J/MNRAS/492/503 Magnifications in the Hubble Frontier Fields (Raney+, 2020) ================================================================================ Exploring effects on magnifications due to line-of-sight galaxies in the Hubble Frontier Fields. Raney C.A., Keeton C.R., Brennan S. =2020MNRAS.492..503R (SIMBAD/NED BibCode) ================================================================================ ADC_Keywords: Gravitational lensing ; Clusters, galaxy ; Galaxies, optical ; Redshifts Keywords: gravitational lensing: strong - galaxies: clusters: general - galaxies: clusters: individual: Abell 2744, MACS J0416.1+2403, MACS J1149.5+2223, MACS J0717.5+3745, Abell S1063, Abell 370 - galaxies: high-redshift Abstract: Cluster lensing has become an important tool in the search for high-redshift galaxies through its ability to magnify sources. In order to determine the intrinsic properties of these galaxies, lensing mass models must be constructed to determine the magnification of the images. These models are traditionally 2D, focusing on the mass within the cluster and either ignoring or approximating any contribution from line-of-sight galaxies. In this paper, we present the first full set of 3D mass models of the six Hubble Frontier Fields and use them to test for systematic biases in magnifications due to using the traditional 2D approach. We find that omitting foreground or background galaxies causes image position offsets between 0.1 and 0.4arcsec, a non-negligible fraction of the typical 0.3-0.7arcsec residuals of current state-of-the-art models. We also find that median image magnifications can shift by up to 6 per cent, though it is dependent on the field. This can be alleviated in some cases by approximating the mass in the lensing plane, but a 5 per cent magnification bias still exists in other cases; image position offsets are also improved, but are still present at 0.10arcsec. Description: The Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) programme (Lotz et al. 2017ApJ...837...97L) has provided a wealth of data for the lensing and greater astrophysics communities. In this paper, we have used these data in order to conduct the first comprehensive study of magnification biases due to LOS galaxies in cluster lensing. In order to do this, we have created the first set of 3D mass models of all six Frontier Fields, in addition to two single-plane models. In order to determine the effects of LOS galaxies, we created a mock multiplane model for each field and fit it with two single-plane models, either with or without LOS galaxies scaled to the lens plane, and a multiplane model. These models were created with the same inputs, i.e. same number of haloes and cluster members, and were optimized to fit the 3D data in the same way. This allowed us to quantify any bias that would be introduced from modelling a multiplane system using only single-plane models. File Summary: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FileName Lrecl Records Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ReadMe 80 . This file tablea1.dat 73 301 Galaxies in the field Abell 2744 tablea2.dat 78 297 Galaxies in the field MACS J0416 tablea3.dat 74 365 Galaxies in the field MACS J0717 tablea4.dat 78 322 Galaxies in the field MACS J1149 tablea5.dat 79 340 Galaxies in the field Abell S1063 tablea6.dat 75 349 Galaxies in the field Abell 370 tableb1.dat 46 71 Lensed images for Abell 2744 tableb2.dat 49 95 Lensed images for MACS J0416 tableb3.dat 44 29 Lensed images for MACS J0717 tableb4.dat 48 53 Lensed images for MACS J1149 tableb5.dat 54 52 Lensed images for MACS S1063 tableb6.dat 45 90 Lensed images for MACS 370 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See also: J/ApJ/812/114 : Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS). I. (Treu+, 2015) J/ApJS/199/25 : CLASH sources for MACS1149.6+2223 (Postman+, 2012) J/MNRAS/470/95 : CLASH galaxies photometric redshifts in 25 ClG (Molino+, 2017) Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 8 F8.