of 19 visits and a median baseline of ∼1.9yr per target. We
jointly model the Kepler photometry and APOGEE-N radial velocities to
derive fundamental parameters for this subset of 28 transiting
companions. The radii for most of these low-mass companions are
overinflated (by ∼10%) when compared to theoretical models. Tidally
locked M dwarfs on short-period orbits show the largest amount of
inflation, but inflation is also evident for companions that are well
separated from the host star. We demonstrate that APOGEE-N data
provide reliable radial velocities when compared to precise
high-resolution spectrographs that enable detailed characterization of
individual systems and the inference of orbital elements for faint
(H>12) KOIs. The data from the entire APOGEE-KOI program are public
and present an opportunity to characterize an extensive subset of the
binary population observed by Kepler.
Description:
The APOGEE-KOI program (Fleming+ 2015AJ....149..143F 2015AJ....149..143F) used the
northern Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment
(APOGEE) spectrograph (APOGEE-N) located on the Sloan 2.5m telescope
at APO.
APOGEE-N is a multiobject, fiber-fed, near-infrared spectrograph
capable of observing up to 300 objects simultaneously at high
resolution (R∼22500) in the H band (1.514-1.696um).
The field of view (FOV) for APOGEE-N has a radius of 1.49°, which
coincidentally provides an opportunity to use the multiplexing
capabilities of APOGEE-N and simultaneously observe multiple KOIs from
one Kepler CCD module.
The APOGEE-KOI program began in 2013 under SDSS-III and completed
observations in 2020 as part of SDSS-IV. It targeted ∼1600 KOIs for a
median of 19 epochs per target and a median baseline of 683 days (1.87yr).
The targets for the APOGEE-KOI program include confirmed planets,
planetary candidates, and false-positive systems. Figure 1 displays
the observed Kepler footprint along with the targets observed with
APOGEE-N. Table 1 provides a list of the stars, including non-KOIs,
observed as part of the APOGEE-KOI program. See Section 2.
In this paper, we present an analysis of a subset of the APOGEE-KOI
program: the 28 KOIs listed in Table 2. Kepler observed our targets
for the entirety of the original mission in long-cadence mode
(30-minute cadence) with data from 2009 May 13 through 2013 May 11.
Some targets were observed in short-cadence (2-minute cadence) mode.
See Section 3.1.
A total of 23 KOIs (see Table 3) were observed as part of the Robo-AO
Kepler planetary candidate survey (Law+ 2014, J/ApJ/791/35 ;
Baranec+ 2016, J/AJ/152/18 & Ziegler+ 2017, J/AJ/153/66 and
2018, J/AJ/155/161). These observations were performed using the
Robo-AO laser adaptive optics system on the 2.1m telescope at Kitt
Peak National Observatory with a 1.85m circular aperture mask on the
primary mirror. See Section 3.2.
In this work, we do not use archival APOGEE DR17 RVs but instead
derive RVs using the processed DR17 spectra. See Section 3.3.
KOI-129, KOI-219, KOI-415, KOI-466, KOI-855, and KOI-1288 were
observed with the SOPHIE spectrograph as part of observations of the
Kepler field. SOPHIE (wavelength coverage of 3872-6943Å) is located
on the 1.93m telescope at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence. The
observations for these targets were acquired between 2013 June and
2018 September and were obtained using an exposure time of 1800s in
high-efficiency mode, which provides a resolution of R∼40000.
See Section 3.4.
KOI-631 was observed with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder (HPF)
spectrograph between 2019 March 3 and 2019 July 17. HPF is a
high-resolution (R∼55000), fiber-fed, temperature-controlled,
near-infrared (λ∼8080-12780Å) spectrograph located on the
10m Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) at McDonald Observatory in Texas.
