J/MNRAS/507/3246 Nuclear classification of local volume galaxies (Hoyer+, 2021)
The nucleation fraction of local volume galaxies.
Hoyer N., Neumayer N., Georgiev I.Y., Seth A.C., Greene J.E.
<Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 507, 3246-3266 (2021)>
=2021MNRAS.507.3246H 2021MNRAS.507.3246H (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Galaxies, group ; Galaxy catalogs ; Galaxies, nearby ;
Galaxies, dwarf ; Optical ; Photometry, HST
Photometry, infrared ; Photometry, classification ; References
Keywords: galaxies: clusters: general - galaxies: general -
galaxies: groups: general - galaxies: nuclei -
galaxies: star clusters: general
Abstract:
Nuclear star clusters (NSCs) are a common phenomenon in galaxy centres
and are found in a vast majority of galaxies of intermediate stellar
mass ∼109M☉. Recent investigations suggest that they are
rarely found in the least and most massive galaxies and that the
nucleation fraction increases in dense environments. It is unclear
whether this trend holds true for field galaxies due to the limited
data currently available. Here we present our results on the
nucleation fraction for 601 galaxies in the Local Volume (≲ 12Mpc).
Covering more than eight orders of magnitude in stellar mass, this is
the largest sample of galaxies analysed in a low- density environment.
Within the Local Volume sample we find a strong dependence of the
nucleation fraction on galaxy stellar mass, in agreement with previous
work. We also find that for galaxies with M*<109M☉,
early-type galaxies have a higher nucleation fraction than late-types.
The nucleation fraction in the Local Volume correlates independently
with stellar mass, Hubble type, and local environmental density. We
compare our data to those in galaxy cluster environments (Coma,
Fornax, and Virgo) by compiling previous results and calculating
stellar masses in a homogeneous way. We find significantly lower
nucleation fractions (up to 40 per cent) in galaxies with
M*≲109.5M☉, in agreement with previous work. Our results
reinforce the connection between globular clusters and NSCs, but it
remains unclear if it can explain the observed trends with Hubble type
and local environment. We speculate that correlation between the
nucleation fraction and cluster environment weakens for the densest
clusters like Coma and Virgo.
Description:
In order to study the nucleation phenomenon in galaxies, we consider the
'local volume' to construct the local volume galaxy sample composed by 1220
galaxies as explained in the section 2.1. Consequently, thanks to linked
catalogues, we regrouped photometric and nuclear classifications parameters
of each galaxies in the tabled1.dat, (as a complement refer to the section
2.2 Galaxy parameters).
Secondly, in the way (please see the related section 2.3.2 Coma galaxy
cluster), based on previous references, we built the 'coma' galaxy cluster
catalogue as the tabled2.dat shows.
Thirdly, we investigate the called 'Fornax' galaxy cluster (please see the
linked section 2.3.3) studies to make our Fornax catalogue as exhibited in
the tabled3.dat.
Finally, we are interested on NSCs in mainly low-mass systems in the core
of the Virgo galaxy cluster in such a way as to group all galaxies belonging
to this cluster as presented in the tabled4.dat.
All tables have the same structure, containing main identifier,
angular coordinates, a distance modulus, optical and infrared apparent
magnitudes corrected for Galactic extinction, B-V and g-r colours,
E(B-V), the Hubble type, three tidal indices and a list of the ten
most influential neighbouring galaxies, a photometric stellar mass estimated
and a nuclear classification with literature references, if available.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
tabled1.dat 323 1220 *Local Volume galaxies catalogue
tabled2.dat 428 192 *Coma galaxy cluster catalogue
tabled3.dat 310 813 Fornax galaxy cluster catalogue
tabled4.dat 309 2434 *Virgo galaxy cluster catalogue
refs.dat 71 84 Literature reference
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Note on tabled1.dat: The Local Volume is based on the Updated Nearvy Galaxy
Catalogue (Karachentsev et al. 2013AJ....145..101K 2013AJ....145..101K, Cat. J/AJ/145/101) If no
reference is provided, the nuclear classification is based on available
Hubble Legacy Archive data (link : https://hla.stsci.edu/).
Note on tabled2.dat: Coma galaxy cluster adopted from den Brok et al.
(2014MNRAS.445.2385D 2014MNRAS.445.2385D, Cat. J/MNRAS/445/2385).