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) 10- 19 F10.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) 21- 25 F5.2 mag F606Wmag HST/ACS F606W band magnitude 27- 30 F4.2 mag e_F606Wmag Error on F606Wmag 32- 36 F5.2 mag F814Wmag HST/ACS F814W band magnitude 38- 41 F4.2 mag e_F814Wmag Error on F814Wmag 43- 48 F6.3 --- z Redshift (G1) 50- 63 A14 --- Status Status as cluster member or LOS galaxy 65- 73 A9 --- Refs References for the catalog data (1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): References as follows: 1 = Owers et al. (2011ApJ...728...27O, Cat. J/ApJ/728/27) 2 = GLASS (Schmidt et al. 2014ApJ...782L..36S; Treu et al. 2015ApJ...812..114T, Cat. J/ApJ/812/114) 3 = ASTRODEEP (Castellano et al. 2016A&A...590A..31C, Cat. J/A+A/590/A31; Merlin et al. 2016A&A...590A..30M, Cat. J/A+A/590/A30) 4 = Coe, Bradley & Zitrin (2015ApJ...800...84C) 5 = Subaru/Suprimecam imaging (Okabe & Umetsu 2008PASJ...60..345O; Okabe et al. 2010PASJ...62..811O; Okabe, Okura & Futamase 2010ApJ...713..291O) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea2.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 9 F9.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) 11- 20 F10.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) 22- 26 F5.2 mag F606Wmag HST/ACS F606W band magnitude 28- 31 F4.2 mag e_F606Wmag Error on F606Wmag 33- 37 F5.2 mag F814Wmag HST/ACS F814W band magnitude 39- 42 F4.2 mag e_F814Wmag Error on F814Wmag 44- 49 F6.3 --- z Redshift (G1) 51- 64 A14 --- Status Status as cluster member or LOS galaxy 66- 78 A13 --- Refs References for the catalog data (1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): References as follows: 1 = Balestra et al. (2016ApJS..224...33B, Cat. J/ApJS/224/33) 2 = Ebeling, Ma & Barrett (2014ApJS..211...21E, Cat. J/ApJS/211/21) 3 = GLASS (Schmidt et al. 2014ApJ...782L..36S; Treu et al. 2015ApJ...812..114T, Cat. J/ApJ/812/114) 4 = ASTRODEEP (Castellano et al. 2016A&A...590A..31C, Cat. J/A+A/590/A31; Merlin et al. 2016A&A...590A..30M, Cat. J/A+A/590/A30) 5 = CLASH (Postman et al. 2012ApJS..199...25P, Cat. J/ApJS/199/25; Molino et al. 2017MNRAS.470...95M, Cat. J/MNRAS/470/95) 6 = Coe et al. (2015ApJ...800...84C) 7 = Subaru/Suprimecam imaging (Umetsu et al. 2011ApJ...729..127U) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea3.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 10 F10.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) 12- 20 F9.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) 22- 26 F5.2 mag F606Wmag HST/ACS F606W band magnitude 28- 31 F4.2 mag e_F606Wmag Error on F606Wmag 33- 37 F5.2 mag F814Wmag HST/ACS F814W band magnitude 39- 42 F4.2 mag e_F814Wmag Error on F814Wmag 44- 49 F6.3 --- z Redshift (G1) 51- 64 A14 --- Status Status as cluster member or LOS galaxy 66- 74 A9 --- Refs References for the catalog data (1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): References as follows: 1 = Ebeling et al. (2014ApJS..211...21E, Cat. J/ApJS/211/21) 2 = GLASS (Schmidt et al. 2014ApJ...782L..36S; Treu et al. 2015ApJ...812..114T, Cat. J/ApJ/812/114) 3 = CLASH (Postman et al. 2012ApJS..199...25P, Cat. J/ApJS/199/25; Molino et al. 2017MNRAS.470...95M, Cat. J/MNRAS/470/95) 4 = Coe et al. (2015ApJ...800...84C) 5 = SDSS DR13 (York et al. 2000AJ....120.1579Y; Albareti et al. 2017ApJS..233...25A) 6 = Subaru/Suprimecam imaging (Medezinski et al. 2013ApJ...777...43M) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea4.