J/ApJ/769/82 H_2_ masses in a broad sample of galaxies (Stark+, 2013) ================================================================================ The fueling diagram: linking galaxy molecular-to-atomic gas ratios to interactions and accretion. Stark D.V., Kannappan S.J., Wei L.H., Baker A.J., Leroy A.K., Eckert K.D., Vogel S.N. =2013ApJ...769...82S ================================================================================ ADC_Keywords: Galaxies, nearby ; Radio lines ; Redshifts Keywords: galaxies: general; galaxies: interactions; galaxies: ISM Abstract: To assess how external factors such as local interactions and fresh gas accretion influence the global interstellar medium of galaxies, we analyze the relationship between recent enhancements of central star formation and total molecular-to-atomic (H_2_/HI) gas ratios, using a broad sample of field galaxies spanning early-to-late type morphologies, stellar masses of 10^7.2^-10^11.2^M_{sun}_, and diverse stages of evolution. We find that galaxies occupy several loci in a "fueling diagram" that plots H_2_/HI ratio versus mass-corrected blue-centeredness, a metric tracing the degree to which galaxies have bluer centers than the average galaxy at their stellar mass. Spiral galaxies of all stellar masses show a positive correlation between H_2_/HI ratio and mass-corrected blue-centeredness. When combined with previous results linking mass-corrected blue-centeredness to external perturbations, this correlation suggests a systematic link between local galaxy interactions and molecular gas inflow/replenishment. Intriguingly, E/S0 galaxies show a more complex picture: some follow the same correlation, some are quenched, and a distinct population of blue-sequence E/S0 galaxies (with masses below key scales associated with transitions in gas richness) defines a separate loop in the fueling diagram. This population appears to be composed of low-mass merger remnants currently in late- or post-starburst states, in which the burst first consumes the H_2_ while the galaxy center keeps getting bluer, then exhausts the H_2_, at which point the burst population reddens as it ages. Multiple lines of evidence suggest connected evolutionary sequences in the fueling diagram. In particular, tracking total gas-to-stellar mass ratios within the fueling diagram provides evidence of fresh gas accretion onto low-mass E/S0s emerging from their central starburst episodes. Drawing on a comprehensive literature search, we suggest that virtually all galaxies follow the same evolutionary patterns found in our broad sample. Description: Our primary sample comes from the NFGS (Jansen et al. 2000, J/ApJS/126/331; 2000, J/ApJS/126/271; see also Jansen & Kannappan 2001Ap&SS.276.1151J), a set of ~200 galaxies selected to span a broad range of B-band luminosities and morphologies. The sample also includes extensive supporting data relevant to this study (SDSS, 2MASS, Spitzer/IRAC and 21cm). See section 2.1.1. To strengthen our results, we supplement our sample with galaxies from the literature with available CO, HI, and multi-band imaging data. See section 2.1.2. CO(1-0) data, which we use to estimate molecular gas masses, already existed for a handful of our NFGS