J/ApJ/922/267      Dwarf galaxies photometry & structures      (Carlsten+, 2021)
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Structures of dwarf satellites of Milky Way-like galaxies: morphology, scaling
relations, and intrinsic shapes.
    Carlsten S.G., Greene J.E., Greco J.P., Beaton R.L., Kado-Fong E.
   <Astrophys. J., 922, 267 (2021)>
   =2021ApJ...922..267C
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ADC_Keywords: Galaxies, dwarf; Photometry; Optical; Morphology; Surveys
Keywords: Dwarf galaxies ; Galaxy structure ; Galaxy environments ;
          Galaxy evolution

Abstract:
    The structure of a dwarf galaxy is an important probe of the effects
    of stellar feedback and environment. Using an unprecedented sample of
    223 low-mass satellites from the ongoing Exploration of Local Volume
    Satellites survey, we explore the structures of dwarf satellites in
    the mass range 10^5.5^<M_*_<10^8.5^M_{sun}_. We survey satellites
    around 80% of the massive, M_K_{<}-22.4mag, hosts in the Local Volume
    (LV). Our sample of dwarf satellites is complete to luminosities of
    M_V_{<}-9mag and surface brightness {mu}_0,V_<26.5mag/arcsec^2^ within
    at least ~200 projected kpc of the hosts. For this sample, we find a
    median satellite luminosity of M_V_=-12.4mag, median size of
    r_e_=560pc, median ellipticity of {epsilon}=0.30, and median Sersic
    index of n=0.72. We separate the satellites into late- and early-type
    (29.6% and 70.4%, respectively). The mass-size relations are very
    similar between them within ~5%, which indicates that the quenching
    and transformation of a late-type dwarf into an early-type one
    involves only very mild size evolution. Considering the distribution
    of apparent ellipticities, we infer the intrinsic shapes of the early-
    and late-type samples. Combining with literature samples, we find that
    both types of dwarfs are described roughly as oblate spheroids that
    get more spherical at fainter luminosities, but early-types are always
    rounder at fixed luminosity. Finally, we compare the LV satellites
    with dwarf samples from the cores of the Virgo and Fornax clusters. We
    find that the cluster satellites show similar scaling relations to the
    LV early-type dwarfs but are roughly 10% larger at fixed mass, which
    we interpret as being due to tidal heating in the cluster
    environments. The dwarf structure results presented here are a useful
    reference for simulations of dwarf galaxy formation and the
    transformation of dwarf irregulars into spheroidals.

Description:
    For our primary observational sample we use results from the ongoing
    Exploration of Local VolumE Satellites (ELVES) survey to obtain a
    nearly volume-limited sample of many well-surveyed satellites systems
    in the Local Volume (LV; D<12Mpc).

    For much of the survey, we are making use of the DESI Legacy Imaging
    Surveys (Dey+ 2019AJ....157..168D), which includes both the
    Beijing-Arizona Sky Survey (BASS; Zou+ 2017PASP..129f4101Z &
    2018ApJS..237...37Z) and the DECam Legacy Survey (henceforth we refer
    to all these surveys together as DECaLS). We then use deeper
    Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) MegaCam, Subaru Hyper
    Suprime-Cam (HSC), or Gemini Multi-Object Spectrographs (GMOS) imaging
    to measure the dwarf distances via SB fluctuations (SBFs). We include
    results using Gemini programs FT-2020A-060 and US-2020B-037
    (PI: S. Carlsten). The rest of the data used are all archival.