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 10 F10.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) 12- 20 F9.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) 22- 26 F5.2 mag F606Wmag HST/ACS F606W band magnitude 28- 31 F4.2 mag e_F606Wmag Error on F606Wmag 33- 37 F5.2 mag F814Wmag HST/ACS F814W band magnitude 39- 42 F4.2 mag e_F814Wmag Error on F814Wmag 44- 49 F6.3 --- z Redshift (G1) 51- 64 A14 --- Status Status as cluster member or LOS galaxy 66- 78 A13 --- Refs References for the catalog data (1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): References as follows: 1 = Ebeling et al. (2014ApJS..211...21E, Cat. J/ApJS/211/21) 2 = GLASS (Schmidt et al. 2014ApJ...782L..36S; Treu et al. 2015ApJ...812..114T, Cat. J/ApJ/812/114) 3 = SDSS DR13 (spectroscopy) 4 = SDSS DR13 (photometry) (York et al. 2000AJ....120.1579Y; Albareti et al. 2017ApJS..233...25A) 5 = CLASH (Postman et al. 2012ApJS..199...25P, Cat. J/ApJS/199/25; Molino et al. 2017MNRAS.470...95M, Cat. J/MNRAS/470/95) 6 = Coe et al. (2015ApJ...800...84C) 7 = Subaru/Suprimecam imaging. Based on data collected at Subaru Telescope by PI Umetsu (in preparation) and archival imaging obtained from Subaru-Mitaka-Okayama-Kiso Archive, which is operated by the Astronomy Data Center, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea5.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 10 F10.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) 12- 21 F10.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) 23- 27 F5.2 mag F606Wmag HST/ACS F606W band magnitude 29- 32 F4.2 mag e_F606Wmag Error on F606Wmag 34- 38 F5.2 mag F814Wmag HST/ACS F814W band magnitude 40- 43 F4.2 mag e_F814Wmag Error on F814Wmag 45- 50 F6.3 --- z Redshift (G1) 52- 65 A14 --- Status Status as cluster member or LOS galaxy 67- 79 A13 --- Refs References for the catalog data (1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): References as follows: 1 = Karman et al. (2017A&A...599A..28K) 2 = Karman et al. (2015A&A...574A..11K) 3 = Gomez et al. (2012AJ....144...79G) 4 = Caminha et al. (2016A&A...587A..80C) 5 = GLASS (Schmidt et al. 2014ApJ...782L..36S; Grillo et al. 2015ApJ...800...38G; Treu et al. 2015ApJ...812..114T, Cat. J/ApJ/812/114) 6 = CLASH (Postman et al. 2012ApJS..199...25P, Cat. J/ApJS/199/25; Molino et al. 2017MNRAS.470...95M, Cat. J/MNRAS/470/95) 7 = Coe et al. (2015ApJ...800...84C) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea6.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 9 F9.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) 11- 19 F9.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) 21- 25 F5.2 mag F606Wmag HST/ACS F606W band magnitude 27- 30 F4.2 mag e_F606Wmag Error on F606Wmag 32- 36 F5.2 mag F814Wmag HST/ACS F814W band magnitude 38- 41 F4.2 mag e_F814Wmag Error on F814Wmag 43- 48 F6.3 --- z Redshift (G1) 50- 63 A14 --- Status Status as cluster member or LOS galaxy 65- 75 A11 --- Refs References for the catalog data (1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): References as follows: 1 = Lagattuta et al. (2017MNRAS.469.3946L) 2 = GLASS (spectroscopy) 3 = GLASS (photometry) (Schmidt et al. 2014ApJ...782L..36S; Treu et al. 2015ApJ...812..114T, Cat. J/ApJ/812/114) 4 = Coe et al. (2015ApJ...800...84C) 5 = SDSS DR13 (spectroscopy) 6 = SDSS DR13 (photometry) (York et al. 2000AJ....120.1579Y; Albareti et al. 2017ApJS..233...25A) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb1.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 5 F5.1 --- ID Lens image ID 7- 14 F8.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) (1) 16- 25 F10.