See Section 3.5.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 107 2282 Stars observed by the APOGEE-KOI program;
from erratum published in
Canas et al. 2023ApJS..268...70C 2023ApJS..268...70C
table2.dat 57 28 Kepler photometry used for the 28 KOIs
table3.dat 146 28 General information of the KOI host stars
table5.dat 49 564 RVs of the KOI systems listed in Table 2;
from erratum published in
Canas et al. 2023ApJS..268...70C 2023ApJS..268...70C
table7.dat 140 28 Stellar parameters for the KOI host stars
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
V/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)
V/147 : The SDSS Photometric Catalogue, Release 12 (Alam+, 2015)
IV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)
III/284 : APOGEE-2 data from DR16 (Johnsson+, 2020)
I/352 : Distances to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia EDR3 (Bailer-Jones+, 2021)
I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
J/A+A/337/403 : Low-mass stars evolutionary models (Baraffe+ 1998)
J/A+A/398/239 : RI differential photometry of CU Cnc (Ribas, 2003)
J/ApJ/640/1051 : 25pc sample of Sun-like stars (Grether+, 2006)
J/A+A/478/507 : Distances & atmospheric param. of MSU stars (Morales+, 2008)
J/A+A/505/853 : HD16760 radial velocity curve (Bouchy+, 2009)
J/ApJ/691/1400 : Absolute properties of CM Dra (Morales+, 2009)
J/other/A+ARV/17.251 : Stars observed with Doppler imaging (Strassmeier, 2009)
J/ApJS/190/1 : A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)
J/other/A+ARV/18.67 : Accurate masses & radii of normal stars (Torres+, 2010)
J/ApJ/742/123 : Photometry and Velocity of LSPM J1112+7626 (Irwin+, 2011)
J/ApJ/728/48 : Multicolor eclipse data for 6 new binaries (Kraus+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/414/1278 : Eccentricities of transiting planets (Pont+, 2011)
J/A+A/525/A95 : Search for brown-dwarf companions of stars (Sahlmann+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/426/1507 : Detached M dwarf eclipsing binaries in WTS (Birkby+, 2012)
J/PASP/124/1279 : Q3 Kepler's combined photometry (Christiansen+, 2012)
J/AJ/144/93 : Close white dwarf + M dwarf binaries (WD+dM) (Morgan+, 2012)
J/A+A/557/L10 : Rotation periods of 12000 Kepler stars (Nielsen+, 2013)
J/ApJ/788/L9 : Stellar parameters of KIC planet-host stars (Bastien+, 2014)
J/ApJ/791/35 : Detection of 715 Kepler planet cand. host stars (Law+, 2014)
J/ApJ/791/55 : HD 189733b in transit light curve (McCullough+, 2014)
J/ApJS/211/24 : Rotation periods of Kepler MS stars (McQuillan+, 2014)
J/ApJ/804/64 : Empirical and model parameters of 183 M dwarfs (Mann+, 2015)
J/A+A/580/A21 : BEER analysis of CoRoT light curves (Tal-Or+, 2015)
J/ApJ/812/3 : MEarth mid-to-late M dwarfs rot. & kinematics (West+, 2015)
J/AJ/152/18 : Robo-AO Kepler planetary cand. survey. II. (Baranec+, 2016)
J/ApJ/818/43 : Stellar surface gravities of KIC stars (Bastien+, 2016)
J/ApJS/224/12 : Kepler planetary candidates. VII. 48-month (Coughlin+, 2016)
J/AJ/151/144 : ASPCAP weights for APOGEE chemical elements (Garcia+, 2016)
J/AJ/151/68 : Kepler Mission. VII. Eclipsing binaries in DR3 (Kirk+, 2016)
J/ApJ/822/86 : False positive prob. for Q1-Q17 DR24 KOIs (Morton+, 2016)
J/A+A/587/A64 : Physical properties of giant exoplanets (Santerne+, 2016)
J/AJ/151/85 : Companions to APOGEE stars. I. (Troup+, 2016)
J/AJ/152/158 : Kepler transiting planet search (DR25) (Twicken+, 2016)
J/ApJ/825/19 : Mass-radius relationship for pl. with Rp<4 (Wolfgang+, 2016)
J/A+A/602/A107 : Transiting planets eccentricity and mass (Bonomo+, 2017)
J/ApJ/834/17 : Mass & rad. of planets, moons, low mass stars (Chen+, 2017)
J/ApJS/229/30 : Revised properties of Q1-17 Kepler targets (Mathur+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/216 : Radial velocities of 41 Kepler EBs (Matson+, 2017)
J/ApJ/834/85 : Hα emission in nearby M dwarfs (Newton+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/107 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). I. (Petigura+, 2017)
J/AJ/153/66 : Robo-AO Kepler Planetary Cand. Survey. III. (Ziegler+, 2017)
J/MNRAS/474/2094 : Inferring probabilistic stellar rot. periods (Angus+, 2018)
