%++++++++
%.IDENTIFICATION iau-spec.tex
%.PURPOSE        SPECIFICATIONS concerning NAMES, etc
%.AUTHOR         H.R. Dickel
%.VERSION   1.0  10-Oct-1994
%.VERSION   1.1  01-Nov-1994 (H.R. Dickel)
%.VERSION   1.2  03-Nov-1994 (H.R.D.)
%.VERSION   1.3  16-Nov-1994 (F.S + F.O.)
%.VERSION   1.4  22-Nov-1994 (comments WWarren)
%.VERSION   1.5  13-Dec-1994 (H.R.D.)
%.VERSION   1.6  23-Jan-1995 (H.R.D)
%.VERSION   1.7  26-Jan-1995 (FO, cosmetics for addresses, + HRD
%                            "three" not "two" character acronyms
%			     Table 3.5.1 PRS ex. and explanation
%                30-Jan-1995 (HRD  3.5.1  two more words in boldface)
%                 1-Feb-1995 (HRD  space symbols in DR^21 ex. and "R^136")
%                14-Feb-1995 (HRD  Andernach address change)
%.VERSION   1.8  24-Mar-1995 (HRD  fix SPAN address for SIMBAD at end)
%                1995-Oct-18 (HRD  fix "order of date" and "tel. format")
%.VERSION   1.9  03-Feb-1997 (FO addresses)
%.VERSION   2.0  07-Jun-1999 Addresses of people
%.VERSION   2.1  24-Feb-2000: Following Lanie's visit to Strasbourg
%.VERSION   2.2  29-Aug-2000: Remove FSpite + GPaturel, add Kirk Borne
%.VERSION   2.21 31-Aug-2001: Added mirror addresses
%.VERSION   2.22 29-Jan-2002: Added Oleg Malkov
%.VERSION   2.23 27-Jan-2003: Added CFA mirror
%.VERSION   2.24 08-Aug-2003: Working Group instead of Task Group...
%.VERSION   2.25 23-Aug-2004: Heinz's phone and FAX
%.VERSION   2.26 09-Oct-2006: Question of 'special' characters ??
%.VERSION   2.27 01-Dec-2006: Changes of addresses
%.VERSION   2.28 01-Dec-2007: Changes of addresses
%.VERSION   2.29 26-Nov-2008: Changes of addresses
%.VERSION   2.30 14-Dec-2017: (MB) "IAU Commission 5" changed to 
%                             "IAU Commission B2", "chair" added to M.Schmitz
%                             address + "Clearing House" replaced by
%                             "Working Group Designations"
%                             + Changes of addresses
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\def\RA{$\alpha$} \def\DEC{$\delta$}
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%    \name{Name}  \addr{postal}{Internet}   \phone{phone}{fax}{telex}{DECnet}
\ifhtx\cgidef{-tex -mail -bib
\name	#1{\term{#1}}
\phone	#3{\\{\it Phone:} #1 \quad\cdot\quad {\it Fax:} #2}
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\begnames	\begin{glossary}
\endnames	\end{glossary}
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# Change {old}{new}
\Change		#2{{\fg{OrangeRed}#2}}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{document}

\TITLE{
          {\Large\bf Specifications concerning designations}                 \\
    {\large\bf for astronomical radiation sources outside the solar system}
}

\ifhtx
\begin{tabular}{ll}
Short title: & {\Large IAU Recommendations for Nomenclature} \\
Key words:   & {\Large Designations IAU} \\
\normalsize
        & (version \Version)
\end{tabular}
\fi

\bigskip
\begin{quote} \em
A look at the current literature reveals that unclear, ambiguous or
confusing designations of astronomical sources of radiation are too often
encountered.  Therefore, all contributors to databases, and authors of
papers, catalogs and surveys, are urged to adhere to the following set
of specifications (developed and endorsed by the International
Astronomical Union); otherwise, significant data may be irretrievably
lost.
\end{quote}

\label{S1}\section*{1.  General recommendations}

{\bf
  All source listings should always contain positional information and/or a
  second designation next to a principal designation} in order to avoid
  ambiguities that can arise with a single designation.



\label{S2}\section*{2.  Case of existing designations}

\begin{itemize}
\item   When existing designations are used in listings, they {\bf should
never be altered} (e.g., neither truncated, nor rounded, nor shortened).

\item   In a publication, the bibliographical reference for the designation
should be given.
\end{itemize}


\label{S3}\section*{3. Creation of new designations}

        The {\em designation} of an astronomical source should consist of the
following parts :

\medskip
        \centerline{\fbox{{\Large
{ } Acronym$^{ }$
{\blank}
Sequence
{\blank}
(Specifier)}
        }}

Note that the {\blank} is used here to denote a blank.  It is used for
emphasis in showing where spaces occur in a designation. (Users are expected
to use an actual blank and not this character.)  Parentheses are required if
a specifier is included. Acronym and sequence are essential, specifier is
optional; the number of blanks may be larger in machine-readable files to
right justify numerical or tabular data.