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) (1) 27- 31 F5.3 --- z ? Spectroscopic redshift 33- 38 A6 --- Rank Lensed image rank (gold, silver or none) 40 A1 --- f_Rank [abc] Flag on Rank (2) 42- 46 A5 --- r_z Reference for z (3) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): We use Jauzac et al. (2014MNRAS.443.1549J) as the coordinate reference on IDs bellow 61 and Mahler et al. (2018MNRAS.473..663M) for those above Note (2): Flag as follows: a = All teams ranked the image as secure, but redshift was tentative b = This image did not have enough votes to obtain a ranking, but Mahler et al. (2018MNRAS.473..663M) report a redshift c = This image did not have enough votes to obtain a ranking Note (3): References as follows: 1 = Johnson et al. (2014ApJ...797...48J) 2 = Richard et al. (2014MNRAS.444..268R, Cat. J/MNRAS/444/268) 3 = Wang et al. (2015ApJ...811...29W, Cat. J/ApJ/811/29) 4 = Mahler et al. (2018MNRAS.473..663M, Cat. J/MNRAS/473/663) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb2.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 4 F4.1 --- ID Lens image ID 6- 9 A4 --- OldID Old identifier 11- 19 F9.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) (1) 21- 30 F10.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) (1) 32- 36 F5.3 --- z ? Spectroscopic redshift 38- 41 A4 --- Rank [gold] Lensed image rank 43 A1 --- f_Rank [a] Flag on Rank (2) 45- 49 A5 --- r_z Reference for z (3) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): We use Jauzac et al. (2014MNRAS.443.1549J) as the coordinate reference on IDs below 28 and Caminha et al. (2016A&A...587A..80C) for those above 31. For system 30, Diego et al. (2015MNRAS.446..683D) served as the coordinate reference. Note (2): Flag as follows: a = This system was ranked gold, but we could find no data in the literature for a spectroscopic redshift Note (3): References as follows: 1 = Christensen et al. (2012MNRAS.427.1953C) 2 = Grillo et al. (2015ApJ...800...38G) 3 = GLASS (Schmidt et al. 2014ApJ...782L..36S; Treu et al. 2015ApJ...812..114T, Cat. J/ApJ/812/114) 4 = Caminha et al. (2016A&A...587A..80C) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb3.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 4 F4.1 --- ID Lens image ID 6- 15 F10.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) 17- 25 F9.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) 27- 31 F5.3 --- z ? Spectroscopic redshift 33- 36 A4 --- Rank [gold] Lensed image rank 38 A1 --- f_Rank [a] Flag on Rank (1) 40- 44 A5 --- r_z Reference for z (2) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): Flag as follows: a = This system was ranked gold, but we could find no data in the literature for a spectroscopic redshift Note (2): References as follows: 1 = Zitrin et al. (2009ApJ...707L.102Z) 2 = Limousin et al. (2012A&A...544A..71L) 3 = GLASS (Schmidt et al. 2014ApJ...782L..36S; Treu et al. 2015ApJ...812..114T, Cat. J/ApJ/812/114) 4 = Vanzella et al. (2014ApJ...783L..12V) 5 = Richard et al. (2014MNRAS.444..268R, Cat. J/MNRAS/444/268) 6 = Medezinski et al. (2013ApJ...777...43M) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb4.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 6 A6 --- ID Lens image ID (1) 8- 17 F10.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) (2) 19- 27 F9.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) (2) 29- 33 F5.3 --- z ? Spectroscopic redshift 35- 40 A6 --- Rank Lensed image rank (gold, silver or bronze) 42 A1 --- f_Rank [a] Flag on Rank (3) 44- 48 A5 --- r_z Reference for z (4) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): Knot identification is from Kawamata et al. (2016ApJ...819..114K) Note (2): Coordinate references are from Johnson et al. (2014ApJ...797...48J) for systems 14 and under Note (3): Flag as follows: a = This image was not ranked gold due to an error stating no spectroscopic redshift exists Note (4): References as follows: 1 = Smith et al. (2009ApJ...707L.163S) 2 = GLASS (Treu et al. 2015ApJ...812..114T, Cat. J/ApJ/812/114; Grillo et al. 2015ApJ...800...38G; Wang et al. 2017ApJ...837...89W) 3 = Jauzac et al. (2016MNRAS.457.2029J) 4 = Johnson et al. (2014ApJ...797...48J) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb5.