galaxies prior to this study (Sage et al. 1992A&A...265...19S; Wei et al. 2010ApJ...725L..62W). The rest of the NFGS sample was observed with the Institut de Radioastronomie Millimetrique (IRAM) 30m and Arizona Radio Observatory (ARO) 12m single dish telescopes. Initial observing runs on the IRAM 30m took place in Fall 2008 and used the ABCD receivers to observe the CO(1-0) and CO(2-1) lines at 115 and 230GHz simultaneously in both polarizations. Further observations were taken in Fall/Winter 2009/2010. The ARO 12m observations took place between 2010 December and 2011 April. See section 2.2. File Summary: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FileName Lrecl Records Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ReadMe 80 . This file table1.dat 125 35 New IRAM 30m CO(1-0) and CO(2-1) measurements table2.dat 84 27 New ARO 12m CO(1-0) measurements table3.dat 184 323 Fueling diagram catalog -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See also: VIII/77 : HI spectral properties of galaxies (Springob+, 2005) J/A+A/544/A65 : GALEX Arecibo SDSS survey. VI. (Catinella+, 2012) J/A+A/534/A102 : AMIGA IX. Molecular gas properties (Lisenfeld+, 2011) J/MNRAS/415/32 : COLD GASS survey (Saintonge+, 2011) J/MNRAS/414/940 : ATLAS3D project. IV. (Young+, 2011) J/AJ/142/170 : ALFALFA survey: the {alpha}.40 HI catalog (Haynes+, 2011) J/ApJS/190/233 : Spectro. & abundances of SINGS galaxies (Moustakas+, 2010) J/ApJS/186/427 : Detailed morphology of SDSS galaxies (Nair+, 2010) J/ApJ/708/841 : Star formation in E/S0 galaxies (Wei+, 2010) J/MNRAS/403/683 : GALEX Arecibo SDSS survey (GASS) (Catinella+, 2010) J/PASP/122/1397 : Stellar Structure in Galaxies with Spitzer (Sheth+, 2010) J/MNRAS/394/1857 : H_2_/HI ratio in galaxies (Obreschkow+, 2009) J/ApJ/703/1569 : Radial distribution in SINGS galaxies (Munoz-Mateos+, 2009) J/AJ/136/2782 : Star formation efficiency in nearby galaxies (Leroy+, 2008) J/AJ/136/2563 : HI Nearby Galaxy Survey, THINGS (Walter+, 2008) J/ApJ/686/948 : CO in extragalactic giant molecular clouds (Bolatto+, 2008) J/ApJS/165/307 : Ionization in neutral gas galaxies survey (Meurer+, 2006) J/PASP/117/227 : Properties of 101 galaxies from the NFGS (Kewley+, 2005) J/A+A/373/24 : Blue compact galaxies from SBS (Pustilnik+ 2001) J/ApJS/126/331 : Spectrophotometry of nearby field galaxies (Jansen+ 2000) J/ApJS/126/271 : Surface photometry of nearby field galaxies (Jansen+ 2000) Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 9 A9 --- Name Galaxy name 11 A1 --- f_Name Offset from galaxy center (1) 13 A1 --- l_S1 Limit flag on S1 15- 19 F5.2 Jy.km/s S1 [0.7/81.5] CO(1-0) integrated flux density 21- 24 F4.2 Jy.km/s e_S1 [0.3/2]? S1 uncertainty 26- 29 I4 km/s cz1 [845/7686]? CO(1-0) velocity 31- 33 I3 km/s W1 [31/307]? CO(1-0) linewidth W_50_ 35- 36 I2 km/s e_W1 ? W1 uncertainty 37 A1 --- u_W1 Low signal/noise for W1 (G1) 39- 43 F5.2 mJy rms1 [10.3/32.2] CO(1-0) rms 45- 48 I4 km/s min1 Lower range of velocity used in CO(1-0) integration 49 A1 --- --- [-] 50- 53 I4 km/s max1 Upper range of velocity used in CO(1-0) integration 55 A1 --- l_S2 Limit flag on S2 57- 62 F6.2 Jy.km/s S2 [1.2/147.3]? CO(2-1) integrated flux density 64- 67 F4.2 Jy.km/s e_S2 [0/3.3]? S2 uncertainty 