J/MNRAS/444/566 Methanol maser associated outflows (de Villiers+, 2014)
Methanol maser associated outflows: detection statistics and properties.
de Villiers H.M., Chrysostomou A., Thompson M.A., Ellingsen S.P.,
Urquhart J.S., Breen S.L., Burton M.G., Csengeri T., Ward-thompson D.
<Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 444, 566-585 (2014)>
=2014MNRAS.444..566D 2014MNRAS.444..566D
ADC_Keywords: Masers ; Interstellar medium
Keywords: line: profiles - masers - stars: formation - stars: massive -
ISM: jets and outflows - submillimetre: stars
Abstract:
We have selected the positions of 54 6.7GHz methanol masers from the
Methanol Multibeam Survey catalogue, covering a range of longitudes
between 20° and 34° of the Galactic plane. These positions
were mapped in the J=3-2 transition of both the 13CO and C18O
lines. A total of 58 13CO emission peaks are found in the vicinity
of these maser positions. We search for outflows around all 13CO
peaks, and find evidence for high-velocity gas in all cases, spatially
resolving the red and blue outflow lobes in 55 cases. Of these
sources, 44 have resolved kinematic distances, and are closely
associated with the 6.7GHz masers, a subset referred to as Methanol
Maser Associated Outflows (MMAOs). We calculate the masses of the
clumps associated with each peak using 870µm continuum emission
from the ATLASGAL survey. A strong correlation is seen between the
clump mass and both outflow mass and mechanical force, lending support
to models in which accretion is strongly linked to outflow. We find
that the scaling law between outflow activity and clump masses
observed for low-mass objects, is also followed by the MMAOs in this
study, indicating a commonality in the formation processes of low-mass
and high-mass stars.
Description:
The targets were observed with the JCMT, on the summit of Mauna Kea,
Hawaii on seven nights between 2007 May 17 and 2008 July 22. Targets
were mapped in the 13CO and C18O (J=3-2) transitions (330.6 and
329.3GHz), using the 16-receptor HARP.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 55 58 Complete list of 6.7GHz methanol maser coordinates
used as pointing targets, including target names
table2.dat 85 59 Literature LSR velocities (median velocity for
6.7GHz maser or associated IRDC or molecular
cloud if no maser velocity is available)
associated with each target
table3.dat 79 55 Target C18O velocities used to calculate their
kinematic distances from the Galactic Rotation
Curve (GRC, Brand & Blitz 1993, J/A+A/275/67)
table5.dat 99 62 Physical properties of all blue and red outflow
lobes as detected in 13CO
table6.dat 60 57 Coordinates and masses of the central clumps
associated with the methanol masers, as derived
from the 870um dust flux measurements from
ATLASGAL (Csengeri et al., 2014, J/A+A/565/A75)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
J/A+A/565/A75 : ATLASGAL. Dust condensations in Galactic plane (Csengeri+ 2014)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- Name Name (GL.lll+B.bbb)
14 A1 --- m_Name [AB] Multiplicity index on Name (1)
15 A1 --- n_Name [*] Spectra at maser position (2)
17- 22 F6.3 deg GLON Maser Galactic longitude
24- 29 F6.3 deg GLAT Maser Galactic latitude
31- 36 F6.3 deg GLONC Clump Galactic longitude (3)
38- 43 F6.3 deg GLATC Clump Galactic latitude (3)
45- 47 F3.1 K.km/s phi [0.5/2]? noise rms φ, integrated over the
channels in each C18O integrated map (4)
49- 55 A7 --- Com Comments (5)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Suffixes A and B indicate separate clumps if more than one are
detected.
Note (2): * indicates sources that had their spectra extracted at the maser
coordinate itself.
Note (3): The clump coordinates from where spectra were extracted are listed.
Note (4): noise rms, integrated over the number of channels nchan in each C18O
integrated map (φ=σrms.Δ.sqrt(nchan), for a channel width
Δv of 0.5km/s).