Note on tabled4.dat: Adopted from the HyperLEDA data base. We removed galaxies
which are not part of NGVS sample or the Extended Virgo Cluster Catalogue
(Kim et al. 2014ApJS..215...22K 2014ApJS..215...22K, Cat. J/ApJS/215/22).
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See also:
J/AJ/145/101 : Updated nearby galaxy catalog (Karachentsev+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/445/2385 : HST/ACS Coma Cluster Survey. X. (den Brok+, 2014)
J/ApJS/215/22 : The Extended Virgo Cluster Catalog (EVCC) (Kim+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/441/3570 : Nuclear star clusters in 228 spiral galaxies
(Georgiev+, 2014)
J/ApJ/813/L15 : Dwarf galaxies in Fornax cluster from NGFS (Munoz+, 2015)
J/A+A/647/A100 : Fornax Deep Survey with VST. XI. (Su+, 2021)
J/A+A/620/A165 : Fornax Deep Survey with VST. IV. dwarf galaxies
(Venhola+, 2018)
J/ApJ/655/144 : ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. XIII. (Mei+, 2007)
J/ApJ/660/1186 : VCC galaxies classification with SDSS (Lisker+, 2007)
J/ApJ/878/18 : NGVS. XXIII. Nuclear star clusters (Sanchez-Janssen+, 2019)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tabled1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 A18 --- Name Galaxy name (Name)
20- 37 F18.14 deg RAdeg Right Ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)
(RA)
39- 56 F18.14 deg DEdeg Declination in decimal degrees (J2000)
(DE)
58- 62 F5.2 mag MOD Distance modulus m-M (dm)
64- 68 F5.2 mag e_MOD ?=- Mean error on MOD (e_dm)
70- 78 A9 --- n_MOD Distance's derivation method (m_dm)
80- 85 F6.2 mag Bmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in B-band VEGAmag
system corrected from the galactic
extinction (Bmag)
87- 90 F4.2 mag e_Bmag ?=- Mean error on Bmag (e_Bmag)
92- 96 F5.2 mag gmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in g-band ABmag system
corrected from the galactic extinction (gmag)
98-101 F4.2 mag e_gmag ?=- Mean error on gmag (e_gmag)
103-107 F5.2 mag Vmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in V-band VEGAmag
system corrected from the galactic
extinction (Vmag)
109-112 F4.2 mag e_Vmag ?=- Mean error on Vmag (e_Vmag)
114-118 F5.2 mag rmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in r-band ABmag system
corrected from the galactic extinction (rmag)
120-122 F3.1 mag e_rmag ?=- Mean error on rmag (e_rmag)
124-129 F6.2 mag Kmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in K-band VEGAmag
system corrected from the galactic
extinction (Kmag)
131-134 F4.2 mag e_Kmag ?=- Mean error on Kmag (e_Kmag)
136-140 F5.2 mag E(B-V) The (B-V) color excess (EBV)
142-147 F6.3 mag B-V ?=- B-V colour index (B-V)
149-154 F6.3 mag g-r ?=- g-r colour index (g-r)
156-160 F5.1 --- Type ?=- Hubble classification galaxy type
(type) (G1)
162-164 F3.1 --- e_Type ?=- Mean error on type (e_type) (G1)
166-173 F8.5 --- Theta1 Tidal index 1-most influential neighbouring
galaxy (Theta1) (G2)
175-182 F8.5 --- Theta5 Tidal index 5-most influential neighbouring
galaxies (Theta5) (G2)
184-191 F8.5 --- Theta10 Tidal index 10-most influential neighbouring
galaxies (Theta10) (G2)
193-280 A88 --- MDs The list of the ten most influential
neighbouring galaxies (MDs)
282-287 F6.3 [Msun] logM* ?=- The photometric stellar mass (Mass) (G3)
289-294 F6.3 [Msun] e_logM* ?=- Mean error on logM* (e_Mass)
296 A1 --- Nuc [1/0/?] Nuclear classification (Nuc) (G4)
298-323 A26 --- Ref Literature references in refs.dat file (Ref)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tabled2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 23 A23 --- Name Galaxy name (Name)