69- 72 I4 km/s cz2 [849/7729]? CO(2-1) velocity 74- 76 I3 km/s W2 [8/271]? CO(2-1) linewidth W_50_ 78- 79 I2 km/s e_W2 ? W2 uncertainty 80 A1 --- u_W2 Low signal/noise for W2 (G1) 82- 86 F5.2 mJy rms2 [10/50]? CO(2-1) rms 88- 91 I4 km/s min2 ? Lower range of velocity used in CO(2-1) integration 92 A1 --- --- [-] 93- 96 I4 km/s max2 ? Upper range of velocity used in CO(2-1) integration 98-101 F4.1 arcsec R25 [16.8/68.3]? B-band 25mag/arcsec^2^ isophotal radius 103 A1 --- l_logMH2 Limit flag on logMH2 105-108 F4.2 [Msun] logMH2 [6.9/9.5]? Log of H_2_ mass (G2) 110-113 F4.2 [Msun] e_logMH2 [0.01/0.2]? logMH2 uncertainty 115 A1 --- l_logMH2c Limit flag on logMH2c 117-120 F4.2 [Msun] logMH2c [7/9.8]? Beam-corrected H_2_ mass (G2)(G3) 122-125 F4.2 [Msun] e_logMH2c [0.05/0.2]? logMH2c uncertainty -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): Flag as follows: e = Offset from center of UGC 9562 by +9", +11.5" to observe polar ring. Upper limit integration on CO(1-0) flux based on integration range for CO(2-1) detection. CO(2-1) measurements done at a resolution of 2.6km/s due to extremely small linewidth. f = Offset from center of UGC 9562 by -6", -9.7" to observe polar ring. Upper limit integration on CO(1-0) flux based on integration range for CO(2-1) detection. CO(2-1) measurements done at a resolution of 2.6km/s due to extremely small linewidth. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 9 A9 --- Name Galaxy name 10 A1 --- f_Name [ef*] Non-NFGS or offseted galaxy (1) 12 A1 --- l_S Limit flag on S 14- 19 F6.2 Jy.km/s S [5/148] CO(1-0) flux density 21- 25 F5.2 Jy.km/s e_S ? S uncertainty 27- 30 I4 km/s cz [747/7770]? CO(1-0) velocity 32- 34 I3 km/s W [30/325]? CO(1-0) linewidth W_50_ 36- 37 I2 km/s e_W ? W uncertainty 38 A1 --- u_W Low signal/noise on W (G1) 40- 45 F6.2 mJy rms [44/259] CO(1-0) rms 47- 50 I4 km/s min Lower range of velocity used in CO(1-0) integration 51 A1 --- --- [-] 52- 55 I4 km/s max Upper range of velocity used in CO(1-0) integration 57- 60 F4.1 arcsec R25 [16.8/68.3]? B-band 25mag/arcsec^2^ isophotal radius 62 A1 --- l_logMH2 Limit flag on logMH2 64- 67 F4.2 [Msun] logMH2 [7/9.8]? Log of H_2_ mass (G2) 69- 72 F4.2 [Msun] e_logMH2 [0.02/0.2]? logMH2 uncertainty 74 A1 --- l_logMH2c Limit flag on logMH2c 76- 79 F4.2 [Msun] logMH2c ? Beam-corrected H_2_ mass (G2) (G3) 81- 84 F4.2 [Msun] e_logMH2c ? logMH2c uncertainty -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): Flag as follows: e = Offset from center of NGC 7328 by +28.5", +1.2". f = Offset from center of NGC 7328 by -27", -1.9". * = Non-NFGS galaxy -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 23 A23 --- Name Object name 25- 31 F7.3 deg RAdeg Right Ascension in degrees (J2000) 33- 39 F7.3 deg DEdeg Declination in degrees (J2000) 41- 45 F5.1 Mpc Dist [3.5/207] Assumed distance to galaxy 47- 50 F4.1 deg Inc Inclination 52- 55 F4.2 mag u-r [0.4/2.8] The (u-r) color index (1) 57- 61 F5.2 [Msun] logM* [7.3/11.6] Log of stellar mass 63- 66 F4.2 [Msun] e_logM* Uncertainty in logM* 68- 69 I2 --- HIref ? Reference for HI mass (2) 71- 72 I2 --- H2ref ? Reference for uncorrected H_2_ mass (2) 74 A1 --- l_logMH2 Limit flag on logMH2 76- 80 F5.2 [Msun] logMH2 Log of beam & He corrected H_2_ mass 82- 85 F4.2 [Msun] e_logMH2 Uncertainty in logMH2 87- 91 F5.2 10+20/cm2/K/km.s XCO(B) XCO derived from B luminosity (3) 93- 97 F5.2 10+20/cm2/K/km.s XCO(OH) ? XCO derived from O abundance 3) 99-104 F6.3 mag Dur The (u-r) blue-centeredness {Delta}(u-r) 106-110 F5.3 mag e_Dur Uncertainty in Dur 112-117 F6.3 mag DurMC Stellar mass-corrected (u-r) blue-centeredness 119-123 F5.3 mag e_DurMC Uncertainty in DurMC 125-130 F6.3 mag Dug The (u-g) blue-centeredness {Delta}(u-g) 132-136 F5.3 mag e_Dug Uncertainty in Dug 138-143 F6.3 mag DugMC Stellar mass-corrected (u-g) blue-centeredness 145-149 F5.3 mag e_DugMC Uncertainty in DugMC 151-156 F6.3 mag Dgr The (g-r) blue-centeredness {Delta}(g-r) 158-162 F5.3 mag e_Dgr Uncertainty in Dgr 164-169 F6.3 mag DgrMC Stellar mass-corrected (g-r) blue-centeredness 171-175 F5.3 mag e_DgrMC Uncertainty in DgrMC 177 I1 --- T [0/1] Morphology (0=E/S0 or 1=Spiral) 179 I1 --- Pec [0/1] Flag to indicate a peculiar galaxy (1=peculiar) 181 I1 --- Bar [0/1] Flag to indicate presence of bar (1=bar present) 183-184 I2 --- r_Bar ? Bar classification reference (2) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): Corrected for foreground and internal extinction, K-corrections applied. Note (2): References as follows: 0 = Stark et al. 2013ApJ...769...82S (this work); 1 = Albrecht et al. 2007A&A...462..575A; 2 = Barone et al. 2000MNRAS.317..649B; 3 = Catinella et al. 2010MNRAS.403..683C (J/MNRAS/403/683); 4 = Catinella et al. 2012A&A...544A..65C (J/A+A/544/A65); 5 = Garland et al. 2004ApJ...615..689G; 6 = Garland et al. 2005ApJ...624..714G; 7 = Haynes et al. 2011AJ....142..170H (J/AJ/142/170); 8 = Huchtmeier et al. 1995A&A...300..675H; 9 = Kannappan, Fabricant, & Franx 2002AJ....123.2358K; 10 = Kannappan et al. 2013ApJ...777...42K; 11 = Kennicutt et al. 2003PASP..115..928K; 12 = Leroy et al. 2005ApJ...625..763L; 13 = Leroy et al. 2009AJ....137.4670L; 14 = Meurer et al. 2006ApJS..165..307M (J/ApJS/165/307); 15 = Nair & Abraham 2010ApJS..186..427N (J/ApJS/186/427); 16 = Paturel et al. 2003, VII/237; 17 = Sage et al. 2007ApJ...657..232S; 18 = Saintonge et al. 2011MNRAS.415...32S (J/MNRAS/415/32); 19 = Salzer et al. 2002AJ....124..191S; 20 = Serra et al. 2012MNRAS.422.1835S; 21 = Smoker et al. 2000A&A...361...19S; 22 = Springob et al. 2005ApJS..160..149S (VIII/77); 23 = Taylor et al. 1998AJ....116.2746T; 24 = Walter et al. 2008AJ....136.2563W (J/AJ/136/2563); 25 = Wei et al. 2010ApJ...708..841W (J/ApJ/708/841) and 2010ApJ...725L..62W; 26 = Young et al. 2011MNRAS.414..940Y (J/MNRAS/414/940); 27 = Zhu et al. 1999AJ....118..145Z Note (3): CO to H_2_ conversion factor X_CO_, determined as explained in section 3.1.3. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Global notes: Note (G1): Galaxies with S/N<6 where linewidths become extremely unreliable and should be used with caution. Note (G2): Masses include a factor of 1.4 to account for Helium. Note (G3): Beam-corrected H2 mass (see Section 2.3.6). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- History: From electronic version of the journal ================================================================================ (End) Greg Schwarz [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 11-Dec-2014