Note (5): When clumps were truncated at the edge of a map, or signal-to-noise
was too low for significant C18O detection, it is indicated.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- Name Target name (GLL.lll+B.bbb)
14 A1 --- m_Name [A/B] Multiplicity index on Name
15- 18 A4 --- f_Name [rbpk.12 ] peak identification (1)
22- 28 F7.3 --- Vmas [9/116]?=- Maser velocity
29 A1 --- n_Vmas [mpc] which velocity reported in Vmas (2)
31 I1 --- r_Vmas ?=- Maser velocity reference (3)
33- 37 F5.1 km/s V18O [15/113] Observed peak C18O VLSR velocity
39- 42 F4.1 K T18O Observed peak C18O antenna temperature
44- 48 F5.1 km/s V13C [15/113] Observed peak 13CO VLSR velocity
50- 53 F4.1 K T13C Observed peak 13CO antenna temperature
54 A1 --- n_T13C [*] self-absorption velocities excluded (4)
57- 59 I3 km/s Vmin [10/106] Lower value of velocity interval (6)
61 A1 --- --- [-]
62- 64 I3 km/s Vmax [22/130] Upper value of velocity interval (6)
67- 70 F4.1 km/s Dvb [2/16]?=- Velocity extent to blue 13CO line
wing (5)
72- 75 F4.1 km/s Dvr [2/16]?=- Velocity extent to red 13CO line
wing (5)
77- 80 F4.1 K.km/s Int.b ?=- Blue 13CO maximum integrated intensity
82- 85 F4.1 K.km/s Int.r ?=- Red 13CO maximum integrated intensity
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag as follows:
b = blue lobe only
r = red lobe only
pk.1 = peak 1
pk.2 = peak 2
Note (2): Note as follows:
m = mid-line velocity
p = peak-velocity
c = cloud velocity
Note (3): References as follows:
1 = Green & McClure-Griffiths (2011MNRAS.417.2500G 2011MNRAS.417.2500G)
2 = Roman-Duval et al. (2009ApJ...699.1153R 2009ApJ...699.1153R, Cat. J/ApJ/699/1153)
3 = Szymczak et al. (2012AN....333..634S 2012AN....333..634S)
4 = Simon et al. (2006ApJ...653.1325S 2006ApJ...653.1325S, Cat. J/ApJ/653/1325)
Note (4): Notes as follows:
* = peaks of Gaussians fitted to spectrum profiles excluding velocity
ranges showing strong self-absorption in 13CO, while for
double-peaked G 23.010-0.411, they represent fits to the individual
peaks (peak 1 indicated by '(pk.1)' and peak 2 by '(pk.2)').
Note (5): Velocity extents measured from the peak velocity (as defined by
C18O) to the maximum velocity along the blue or red 13CO line wing.
Note (6): velocity interval over which the 13CO profile is integrated
to obtain the background emission.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- Name Target name
14 A1 --- m_Name [AB] Multiplicity index on Name
15 A1 --- n_Name [rb] red (r) or blue (b) lobe
17- 23 F7.3 km/s VC18O [15/113] C18O line velocity (LSR)
25- 29 F5.2 kpc Dist [1.8/13.5] Distance
30 A1 --- --- [,]
31- 33 F3.1 kpc Dist2 [1.4/2.4]? Second distance value
35- 38 A4 --- r_Dist Literature references used to resolve the
far/near distance ambiguities (1)
40- 43 F4.2 pc+2 Ab ?=- Surface area A for blue lobe as mapped
in 13CO
44 A1 --- --- [,]
45- 48 F4.2 pc+2 Ab2 ? Second surface area A for blue lobe as
mapped in 13CO
50- 53 F4.2 pc+2 Ar ?=- Surface area A for red lobe as mapped
in 13CO
54 A1 --- --- [,]
55- 59 F5.3 pc+2 Ar2 ? Second surface area A for red lobe as mapped
in 13CO
61- 64 F4.2 pc lb ?=- Blue lobe length as measured from the clump
coordinate to each outflow's radial extreme
65 A1 --- --- [,]
