J/MNRAS/485/2343 r-band Type Ia supernovae (Papadogiannakis+, 2019) ================================================================================ Characterizing the secondary maximum in the r-band for Type Ia supernovae: diagnostic for the ejecta mass. Papadogiannakis S., Dhawan S., Morosin R., Goobar A. =2019MNRAS.485.2343P (SIMBAD/NED BibCode) ================================================================================ ADC_Keywords: Supernovae ; Photometry, SDSS Keywords: supernovae: general Abstract: An increase in the number of studied Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) has demonstrated that this class of explosions has a greater diversity in its observables than was previously assumed. The reasons (e.g. the explosion mechanism, progenitor system) for such a diversity remain unknown. Here, we analyse a sample of r-band light curves of SNe Ia, focusing on their behaviour ~2-4 weeks after maximum light, i.e. the second maximum. We characterize the second maximum by its timing (t_r2_) and the integrated flux (F_r2_). We find that tr2 correlates with the 'colour-stretch' parameter sBV , which can be used as a proxy for ^56^Ni mass, and F_r2_ correlates with the transparency time-scale, t0. Using F_r2_ for a sample of 199 SNe from the Palomar Transient Factory and intermediate Palomar Transient Factory, we evaluate a distribution on t0 for a sample of SNe Ia found in an 'untargeted' survey. Comparing this distribution to the predictions of t0 ranges from models we find that the largest overlap in t0 values between models and observations is for the sub-Chandrasekhar double detonation models. We also compare our relations between t0 and F_r2_ with that from the 1D explosion models of Goldstein & Kasen (2018ApJ...852L..33G) and confirm that F_r2_ can be used as a diagnostic of the total ejecta mass. Description: In this paper we present two methods of measuring the secondary maximum of light curves in the r-band that also work for redder bands, e.g. the i-band. We then use the Carnegie Supernova Project (CSP-I) (Contreras et al., 2010AJ....139..519C, Cat. J/AJ/139/519; Stritzinger et al., 2011AJ....142..156S, Cat. J/AJ/142/156) and CfA supernova programme (Hicken et al. 2009) to derive correlations that we apply to the light-curve sample of PTF and iPTF (Papadogiannakis et al., 2019MNRAS.483.5045P, Cat. J/MNRAS/483/5045) to show the distribution of the transparency time-scale, which is a proxy for total mass. File Summary: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FileName Lrecl Records Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ReadMe 80 . This file tablea1.dat 54 19 The parameters for the CfA SNe in the r-band tablea2.dat 78 76 The parameters for the CSP-I SNe in the r-band tablea3.dat 41 91 The parameters for the CfA SNe in the i-band tablea5.dat 23 21 t0 values from the CSP-I SNe with sufficient multi-band data tablea6.dat 27 199 The parameters for the PTF and iPTF SNe in the r-band -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See also: J/AJ/139/519 : Carnegie supernova project. SNe Ia (Contreras+, 2010) J/AJ/142/156 : The CSP (DR2): photometry of SNe Ia (Stritzinger+, 2011) J/MNRAS/483/5045 : R-band light-curve properties of SN Ia (Papadogiannakis+, 2019) Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 8 A8 --- Name Supernova name 10- 13 F4.1 d tr2 Time of the plateau or secondary maximum in the r-band (G1) 15- 18 F4.2 d e_tr2 Error on tr2 20- 21 I2 --- Npoints Number of data points 23- 26 F4.2 --- sBV Ordering parameter (G2) 28- 31 F4.2 --- e_sBV Error on sBV 33- 34 A2 --- Branch SN type following Branch et al. (2006PASP..118..560B) classification scheme (G3) 36- 38 A3 --- Wang SN type following Wang et al. (2009ApJ...699L.139W) classification scheme (G4) 40- 44 F5.3 --- Fr2 Integrated normalized flux around the dates of the plateau in the r-band 46- 49 F4.2 --- b_Fr2 Lower value of Fr2 51- 54 F4.2 --- B_Fr2 Upper value of Fr2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea2.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 8 A8 --- Name Supernova name 10- 13 F4.1 d tr2 ? Time of the plateau or secondary maximum in the r-band (G1) 15- 18 F4.2 d e_tr2 ? Error on tr2 20- 21 I2 --- Npoints ? Number of data points 23- 26 F4.2 --- sBV ? Ordering parameter (G2) 28- 31 F4.2 --- e_sBV ? Error on sBV 33- 38 A6 --- SNID Supernova subtype 40- 43 A4 --- Wang SN type following Branch et al. (2006PASP..118..560B) classification scheme (G3) 45- 46 A2 --- Branch SN type following Wang et al. (2009ApJ...699L.139W) classification scheme (G4) 48- 54 F7.5 --- zhelio ? Heliocentric redshift 56- 62 F7.1 d TmaxB ? Epoch of B-band maximum 64- 68 F5.3 --- Fr2 ? Integrated normalized flux around the dates of the plateau in the r-band 70- 73 F4.2 --- b_Fr2 ? Lower value of Fr2 75- 78 F4.2 --- B_Fr2 ? Upper value of Fr2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea3.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 8 A8 --- Name Supernova name 10- 14 F5.3 --- Fi2 ? Integrated normalized flux around the dates of the plateau in the i-band 16- 21 F6.3 --- b_Fi2 ? Lower value of Fi2 23- 28 F6.3 --- B_Fi2 ? Upper value of Fi2 30- 33 F4.1 d ti2 ? Time of the plateau or secondary maximum in the i-band (G1) 35- 38 F4.2 d e_ti2 ? Error on Ti2 40- 41 I2 --- Npoints ? Number of data points -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea5.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 8 A8 --- Name Supernova name 10- 16 F7.4 --- t0 Transparency time-scale (the epoch at which the ejecta optical depth is unity) (1) 18- 23 F6.4 --- e_t0 Error on t0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): It has been shown that the transparency time-scale is directly related to the total ejecta mass (Jeffery 1999astro.ph..7015J; Stritzinger et al. 2006A&A...450..241S). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea6.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 9 A9 --- Name Supernova name 11- 15 F5.3 --- tr2 Time of the plateau or secondary maximum in the r-band (G1) 17- 21 F5.3 --- b_tr2 Lower value of tr2 23- 27 F5.3 --- B_tr2 Upper value of tr2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Global notes: Note (G1): The time of the plateau is estimated from an average of all Monte Carlo runs Note (G2): In previous studies it has been shown that the ordering parameter sBV (Burns et al. 2014ApJ...789...32B) correlates with the peak bolometric luminosity (Hoeflich et al. 2017ApJ...846...58H). Arnett's rule states that the instantaneous rate of energy deposition from radioactive decay equals the output flux at maximum (Arnett 1982ApJ...253..785A). Hence, we use the sBV parameter as a proxy for the ^56^Ni mass in our analyses. Note (G3): Branch as follows: CN = Core-normal supernova SS = Shallow-silicon supernova CL = Cool supernova BL = Broad-line supernova Note (G4): Wang as follows: N = Normal supernova 91T = 1991T-like supernova HV = High-velocity supernova -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- History: From electronic version of the journal ================================================================================ (End) Ana Fiallos [CDS] 19-Sep-2022