File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 FileName    Lrecl  Records   Explanations
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ReadMe          80        .   This file
table1.dat      95       24   ELVES host information
table4.dat     147      128   The Local Volume (LV) field dwarf photometry
table5.dat     159      223   Main LV satellite dwarf photometry
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See also:
 B/cfht  : Log of CFHT Exposures (CADC, 1979-)
 VII/292 : DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys DR8 (Duncan, 2022)
 J/AJ/127/2031    : Catalog of neighboring galaxies (Karachentsev+, 2004)
 J/ApJS/164/334   : ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. VI (Ferrarese+, 2006)
 J/AJ/133/504     : Galaxies around CenA/M83 (Karachentsev+, 2007)
 J/ApJ/660/1186   : VCC galaxies classification with SDSS (Lisker+, 2007)
 J/A+A/486/697    : Hydra I Cluster Catalogue (HCC) (Misgeld+, 2008)
 J/MNRAS/386/2311 : CT1 photometry of Antlia early-type galaxies (Smith+, 2008)
 J/ApJS/182/216   : Surface photometry of Virgo ellipticals (Kormendy+, 2009)
 J/MNRAS/413/971  : Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) DR1 (Driver+, 2011)
 J/MNRAS/414/3699 : Study of hot stellar systems and galaxies (Misgeld+, 2011)
 J/A+A/526/A114   : Kinematic profiles of Virgo galaxies (Toloba+, 2011)
 J/AJ/144/4       : Dwarf galaxies in the Local Group (McConnachie+, 2012)
 J/AJ/145/101     : Updated nearby galaxy catalog (Karachentsev+, 2013)
 J/A+A/570/A69    : GALEX Ultraviolet Virgo Cluster Survey. IV. (Boselli+, 2014)
 J/ApJ/813/L15    : Dwarf galaxies in Fornax cluster from NGFS (Munoz+, 2015)
 J/AJ/152/50      : Cosmicflows-3 catalog (CF3) (Tully+, 2016)
 J/ApJ/843/16     : Galaxy groups within 3500km/s (Kourkchi+, 2017)
 J/ApJ/855/142    : Next Generation Fornax Survey. II. (Eigenthaler+, 2018)
 J/ApJ/857/104    : Low surface brightness galaxies from HSC-SSP (Greco+, 2018)
 J/A+A/615/A96    : VI photometry in 3 dwarf galaxies (Mueller+, 2018)
 J/ApJ/859/52     : NGFS. III. Dwarf gal. in outer reg. (Ordenes-Briceno+, 2018)
 J/A+A/620/A165   : Fornax Deep Survey with VST. IV. (Venhola+, 2018)
 J/A+A/629/A18    : Deep VI phot. of 15 dwarf galaxy candidates (Mueller+, 2019)
 J/ApJ/878/18     : NGVS. XXIII. Nuclear star clusters (Sanchez-Janssen+, 2019)
 J/ApJ/890/128    : NGVS. XIV. Virgo cluster members (Ferrarese+, 2020)
 J/AJ/159/103     : SDSS and GAMA dwarf gal. mergers (Kado-Fong+, 2020)
 J/A+A/635/A135   : Galaxies around M87 (Kashibadze+, 2020)
 J/ApJ/906/96     : Dwarfs galaxies in Simulations (Applebaum+, 2021)
 J/ApJ/907/85     : The SAGA Survey. II. Satellite systems (Mao+, 2021)
 J/A+A/647/A100   : Fornax Deep Survey with VST. XI. (Su+, 2021)
 J/ApJS/252/18    : Low-surface-brightness gal. from DES Y3 (Tanoglidis+, 2021)
 http://www.legacysurvey.org/ : DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys home page

Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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   Bytes Format Units   Label     Explanations
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   1-  7  A7    ---     Host      Host name
   9- 13  F5.2  Mpc     Dist      [0/11.9] Distance
  15- 21  A7    ---   r_Dist      Distance reference(s) (1)
  23- 24  I2    ---     Nsat      [0/29] Number of satellites (2)
  26- 27  I2    ---     Nun       [0/16] Number of unconfirmed satellites (2)
  29- 31  I3    kpc     Rcov      [150/300] Coverage radius
  33- 51  A19   ---     Det       Imaging data used for dwarf detection (3)
  53- 75  A23   ---     Conf      Candidate confirmation (3)
  77- 95  A19   ---     Phot      Photometry used (3)
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Note (1): References as follows:
  Beat19 = Beaton et al. (2019ApJ...885..141B)
  CF     = Kourkchi & Tully (2017, J/ApJ/843/16) and Tully+ (2016, J/AJ/152/50)
  RS11   = Radburn-Smith et al. (2011ApJS..195...18R)
  H13    = Humphreys et al. (2013ApJ...775...13H)
  K13    = Karachentsev et al. (2013, J/AJ/145/101)
  K14    = Karachentsev et al. (2014ApJ...782....4K)
  K15    = Karachentsev et al. (2015ApJ...805..144K)
  T19    = Tully et al. (2019hst..prop15922T)
  Pea15  = Peacock et al. (2015ApJ...800...13P)
  McQ16a = McQuinn et al. (2016ApJ...826...21M)
  McQ16b = McQuinn et al. (2016AJ....152..144M)
  McQ17  = McQuinn et al. (2017AJ....154...51M)
  Lee13  = Lee & Jang (2013ApJ...773...13L)
  M18    = Muller et al. (2018A&A...615A.105M)
Note (2): Number of satellites (confirmed and unconfirmed) in the mass range
  5.5<log(M_*_)<8.5 and with M_V_{<}-9mag and {mu}_0,V_<26.5mag/arcsec^2^.
Note (3): The sources listed in the last three columns are:
  S18 = Smercina et al. (2018ApJ...863..152S),
  B19 = Bennet et al. (2019ApJ...885..153B),
  M12 = McConnachie (2012, J/AJ/144/4),
  C13 = Chiboucas et al. (2013AJ....146..126C),
  M15 = Muller et al. (2015A&A...583A..79M),
  M17 = Muller et al. (2017A&A...597A...7M),
  M18 = Muller et al. (2018A&A...615A..96M),
  M19 = Muller et al. (2019, J/A+A/629/A18),
  C19 = Crnojevic et al. (2019ApJ...872...80C).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
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   Bytes Format Units         Label  Explanations
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  1-  15 A15    ---           Name   Dwarf name
 17-  21 A5     ---           Host   Host type ("FIELD" or "LG")
 23-  30 F8.4   deg           RAdeg  Right Ascension (J2000)
 32-  39 F8.4   deg           DEdeg  [-61.4/80.2] Declination (J2000)
 41-  45 F5.2   mag           gmag   [10.5/19.3]? Apparent g-band magnitude
 47-  50 F4.2   mag         e_gmag   [0.08/0.12]? Uncertainty in gmag
 52-  56 F5.2   mag           rimag  [10.2/19.1]? Apparent r- or i- band
                                      magnitude (G1)
 58-  61 F4.2   mag         e_rimag  [0.09/0.12]? Uncertainty in rimag
 63-  68 F6.2   mag           gMag   [-16.3/-10.3]? Absolute g-band magnitude
 70-  73 F4.2   mag         e_gMag   [0.08/0.12]? Uncertainty in gMag
 75-  80 F6.2   mag           VMag   [-16.5/-10.4] Absolute V-band
                                      magnitude (G2)
 82-  85 F4.2   mag         e_VMag   [0.09/0.2] Uncertainty in VMag
 87-  90 F4.2   [Msun]        logMs  [5.5/8.5] Log of stellar mass
 92-  95 F4.2   [Msun]      e_logMs  [0.06/0.2] Uncertainty in logMs
 97- 101 F5.2   mag/arcsec2   mu0V   [19.1/26.18] V-band central surface
                                      brightness
103- 106 F4.2   mag/arcsec2 e_mu0V   [0.1/0.3]? Uncertainty in mu0V
108- 113 F6.1   pc            Re     [157/4299] Effective radius of galaxy model
115- 119 F5.1   pc          e_Re     [12/208]? Uncertainty in Re
121- 124 F4.2   ---           ell    [0.05/0.87] Measured ellipticity
126- 129 F4.2   ---         e_ell    [0.02/0.1] Uncertainty in ell
131- 135 A5     ---           ETG    Early-type galaxy? (always "False")
137- 140 A4     ---           Filt   Filters used ("gi", "gr" or "None")
142- 147 A6     ---           Tel    Instrument+Telescope used ("DECALS",
                                      "CFHT" or "MCCONN")
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
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   Bytes Format Units         Label  Explanations
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  1-  15 A15    ---           Name   Dwarf name
 17-  23 A7     ---           Host   Host name
 25-  32 F8.4   deg           RAdeg  Right Ascension (J2000)
 34-  41 F8.4   deg           DEdeg  [-64.3/71.5] Declination (J2000)
 43-  47 F5.2   mag           gmag   [12.26/21]? Apparent g-band magnitude
 49-  52 F4.2   mag         e_gmag   [0.01/0.64]? Uncertainty in gmag
 54-  58 F5.2   mag           rimag  [11.8/20.54]? Apparent r- or i- band
                                      magnitude (G1)
 60-  63 F4.2   mag         e_rimag  [0.01/0.42]? Uncertainty in rimag
 65-  70 F6.2   mag           gMag   [-16.49/-8.76]? Absolute g-band magnitude
 72-  75 F4.2   mag         e_gMag   [0.01/0.7]? Uncertainty in gMag
 77-  82 F6.2   mag           VMag   [-16.7/-9] Absolute V-band magnitude (2)
 84-  87 F4.2   mag         e_VMag   [0.01/0.7] Uncertainty in VMag
 89-  92 F4.2   [Msun]        logMs  [5.57/8.5] Log of stellar mass
 94-  97 F4.2   [Msun]      e_logMs  [0.1/0.22] Uncertainty in logMs
 99- 103 F5.2   mag/arcsec2   mu0V   [19.8/26.5] V-band central surface
                                      brightness
105- 108 F4.2   mag/arcsec2 e_mu0V   [0.02/0.8]? Uncertainty in mu0V
110- 115 F6.1   pc            Re     [119/4075] Effective radius of galaxy model
117- 121 F5.1   pc          e_Re     [0/685]? Uncertainty in Re
123- 127 F5.2   ---           ell    [-0.1/0.78]? Measured ellipticity
129- 132 F4.2   ---         e_ell    [0/0.15]? Uncertainty in ell
134- 139 A6     ---           ETG    Early-type galaxy? (1)
141- 144 A4     ---           Filt   Filters used ("gi", "gr" or "None")
146- 157 A12    ---           Tel    Instrument+Telescope used
     159 A1     ---           Bad    y=Bad photometry? (2)
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Note (1): Dwarf ETG values marked with "False?" or "True?" had ambiguous
    ETG/LTG visual classification and were classified based on the dwarf
    color and magnitude.
Note (2): Dwarfs marked with a "y" (9 occurrences) had significant
    contamination from bright, nearby stars or other galaxies, and the
    photometry might be biased.
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Global notes:
Note (G1): rimag is the apparent magnitude measured in either the r or i band,
    depending on which is used for that dwarf. Standardization of mixed
    photometry was done using Equation 1: g-i=1.53(g-r)-0.032
Note (G2): Absolute V-band magnitude converted from SDSS filters using
    Equation 2: V=g-0.5784(g-r)-0.0038. See Section 2.4.
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History:
    From electronic version of the journal

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(End)                    Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS]  31-Mar-2023