25- 32 F8.4 deg RAdeg Right Ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)
(RA)
34- 40 F7.4 deg DEdeg Declination in decimal degrees (J2000) (DE)
42- 47 F6.3 mag MOD Distance modulus m-M (dm)
49- 53 F5.3 mag e_MOD Mean error on MOD (e_dm)
55- 69 A15 --- n_MOD Distance's derivation method (m_dm) (1)
71- 75 F5.2 mag Bmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in B-band VEGAmag
system corrected from the galactic
extinction (Bmag)
77- 80 F4.2 mag e_Bmag ?=- Mean error on Bmag (e_Bmag)
82- 86 F5.2 mag gmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in g-band ABmag
system corrected from the galactic
extinction (gmag)
88- 90 F3.1 mag e_gmag [0.5]?=- Mean error on gmag (e_gmag)
92- 96 F5.2 mag Vmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in V-band VEGAmag
system corrected from the galactic
extinction (Vmag)
98-101 F4.2 mag e_Vmag ?=- Mean error on Vmag (e_Vmag)
103-107 F5.2 mag rmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in r-band ABmag
system corrected from the galactic
extinction (rmag)
109-112 F4.2 mag e_rmag ?=- Mean error on rmag (e_rmag)
114-118 F5.2 mag Kmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in K-band VEGAmag
system corrected from the galactic
extinction (Kmag)
120-123 F4.2 mag e_Kmag ?=- Mean error on Kmag (e_Kmag)
125-128 F4.2 mag E(B-V) [0.01] The (B-V) color excess (EBV)
130-134 F5.3 mag B-V ?=- B-V colour index (B-V)
136-141 F6.3 mag g-r ?=- g-r colour index (g-r)
143-144 I2 --- Type ?=- Hubble classification galaxy type
(type) (G1)
146 I1 --- e_Type ?=- Mean error on type (e_type) (G1)
148-155 F8.5 --- Theta1 Tidal index 1-most influential neighbouring
galaxy (Theta1) (G2)
157-164 F8.5 --- Theta5 Tidal index 5-most influential neighbouring
galaxies (Theta5) (G2)
166-173 F8.5 --- Theta10 Tidal index 10-most influential neighbouring
galaxies (Theta10) (G2)
175-413 A239 --- MDs The list of the ten most influential
neighbouring galaxies (MDs)
415-420 F6.3 [Msun] logM* ?=- The photometric stellar mass (Mass) (G3)
422-426 F5.3 [Msun] e_logM* ?=- Mean error on logM* (e_Mass) (G3)
428 A1 --- Nuc [1/0] Nuclear classification (Nuc) (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Either based on HyperLEDA (link : http://leda.univ-lyon1.fr/),
SIMBAD (link : https://simbad.harvard.edu/simbad/), or
Ferrarese et al. (2000ApJ...529..745F 2000ApJ...529..745F).
Note (2): The authors classify a galaxy as nucleated ('1') if a fit with a
central Gaussian source yielded a higher evidence than a fit
without one. Classification is labelled as follows:
1 = nucleated galaxy
0 = non-nucleated galaxy
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tabled3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 17 A17 --- Name Galaxy name (Name)
19- 34 F16.13 deg RAdeg Right Ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)
(RA)
36- 52 F17.13 deg DEdeg Declination in decimal degrees (J2000) (DE)
54- 59 F6.3 mag MOD Distance modulus m-M (dm)
61- 65 F5.3 mag e_MOD Mean error on MOD (e_dm)
67- 80 A14 --- n_MOD Distance's derivation method (m_dm) (1)
82- 86 F5.2 mag Bmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in B-band VEGAmag
system corrected from the galactic
extinction (Bmag)
88- 91 F4.2 mag e_Bmag ?=- Mean error on Bmag (e_Bmag)
93- 97 F5.2 mag gmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in g-band ABmag
system corrected from the galactic
extinction (gmag)
99-102 F4.2 mag e_gmag ?=- Mean error on gmag (e_gmag)
104-108 F5.2 mag Vmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in V-band VEGAmag
system corrected from the galactic
extinction (Vmag)
110-113 F4.2 mag e_Vmag ?=- Mean error on Vmag (e_Vmag)
