J/other/Sci/377.1211 RV and LC of 8 M dwarf stars with planets (Luque+, 2022)
Density, not radius, separates rocky and water-rich small planets orbiting
M dwarf stars.
Luque R., Palle E.
<Science, 377, 1211-1214 (2022)>
=2022Sci...377.1211L 2022Sci...377.1211L (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Stars, double and multiple ; Stars, M-type ; Stars, dwarfs ;
Exoplanets ; Radial velocities ; Photometry ; Optical
Abstract:
Exoplanets smaller than Neptune are common around red dwarf stars (M
dwarfs), with those that transit their host star constituting the bulk
of known temperate worlds amenable for atmospheric characterization.
We analyze the masses and radii of all known small transiting planets
around M dwarfs, identifying three populations: rocky, water-rich, and
gas-rich. Our results are inconsistent with the previously known
bimodal radius distribution arising from atmospheric loss of a
hydrogen/helium envelope. Instead, we propose that a density gap
separates rocky from water-rich exoplanets. Formation models that
include orbital migration can explain the observations: Rocky planets
form within the snow line, whereas water-rich worlds form outside it
and later migrate inward.
Description:
Exoplanets smaller than Neptune are common around red dwarf stars (M
dwarfs), with those that transit their host star constituting the bulk
of known temperate worlds amenable for atmospheric characterization.
We analyze the masses and radii of all known small transiting planets
around M dwarfs, identifying three populations: rocky, water-rich, and
gas-rich. Our results are inconsistent with the previously known
bimodal radius distribution arising from atmospheric loss of a
hydrogen/helium envelope. Instead, we propose that a density gap
separates rocky from water-rich exoplanets. Formation models that
include orbital migration can explain the observations: Rocky planets
form within the snow line, whereas water-rich worlds form outside it
and later migrate inward.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
stpm.dat 342 48 Transiting M-dwarf Planets
refs.dat 51 89 References
sources.dat 59 6 List of stars with RV and photometric curves
gj1252r.dat 57 48 GJ 1252 radial velocity curve
lhs1815r.dat 57 86 LHS 1815 radial velocity curve
ltt3780r.dat 55 124 LTT 3780 radial velocity curve
toi1235r.dat 55 78 TOI-1235 radial velocity curve
toi1634r.dat 52 82 TOI-1634 radial velocity curve
toi1685r.dat 55 91 TOI-1685 radial velocity curve
ltt3780l.dat 77 29162 LTT 3780 photometric curve
toi1685l.dat 75 24495 TOI-1685 photometric curve
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
https://carmenes.caha.es/ext/tmp : Transiting M-dwarf Planets Homne Page
Byte-by-byte Description of file: stpm.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 --- ID [1/49] Sequential number
4- 13 A10 --- Star Star name
15- 29 A15 --- AltName Other Name
31- 40 A10 --- Karmn Karmn identifier (JHHMMm+DDd)
42- 43 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000)
45- 46 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000)
48- 52 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (J2000)
54 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
55- 56 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000)
58- 59 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000)
61- 64 F4.1 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000)
66- 71 A6 --- SpType Spectral type
73- 75 F3.1 --- SpTnum [0/8] Spectral numerical type
77- 83 F7.4 pc Dist [8.0761/79.31] Distance
85- 90 F6.4 pc e_Dist [0.0032/0.45] Distance error
92-103 E12.10 Lsun Lbol [0.000553/0.09]? Bolometric luminosity
105-116 E12.10 Lsun e_Lbol [1e-05/0.01]? Bolometric luminosity error
118-121 I4 K Teff [2566/3997] Effective temperature
123-125 I3 K e_Teff [26/150] Effective temperature error
127-133 F7.5 Rsun R [0.1192/0.75] Star radius
135-141 F7.5 Rsun e_R [0.0013/0.068] Star radius error
143-148 F6.4 Msun Mass [0.0898/0.646] Star mass
150-155 F6.4 Msun e_Mass [0.0023/0.089] Star mass error
157-163 F7.4 mag Jmag [5.436/12.183] J magnitude
165-169 F5.3 mag e_Jmag [0.017/0.034] J magnitude error
171-176 F6.3 mag Ksmag [4.529/11.37] Ks magnitude
178-182 F5.3 mag e_Ksmag [0.011/0.031] Ks magnitude error
184 A1 --- Planet [bcdefgh] Planet designation
186-192 F7.2 --- TOI [134.01/2221.01]? Planet TOI
194-205 F12.9 d Porb [0.518234/32.9397] Orbital period
207-213 F7.5 AU a [0.00916/0.1429] Planet semi-major axis
215-219 F5.3 Rgeo Rp [0.701/5.05] Planet radius
221-225 F5.3 Rgeo E_Rp [0.011/0.3] Planet radius upper error
227-231 F5.3 Rgeo e_Rp [0.01/0.3] Planet radius lower error
233-238 F6.3 Mgeo Mp [0.187/30.8] Planet mass
240-245 F6.3 Mgeo E_Mp [0.012/11] Planet mass upper error
247-251 F5.3 Mgeo e_Mp [0.012/9] Planet mass lower error
253-257 F5.3 g/cm3 rho [1.036/9.6] Planet density
259-263 F5.3 g/cm3 E_rho [0.12/4.9] Planet density upper error
265-269 F5.3 g/cm3 e_rho [0.12/4.3] Planet density lower error
271-276 F6.1 K Teq [168/1089] Planet equilibrium temperature
278-281 F4.1 K E_Teq [3.8/98]? Planet equilibrium temperature
upper error
283-287 F5.1 K e_Teq [3.7/100]? Planet equilibrium temperature
lower error
289-295 F7.3 --- TSM [2.1/212]? Transition spectroscopic metric
297-302 F6.3 --- ESM [0/21.6]? Emission spectroscopic metric
304-306 A3 --- Method Planet mass determination method (1)
308-318 A11 --- DiscoveryRef Discovery references, in refs.dat file
320-342 A23 --- ParameterRef Star and planet parameter references,
in refs.dat file
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Planet mass determination method as follows:
RV = radial velocity
TTV = transit time variation
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 6 A6 --- Ref Reference code
9- 27 A19 --- BibCode bibCode
29- 51 A23 --- Aut Author's name
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: sources.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 A8 --- Star Source name
11- 12 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000)
14- 15 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000)
17- 21 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (J2000)
23 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
24- 25 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000)
27- 28 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000)
30- 33 F4.1 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000)
35- 46 A12 --- FileNameR Name of the table with radial velocity curve
48- 59 A12 --- FileNameL Name of the table with photometric curve
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: *r.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 F18.10 d BJD Barycentric Julian date of observation
20- 33 F14.10 m/s RV Radial velocity
35- 46 F12.10 m/s e_RV Radial velocity uncertainty
48- 57 A10 --- Inst Instrument
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: ltt3780l.dat toi1685l.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 F18.10 d BJD Barycentric Julian date of observation
22- 39 F18.16 --- Flux Photometric relative flux
43- 63 F21.19 --- e_Flux Photometric relative flux uncertainty
67- 77 A11 --- Inst Instrument (1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): TESSPDC-S35 and TESSPDC-S9 for LTT 3780,
LCO, OMM, TESSSAP, MUSCAT2g, MUSCAT2i, MUSCAT2r, MUSCAT2zs,
MUSCAT3g, MUSCAT3, MUSCAT3r and MUSCAT3zs for TOI-1685.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 05-May-2023