66- 69 F4.2 pc lb2 ? Second blue lobe length as measured from the
clump coordinate to each outflow's radial
extreme
71- 74 F4.2 pc lr ?=- Red lobe length as measured from the clump
coordinate to each outflow's radial extreme
75 A1 --- --- [,]
76- 79 F4.2 pc lr2 ? Second red lobe length as measured from the
clump coordinate to each outflow's radial
extreme
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): References as follows:
CG11 = Caswell & Green (2011MNRAS.411.2059C 2011MNRAS.411.2059C)
C09 = Cyganowski et al. (2009ApJ...702.1615C 2009ApJ...702.1615C, Cat. J/ApJ/702/1615)
F03 = Fish et al. (2003ApJ...596..328F 2003ApJ...596..328F)
GM11 = Green & McClure-Griffiths (2011MNRAS.417.2500G 2011MNRAS.417.2500G)
P06 = Purcell et al. (2006MNRAS.367..553P 2006MNRAS.367..553P)
RD09 = Roman-Duval et al. (2009ApJ...699.1153R 2009ApJ...699.1153R, Cat. J/ApJ/699/1153)
S06 = Simon et al. (2006ApJ...653.1325S 2006ApJ...653.1325S, Cat. J/ApJ/653/1325)
TAN = sources with velocities within 10km/s of the tangent velocity
are placed at the tangent distance
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- Name Target name
14 A1 ---- m_Name [AB] Multiplicity index on Name (G1)
15 A1 --- n_Name [rb] red or blue lobe
16- 18 A3 --- f_Name [(1) (2)] far or near distance (G1)
20- 22 I3 Msun Mb [1/400]?=- Mass of the blue component
24- 26 I3 Msun Mr [1/410]?=- Mass of the red component
28- 30 I3 Msun Mo [1/750]?=- Total mass, Mout=Mb+Mr
32- 35 I4 Msun.km/s p [9/7600]?=- Outflow momentum
37- 43 E7.2 J E ?=- Outflow energy
45- 51 E7.2 yr t ?=- Time-scale
53- 54 I2 10-4Msun/yr dMo/dt [0/86]?=- Mass-loss rate of the outflow
56- 62 E7.2 Msun.km/s Fm ?=- Mechanical force Fm
64- 66 I3 Lsun Lm ?=- Mechanical luminosity Lm
68- 97 A30 --- Notes Additional notes about the mapped lobes (2)
99 A1 --- MMAO? [Y/N] indicates whether a target belongs to
the MMAOs subset (Methanol Maser Associtated
Outflow)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (2): Key for notes:
R = red lobe
B = blue lobe
RR = red ridge
Offset = clump-maser coordinate offset
X = reject
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- Name Clump name as GLL.lll+B.bbb
14 A1 --- m_Name [AB] Multiplicity index on Clump (G1)
15- 17 A3 --- f_Name [(1) (2)] far or near distance (G1)
19- 24 F6.3 deg GLON Galactic longitude
26- 31 F6.3 deg GLAT Galactic latitude
33- 36 F4.1 Jy Sdust [0.6/30]?=- Dust flux
39- 43 I5 Msun M870 [10/14000] Clump mass from 870um dust flux
(Csengeri et al. 2014, J/A+A/565/A75)
45- 48 I4 Msun MC18O [1/2200]? Clump mass from C18O maps
50- 60 A11 --- n_MC18O Note on MC18O
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global notes:
Note (G1): Where multiple clumps exist, their target labels are distinguished
by 'A' and 'B'. Both values are listed for sources with distance ambiguities,
with (1) next to the target name indicating values for far distances,
and (2) mark the values for near distances. Application of the 12CO/13CO
scaling factor to wing velocity ranges will lead to a factor 2 increase in
p (outflow momentum) and Fm (mechanical force), and factor 4 increase in
E (outflow energy) and Lm (mechanical luminosity).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 23-Apr-2015