J/AJ/156/27 : Mass & rad. of 4 VLM stars in EB systems (Chaturvedi+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/38 : The rotation of M dwarfs observed by APOGEE (Gilhool+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/225 : M dwarf stars rot. broadening measurements (Kesseli+, 2018)
J/A+A/612/A49 : 324 CARMENES M dwarfs velocities (Reiners+, 2018)
J/ApJS/235/38 : Kepler planetary cand. VIII. DR25 (Thompson+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/68 : Elemental abundances of KOIs in APOGEE. I. (Wilson+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/161 : Stars nearby Robo-AO Kepler planetary cand. (Ziegler+, 2018)
J/A+A/623/A72 : Binarity of HIP stars from Gaia pm anomaly (Kervella+, 2019)
J/A+A/631/A125 : 54 massive companions detected with SOPHIE (Kiefer+, 2019)
J/ApJ/871/63 : How to constrain your M dwarf. II. Nearby bin. (Mann+, 2019)
J/A+A/630/A89 : WASP-12b and WASP-43b griz light curves (Parviainen+, 2019)
J/A+A/630/A135 : The exoplanet mass-radius relation (Ulmer-Moll+, 2019)
J/AJ/160/108 : Gaia-Kepler stellar properties cat. II. Pl. (Berger+, 2020)
J/AJ/159/100 : Flux & RVs of G9-40 with K2 & HPF (Stefansson+, 2020)
J/AJ/159/19 : SOAR TESS survey. I. (Ziegler+, 2020)
J/AJ/161/36 : Exoplanets in habitable zone with Kepler (Bryson+, 2021)
J/AJ/161/172 : The Solar Neighborhood. XLVII. M dwarfs (Dieterich+, 2021)
J/A+A/652/A127 : 13-150MJup EBs transiting comp. (Grieves+, 2021)
J/A+A/645/A7 : Masses of RV exoplanets with Gaia (Kiefer+, 2021)
J/AJ/162/192 : SOAR TESS survey. II. Stellar companions (Ziegler+, 2021)
J/A+A/657/A7 : Stellar & substellar comp. from Gaia EDR3 (Kervella+, 2022)
J/AJ/163/128 : Abundances in 1018 KOIs and their planets (Wilson+, 2022)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 A18 --- APOGEE APOGEE identifier (2Mhhmmssss+ddmmsss)
21- 28 I8 --- KIC [1031322/12470844] KIC identifier
30- 33 I4 --- KOI [12/8266]? Kepler Object of Interest identifier
35- 46 A12 --- Kepler Kepler name from NASA Exoplanet Archive
48- 56 I9 --- TIC [26885796/399819857]? TESS Input Cat. identifier
58- 76 I19 --- Gaia ? Gaia DR3 identifier
78- 79 I2 --- Nvis [4/50] Number of APOGEE visits
81- 84 I4 d Base [8/3315] Temporal baseline of APOGEE visits
86- 88 I3 --- S/N [1/586] Median Signal-to-Noise per pixel (1)
90-103 A14 --- Disp NASA Exoplanet Archive disposition (2)
105-107 A3 --- Mod Kepler CCD module identified in Figure 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Of all visits from the allVisit catalog.
Note (2): Of the first transiting signal from the supplemental DR25 table.
Disposition as follows:
CANDIDATE = 438 occurrences
CONFIRMED = 719 occurrences
FALSE_POSITIVE = 445 occurrences
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 A18 --- APOGEE APOGEE identifier
20- 27 I8 --- KIC [3558981/11974540] KIC identifier
29- 32 I4 --- KOI [23/6760] KOI identifier
34- 45 A12 --- Kepler Kepler designation
47- 51 A5 --- Short Kepler short cadence?
53- 57 A5 --- Long Kepler long cadence?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 A18 --- APOGEE APOGEE identifier
20- 27 I8 --- KIC [3558981/11974540] KIC number
29- 32 I4 --- KOI [23/6760] KOI number (DR25)
34- 52 I19 --- Gaia Gaia DR3 identifier
54- 55 I2 h RAh Hour of right ascension (J2000)
57- 58 I2 min RAm Minute of right ascension (J2000)
60- 64 F5.2 s RAs Second of right ascension (J2000)
66 A1 --- DE- Sign of declination (J2000)
67- 68 I2 deg DEd Degree of declination (J2000)
70- 71 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of declination (J2000)
73- 77 F5.2 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of declination (J2000)
79- 84 F6.2 mas/yr pmRA [-16.93/19.83] Proper motion in RA
86- 89 F4.2 mas/yr e_pmRA [0.01/0.3] pmRA uncertainty
91- 96 F6.2 mas/yr pmDE [-16.77/6.68] Proper motion in declination
98-101 F4.2 mas/yr e_pmDE [0.01/0.4] pmDE uncertainty
103-106 I4 pc Dist [474/2140] Geometric distance from
Bailer-Jones+ 2021, I/352
108-110 I3 pc e_Dist [3/500] Lower uncertainty on Dist
112-115 I4 pc E_Dist [5/1000]? Upper uncertainty on Dist
117-121 F5.2 --- RUWE [0.92/20.74] Gaia DR3 RUWE
123-126 F4.2 --- MaxAv [0.16/0.66] Maximum visual extinction
determined from Green+ (2019ApJ...887...93G 2019ApJ...887...93G)
128-142 A15 --- Det Robo-AO detection? (1)
144-146 A3 --- r_Det Reference on Det (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Empty rows are objects not observed as part of the Robo-AO Kepler
survey.