115-119 F5.2 mag rmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in r-band ABmag
system corrected from the galactic
extinction (rmag)
121-124 F4.2 mag e_rmag ?=- Mean error on rmag (e_rmag)
126-130 F5.2 mag Kmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in K-band VEGAmag
system corrected from the galactic
extinction (Kmag)
132-135 F4.2 mag e_Kmag ?=- Mean error on Kmag (e_Kmag)
137-140 F4.2 mag E(B-V) ?=- (B-V) color excess (EBV)
142-147 F6.3 mag B-V ?=- B-V colour index (B-V)
149-154 F6.3 mag g-r ?=- g-r colour index (g-r)
156-160 F5.1 --- Type ?=- Hubble classification galaxy type
(type) (G1)
162-164 F3.1 --- e_Type ?=- Mean error on type (e_type) (G1)
166-173 F8.5 --- Theta1 Tidal index 1-most influential neighbouring
galaxy (Theta1) (G2)
175-182 F8.5 --- Theta5 Tidal index 5-most influential neighbouring
galaxies (Theta5) (G2)
184-191 F8.5 --- Theta10 Tidal index 10-most influential neighbouring
galaxies (Theta10) (G2)
193-281 A89 --- MDs The list of the ten most influential
neighbouring galaxies (MDs)
283-288 F6.3 [Msun] logM* ?=- The photometric stellar mass (Mass) (G3)
290-294 F5.3 [Msun] e_logM* ?=- Mean error on logM* (e_Mass) (G3)
296 I1 --- NucNGFS [0-1]?=- Nuclear classification
according to NGFS (Nuc_NGFS) (G5)
298 I1 --- NucV18 [0-1]?=- Nuclear classification
according to V18 (Nuc_V18) (G6)
300 I1 --- NucS21 [0-1]?=- Nuclear classification
according to S21 (Nuc_S21) (G7)
302 I1 --- NucG14 [0-1]?=- Nuclear classification
according to G14 (Nuc_G14) (G8)
304 A1 --- Nuc [1/0/?] Nuclear classification (Nuc) (G4)
306-310 A5 --- Ref Literature references (Ref) (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Either based on HyperLEDA (link : http://leda.univ-lyon1.fr/),
SIMBAD (link : https://simbad.harvard.edu/simbad/), or
Blakeslee et al. (2009ApJ...694..556B 2009ApJ...694..556B).
Note (2): Reference as follows:
1 = Georgiev et al. 2014MNRAS.441.3570G 2014MNRAS.441.3570G, Cat. J/MNRAS/441/3570
2 = Munoz et al. 2015ApJ...813L..15M 2015ApJ...813L..15M, Cat. J/ApJ/813/L15
3 = Su et al. 2021A&A...647A.100S 2021A&A...647A.100S, Cat. J/A+A/647/A100
4 = Turner et al. 2012ApJS..203....5T 2012ApJS..203....5T
5 = Venhola et al. 2018A&A...620A.165V 2018A&A...620A.165V, Cat. J/A+A/620/A165
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tabled4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 28 A28 --- Name Galaxy name (Name)
30- 45 F16.12 deg RAdeg Right Ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)
(RA)
47- 63 F17.14 deg DEdeg Declination in decimal degrees (J2000) (DE)
65- 70 F6.3 mag MOD Distance modulus m-M (dm)
72- 76 F5.3 mag e_MOD Mean error on MOD (e_dm)
78- 86 A9 --- n_MOD Distance's derivation method (m_dm) (1)
88- 92 F5.2 mag Bmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in B-band VEGAmag
system corrected from the galactic
extinction (Bmag)
94- 97 F4.2 mag e_Bmag ?=- Mean error on Bmag (e_Bmag)
99-103 F5.2 mag gmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in g-band ABmag
system corrected from the galactic
extinction (gmag)
105-108 F4.2 mag e_gmag ?=- Mean error on gmag (e_gmag)
110-114 F5.2 mag Vmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in V-band VEGAmag
system corrected from the galactic
extinction (Vmag)
116-119 F4.2 mag e_Vmag ?=- Mean error on Vmag (e_Vmag)
121-125 F5.2 mag rmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in r-band ABmag
system corrected from the galactic
extinction (rmag)
127-130 F4.2 mag e_rmag ?=- Mean error on rmag (e_rmag)
132-136 F5.2 mag Kmag ?=- Apparent magnitude in K-band VEGAmag
system corrected from the galactic
extinction (Kmag)