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 5 A5 --- ID Lens image ID 7 A1 --- f_ID [ab] Flag on ID (1) 9- 18 F10.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) (2) 20- 29 F10.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) (2) 31- 35 F5.3 --- z ? Spectroscopic redshift 37- 42 A6 --- Rank Lensed image rank (gold or bronze) 44 A1 --- f_Rank [abc] Flag on Rank (3) 46- 54 A9 --- r_z Reference for z (4) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): Flag as follows: a = This system is to be read as 'system.image.knot'. For 1.1.1 and 1.2.1, we use the coordinates referenced in Diego et al. (2016MNRAS.459.3447D), while 1.1.2 and 1.2.2 reference those in Caminha et al. (2016A&A...587A..80C) b = This image was proposed in Monna et al. (2014MNRAS.438.1417M); here we assign it the ID 12.5 Note (2): For systems 44 and under, we use Diego et al. (2016MNRAS.459.3447D) as the coordinate reference. The systems with IDs greater than that use Karman et al. (2017A&A...599A..28K) for the coordinate reference Note (3): Flag as follows: a = This image was ranked gold, but we could find no data for a spectroscopic redshift b = This image was ranked gold, though no spectroscopic redshifts exist; all modellers felt confident that it was part of the lensed system c = This image was not reported to have a spectroscopic redshift in Karman et al. (2017A&A...599A..28K), but a new reduction of the MUSE data by B. Clement detected Ly{alpha} (private communication) Note (4): References as follows: 1 = Balestra et al. (2013A&A...559L...9B) 2 = Boone et al. (2013A&A...559L...1B) 3 = Richard et al. (2014MNRAS.444..268R, Cat. J/MNRAS/444/268) 4 = Johnson et al. (2014ApJ...797...48J) 5 = Karman et al. (2015A&A...574A..11K) 6 = Caminha et al. (2016A&A...587A..80C) 7 = Karman et al. (2017A&A...599A..28K) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb6.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 4 F4.1 --- ID Lens image ID (1) 6- 14 F9.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) (1) 16- 24 F9.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) (1) 26- 30 F5.3 --- z ? Spectroscopic redshift 32- 37 A6 --- Rank Lensed image rank (gold or silver) 39 A1 --- f_Rank [a] Flag on Rank (2) 41- 45 A5 --- r_z Reference for z (3) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): We use the numbering scheme and image coordinates from Lagattuta et al. (2017MNRAS.469.3946L, Cat. J/MNRAS/469/3946) Note (2): Flag as follows: a = This image had a lower quality (1 or 2) flag on the spectroscopic redshift Note (3): References as follows: 1 = Soucail et al. (1988A&A...191L..19S) 2 = Richard et al. (2014MNRAS.444..268R, Cat. J/MNRAS/444/268) 3 = GLASS (Schmidt et al. 2014ApJ...782L..36S; Treu et al. 2015ApJ...812..114T, Cat. J/ApJ/812/114) 4 = Lagattuta et al. (2017MNRAS.469.3946L, Cat. J/MNRAS/469/3946) 5 = Lagattuta et al. (2019MNRAS.485.3738L, Cat. J/MNRAS/485/3738) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Global Notes: Note (G1): A flag of -1 in the redshift column denotes that it is a cluster member that was photometrically selected -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- History: From electronic version of the journal ================================================================================ (End) Ana Fiallos [CDS] 01-Mar-2023