J/ApJ/960/48 ALMA-IM. IX. SiO outflows in massive protoclusters (Towner+, 2024) ================================================================================ ALMA-IMF. IX. Catalog and physical properties of 315 SiO outflow candidates in 15 massive protoclusters. Towner A.P.M., Ginsburg A., Dell'Ova P., Gusdorf A., Bontemps S., Csengeri T., Galvan-Madrid R., Louvet F.K., Motte F., Sanhueza P., Stutz A.M., Bally J., Baug T., Chen H.-R.V., Cunningham N., Fernandez-Lopez M., Liu H.-L., Lu X., Nony T., Valeille-Manet M., Wu B., Alvarez-Gutierrez R.H., Bonfand M., Di Francesco J., Nguyen-Luong Q., Olguin F., Whitworth A.P. =2024ApJ...960...48T ================================================================================ ADC_Keywords: Interstellar medium; Molecular data; YSOs; Radio lines; Interferometry Keywords: Young stellar objects ; Star forming regions ; Protostars ; Massive stars ; Stellar jets ; Stellar winds ; Catalogs ; Interstellar molecules ; Radio interferometry ; Astrochemistry ; Molecular gas ; Protoclusters Abstract: We present a catalog of 315 protostellar outflow candidates detected in SiO J=5-4 in the ALMA-IMF Large Program, observed with ~2000au spatial resolution, 0.339km/s velocity resolution, and 2-12mJy/beam (0.18-0.8K) sensitivity. We find median outflow masses, momenta, and kinetic energies of ~0.3M_{sun}_, 4M_{sun}_km/s, and 10^45^erg, respectively. Median outflow lifetimes are 6000 yr, yielding median mass, momentum, and energy rates of dM/dt=10^-4.4^M_{sun}_/yr, dP/dt=10^-3.2^M_{sun}_km.s^-1^.yr^-1^, and dE/dt=1L_{sun}_. We analyze these outflow properties in the aggregate in each field. We find correlations between field-aggregated SiO outflow properties and total mass in cores (~3{sigma}-5{sigma}), and no correlations above 3{sigma} with clump mass, clump luminosity, or clump luminosity-to-mass ratio. We perform a linear regression analysis and find that the correlation between field-aggregated outflow mass and total clump mass-which has been previously described in the literature-may actually be mediated by the relationship between outflow mass and total mass in cores. We also find that the most massive SiO outflow in each field is typically responsible for only 15%-30% of the total outflow mass (60% upper limit). Our data agree well with the established mechanical force-bolometric luminosity relationship in the literature, and our data extend this relationship up to L>=10^6^L_{sun}_ and dP/dt>=1M_{sun}_km/s/yr. Our lack of correlation with clump L/M is inconsistent with models of protocluster formation in which all protostars start forming at the same time. Description: The SiO J=5-4 data presented herein were taken as part of the ALMA-IMF (Motte+ 2022A&A...662A...8M) Large Program (2017.1.01355.L, PIs: Motte, Ginsburg, Louvet, Sanhueza), with the exception of the SiO observations for W43-MM1, which were taken as part of the pilot program 2013.1.01365.S (Nony+ 2020, J/A+A/636/A38). The ALMA-IMF Large Program targets were observed in Band 6 (~216-234GHz, ~1.3mm) and Band 3 (~91-106GHz, ~3mm), with matching linear spatial resolution (<~2000au) for all fields and in both bands. In this work, we examine only the data taken with the 12m array. These line cubes can be found at https://www.almaimf.com/data.html File Summary: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FileName Lrecl Records Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ReadMe 80 . This file table2.dat 74 15 ALMA-IMF SiO line cube properties table3.dat 122 354 Catalog of SiO outflow candidates tablec1.dat 543 315 Derived properties of individual outflow candidates -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See also: J/A+A/321/293 : SiO production in interstellar shocks (Schilke+ 1997) J/A+A/476/1243 : Millimeter continuum mapping of Cygnus X (Motte+, 2007) J/A+A/557/A94 : SiO & HCO+ massive molecular outflows (Sanchez-Monge+, 2013) J/MNRAS/444/566 : Methanol maser associated outflows (de Villiers+, 2014) J/A+A/570/A1 : Cygnus-X CO & SiO outflows datacubes (Duarte-Cabral+, 2014) J/A+A/570/A49 : APEX spectra of massive YSOs (Leurini+, 2014) J/MNRAS/453/645 : Massive mol. outflows distance-limited sample (Maud+, 2015) J/A+A/586/A149 : SiO in ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps (Csengeri+, 2016) J/A+A/591/A149 : Hi-GAL. inner Milky Way: +68>=l>=70 (Molinari+, 2016) J/ApJ/867/167 : High-mass outflows from the COHRS CO(3-2) survey (Li+, 2018) J/ApJS/251/20 : ALMA survey of Orion PGCCs (ALMASOP). II. (Dutta+, 2020) J/A+A/636/A38 : W43-MM1 ALMA ^12^CO(2-1) datacube (Nony+, 2020) J/A+A/662/A9 : Dense molecular cloud regions ALMA images (Ginsburg+, 2022) J/MNRAS/511/3618 : ATOMS ALMA 3 mm VII SiO clumps with ACA (Liu+, 2022) J/A+A/674/A75 : W43-MM1 and W43-MM2+MM3 ALMA datacubes (Nony+, 2023) http://www.almaimf.com/data.html : ALMA IMF homepage Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 8 A8 --- Field Field identifier 10- 11 I2 h RAh [15/19] Hour of right ascension (ICRS) (1) 13- 14 I2 min RAm Minute of right ascension (ICRS) 16- 20 F5.2 s RAs Second of right ascension (ICRS) 22 A1 --- DE- Sign of declination (ICRS) (1) 23- 24 I2 deg DEd Degree of declination (ICRS) (1) 26- 27 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of declination (ICRS) 29- 32 F4.1 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of declination (ICRS) 34- 42 A9 arcsec Beam Synthesized beam size 44- 46 I3 deg PA [-85/88] Synthesized beam position angle 48- 51 F4.2 arcsec Pixel [0.08/0.2] Pixel size 53- 56 F4.2 K SigMed [0.18/0.9] Median {sigma} for each cube in K (2) 58- 62 F5.2 mJy/beam SigMedb [2.4/15.6] Median {sigma} for each cube in mJy/beam (2) 64- 68 F5.2 mJy/beam b_SigMedb [2.2/14.3] Minimum {sigma} (2) 70- 74 F5.2 mJy/beam B_SigMedb [2.58/16.9] Maximum {sigma} (2) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): The ICRS coordinates of the reference position (center) of each mosaic, taken from the SiO line cube image headers. Note (2): Median {sigma} for each cube, in both kelvin and mJy/beam. In all cases, {sigma}=1.4826*MAD, where MAD is the median absolute deviation from the median. {sigma} is measured for every channel in the image cube within an emission-free region near the center of the field. The emission-free region is the same for all channels in a given field. The median, minimum, and maximum {sigma} reported in these columns are calculated across all channels in the cube. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 8 A8 --- Field Field or Clump 10- 11 I2 --- ID [1/47] Outflow ID (Unique for Field) 13- 14 I2 h RAh [15/19] Hour of Right Ascension (ICRS) (1) 16- 17 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (ICRS) (1) 19- 24 F6.3 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (ICRS) (1) 26- 26 A1 --- DE- [+/-] Sign of the Declination (ICRS)(1) 27- 28 I2 deg DEd [1/54] Degree of Declination (ICRS) (1) 30- 31 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (ICRS) (1) 33- 37 F5.2 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (ICRS) (1) 39- 46 A8 --- Color Lobe Color (2) 48- 54 F7.2 km.s-1 Vmin [-156/128] Velocity range, minimum (3) 56- 61 F6.2 km.s-1 Vmax [-71/194] Velocity range, maximum (3) 63- 68 F6.2 km.s-1 Vpeak [-87.1/151] Velocity peak aperture-integrated spectrum (4) 70- 76 F7.1 mJy Fpeak [6.6/13430] Peak aperture-integrated flux density 78- 81 F4.1 mJy e_Fpeak [0.6/30] Uncertainty in Fpeak 83- 89 F7.3 Jy Ftot [0.059/570] Total aperture- and velocity-integrated flux density 91- 96 F6.3 Jy e_Ftot [0.006/30] Lower uncertainty in Ftot 98-103 F6.3 Jy E_Ftot [0.006/40] Upper uncertainty in Ftot 105-122 A18 --- Class Classification (5) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): The ICRS coordinates of the center of the bounding box for each polygonal region. Uncertainties on each position are +/-1 pixel, where pixel sizes are listed in Table 2. Note (2): Bipolar outflow candidates (classified as "red+blue") have their properties listed on two consecutive rows instead of a single row; the first line is always the blue lobe and the second line is always the red lobe. Red and blue lobes in a bipolar candidate have the same overall classification, i.e. both "likely," "possible," or "complex or cluster." Note (3): Velocity range is identified from aperture-integrated intensities and position-velocity diagrams and shown in the upper-right panels of Figures 1 and 2. In most cases, the velocity range -5km/s