138-141 F4.2 mag e_Kmag ?=- Mean error on Kmag (e_Kmag)
143-146 F4.2 mag E(B-V) ?=- (B-V) color excess (EBV)
148-153 F6.3 mag B-V ?=- B-V colour index (B-V)
155-160 F6.3 mag g-r ?=- g-r colour index (g-r)
162-166 F5.1 --- Type ?=- Hubble classification galaxy type
(type) (G1)
168-170 F3.1 --- e_Type ?=- Mean error on type (e_type) (G1)
172-179 F8.5 --- Theta1 Tidal index 1-most influential neighbouring
galaxy (Theta1) (G2)
181-188 F8.5 --- Theta5 Tidal index 5-most influential neighbouring
galaxies (Theta5) (G2)
190-197 F8.5 --- Theta10 Tidal index 10-most influential neighbouring
galaxies (Theta10) (G2)
199-280 A82 --- MDs The list of the ten most influential
neighbouring galaxies (MDs)
282-287 F6.3 [Msun] logM* ?=- The photometric stellar mass (Mass) (G3)
289-293 F5.3 [Msun] e_logM* ?=- Mean error on logM* (e_Mass) (G3)
295 A1 --- NucNGFS [1/0/?] Nuclear classification according to
NGFS (Nuc_NGFS) (G5)
297 A1 --- NucV18 [1/0/?] Nuclear classification according to
V18 (Nuc_V18) (G6)
299 A1 --- NucS21 [1/0/?] Nuclear classification according to
S21 (Nuc_S21) (G7)
301 A1 --- NucG14 [1/0/?] Nuclear classification according to
G14 (Nuc_G14) (G8)
303 A1 --- Nuc [1/0/?] Nuclear classification (Nuc) (G4)
305-309 A5 --- Ref Literature references (Ref) (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Either based on HyperLEDA (link : http://leda.univ-lyon1.fr/),
SIMBAD (link : https://simbad.harvard.edu/simbad/), or
Mei et al. (2007ApJ...655..144M 2007ApJ...655..144M, Cat. J/ApJ/655/144).
Note (2): Reference as follows:
1 = Cote et al. 2006ApJS..165...57C 2006ApJS..165...57C
2 = Georgiev & Boker 2014MNRAS.441.3570G 2014MNRAS.441.3570G, Cat. J/MNRAS/441/3570
3 = Lisker et al. 2007ApJ...660.1186L 2007ApJ...660.1186L, Cat. J/ApJ/660/1186
4 = Sanchez-Janssen et al. 2019ApJ...878...18S 2019ApJ...878...18S, Cat. J/ApJ/878/18
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 --- Ref Reference number (Ref)
4- 22 A19 --- BibCode Bibcode of the reference (BibCode)
24- 48 A25 --- Author Author's name (Author)
50- 71 A22 --- Cat Catalogue name in Vizier (Cat)
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Global notes:
Note (G1): More details on Hubble type values and their uncertainties in the
section 2.2 Galaxy parameters.
Note (G2): Computed with the equations 3 and 4 in the section 3.4 Nucleation
fraction as a function of tidal index.
Note (G3): We calculate the galaxy photometric stellar mass using the
B-, g-, V-, and r-band magnitudes from our catalogue via the
M*/L-colour relation. More details on stellar masses computing
procedure in the section 3.1 Galaxy stellar mass estimate.
Note (G4): See the section 2.3.1 Local volume for more details on the
classification process. Using the available Hubble Legacy Archive
data, we classify galaxies with ambiguous or without a nuclear
classification as follows:
1 = nucleated galaxy
0 = non-nucleated galaxy
? = remains unknown classification is adopted if all available
data are either significantly affected by dust extinction or
if a galaxy centre is not within the HST camera field of view
Note (G5): NGFS refers to the Next-Generation Fornax Cluster Survey used by
Munoz et al. (2015ApJ...813L..15M 2015ApJ...813L..15M, Cat. J/ApJ/813/L15).
Note (G6): V18 refers to Venhola et al. (2018A&A...620A.165V 2018A&A...620A.165V,
Cat. J/A+A/620/A165).
Note (G7): S21 refers to Su et al. (2021A&A...647A.100S 2021A&A...647A.100S, Cat. J/A+A/647/A100).
Note (G8): G14 refers to Georgiev et al. (2014MNRAS.441.3570G 2014MNRAS.441.3570G,
Cat. J/MNRAS/441/3570).
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Luc Trabelsi [CDS] 16-Jul-2024