Note (2): References as follows:
B16 = Baranec et al. (2016, J/AJ/152/18)
DR25 = Thompson et al. (2018, J/ApJS/235/38)
DR3 = Gaia Collaboration et al. (2022, I/355)
Green = Green et al. (2019ApJ...887...93G 2019ApJ...887...93G)
L14 = Law et al. (2014, J/ApJ/791/35)
Z17 = Ziegler et al. (2017, J/AJ/153/66)
Z18 = Ziegler et al. (2018, J/AJ/155/161)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- 14 F13.5 d BJD Barycentric Julian Date; TDB
16- 22 I7 m/s RVel [-101721/27857] Radial velocity
24- 27 I4 m/s e_RVel [12/6463] Uncertainty in RVel
29- 31 I3 --- S/N [1/111] Signal-to-Noise
33- 40 A8 --- Inst Instrument ("APOGEE-N", "SOPHIE" or "HPF")
42- 45 A4 --- --- [KOI-]
46- 49 I4 --- KOI [23/6760] Kepler Object of Interest identifier
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 A18 --- APOGEE APOGEE identifier
20- 27 I8 --- KIC [3558981/11974540] KIC number
29- 32 I4 --- KOI [23/6760] KOI number
34- 37 I4 K Te [5000/6300] Temperature
39- 41 I3 K e_Te [80/300] Te uncertainty
43- 47 F5.2 [Sun] [Fe/H] [-1.5/0.29] Metallicity
49- 52 F4.2 [Sun] e_[Fe/H] [0.01/0.1] [Fe/H] uncertainty
54- 57 F4.2 [cm/s2] logg [3.67/4.52] Log of surface gravity
59- 62 F4.2 [cm/s2] e_logg [0.02/0.2] Lower uncertainty on logg
64- 67 F4.2 [cm/s2] E_logg [0.02/0.2] Upper uncertainty on logg
69- 72 F4.2 Msun Mass [0.78/1.46] Mass
74- 77 F4.2 Msun e_Mass [0.02/0.12] Lower uncertainty on Mass
79- 82 F4.2 Msun E_Mass [0.02/0.2] Upper uncertainty on Mass
84- 87 F4.2 pc Rad [0.85/2.3] Radius
89- 92 F4.2 pc e_Rad [0.02/0.3] Lower uncertainty on Rad
94- 97 F4.2 pc E_Rad [0.02/0.5] Upper uncertainty on Rad
99- 102 F4.2 g/cm3 rho [0.11/2] Density, ρ*
104- 107 F4.2 g/cm3 e_rho [0.02/0.5] Lower uncertainty on rho
109- 112 F4.2 g/cm3 E_rho [0.02/0.7] Upper uncertainty on rho
114- 117 F4.1 Gyr Age [2.2/12.4] Age
119- 121 F3.1 Gyr e_Age [0.5/4] Lower uncertainty on Age
123- 125 F3.1 Gyr E_Age [0.7/4] Upper uncertainty on Age
127- 130 F4.2 mag Av [0.06/0.55] Dust extinction
132- 135 F4.2 mag e_Av [0.03/0.1] Lower uncertainty on Av
137- 140 F4.2 mag E_Av [0.02/0.1] Upper uncertainty on Av
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acknowledgements:
Canas I. Caleb [c.canas at nasa.gov]
History:
From electronic version of the journal
27-Jun-2023: Insert into VizieR
02-Nov-2023: Tables 1 and 5 updated following to the erratum published
in Caleb+ 2023ApJS..268...70C 2023ApJS..268...70C
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 09-May-2023