The following examples illustrate the recommended form of astronomical
designations :

\begin{quote}\begin{raggedright}
        NGC{\blank}205                  \\
        PKS{\blank}1817--43              \\
        CO{\blank}J0326.0+3041.0        \\
        H2O{\blank}G123.4+57.6{\blank}(VLSR=--185)\\
        3C{\blank}196
\end{raggedright}\end{quote}

\label{S3.1}\subsection*{3.1 Acronym}

The {\em acronym} (earlier called {\em origin}) is a code
(i.e., alphanumerical string of characters)
that specifies the catalog or collection of sources.
It may be constructed from catalog names (e.g., NGC, BD),
the names of authors (RCW),
instruments or observatories used {for large surveys }(VLA, IRAS, 3C, 51W), etc{ -- see helpful hints on
\A{creating.htx}{creating acronyms.}}

The following rules apply to the construction of {\bf new} acronyms:

\begin{itemize}

  \item   an acronym shall consist of {\bf at least three characters}.

  \item   an acronym shall consist of letters and/or numerals only; {\bf special
           characters}, including superscripts, subscripts, and blanks
           should be {\bf avoided}.

  \item   an acronym shall be {\bf unique}; i.e., the appropriate reference
           literature (especially the {\em Second Dictionary of Nomenclature}
           --- see below) should be checked to avoid duplication with
           existing catalog designations, constellation names,
           abbreviations of source types, etc.

  \item   The title of a catalog shall {\bf include the acronym by which it
           is to be known}, [e.g., Fifth Fundamental Catalogue (FK5)].

  \item   {\bf Avoid excessively long} acronyms.
           Conversely, users shall never abbreviate an acronym.
\end{itemize}


\label{S3.2}\subsection*{3.2 Sequence}

The {\em sequence} (or {\em numbering}) is an alphanumeric string of characters,
   normally only numerical, that uniquely determines the source
   within a catalog or collection. It may be a sequence number
   within a catalog (e. g., HD{\blank}224801), a combination of fields,
   or it may be based on coordinates.
   The way the sequence is constructed is called the {\em format}
   of the sequence; the symbols used are summarized in the
   \A{formats.htx}{Inventory of the Formats}, a document which also
   includes examples of use and misuse.


\label{S3.2.1}\subsubsection*{3.2.1 {Use of coordinates}}

Coordinate-based designations are {\em just ``names''} and should have enough
  significant figures to unambiguously identify the sources.
  It is expected that {\em precise coordinates will be provided}
  in the paper (e.g., in a table),
  accompanied by any needed explanations and other relevant information.

If {\em coordinates} in any form are used to encode a source of radiation,
  a set of rules applies, which we will illustrate with a source,
  namely the QSO with coordinates:

\hspace{2cm}\begin{tabular}{lll@{$\alpha$ = }l @{\hspace{1em} $\delta$ = } l}
   (J2000.0) &&& 00\hr 51\min 09.38\sec&  --42\deg\ 26\arcmin\ 33.8\arcsec \\
   (B1950.0) &&& 00\hr 48\min 48.97\sec&  --42\deg\ 42\arcmin\ 52.1\arcsec
\end{tabular}

\begin{itemize}

   \item  A designation involving {\bf only the coordinates}, often improperly
	referred to in the literature as an ``IAU designation'', is
	{\bf not sufficient} to identify a source unambiguously.
	An {\em acronym} should also be given.


   \item {\em Equatorial Coordinates shall {\bf always} be preceded by \J\
        if they are for the }
        {\bf standard equinox of J2000.0}
        (i.e., {IRCS position or} FK5-based,
	Julian equinox 2000.0 system).
        They should be preceded by \B\  if they are for the old standard
        equinox of B1950.0 (i.e., Bessel-Newcomb FK4-based, Besselian
        equinox 1950.0 system). Galactic coordinates shall be preceded by
        a \G. The absence of a code at the beginning of recognizable
        equatorial coordinates will be interpreted, by default, as a missing \B.

\Example QSO{\blank}004848--4242.8
       = QSO{\blank}B004848--4242.8
       = QSO{\blank}J005109--4226.5

A galactic-based designation is inappropriate for extragalactic
sources such as a QSO. Examples of galactic-based designations for
sources within the Milky Way Galaxy may be found in section~\ref{S3}
(Ex.  H2O) and section~\ref{S3.5.1} (Ex. PN).

   \item  The {\bf ``flag'' letters} \J, \B, and \G{} have a special role:
        the flag letter should immediately precede the coordinates and
        should be separated from the acronym by a {\em space} (\blank).
        This space is particularly important, as there are acronyms ending
        with J, B, and G.
	The usage of other ``flag'' letters is discouraged.

   \item  Coordinates shall contain {\bf leading zeroes} (in \RA\ and \DEC)
        and the {\bf plus or minus sign} : {\em+BB.bb}  or {\em--BB.bb},
        {\em+DDMMSS.s} or  {\em--DDMMSS.s}

   \item  {\bf Coordinates} shall be specified as {\em LLL.$\ell\ell$+BB.bb} or
        {\em LLL.$\ell\ell$--BB.bb}
        for galactic coordinates, and as {\em HHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s} or
        {\em HHMMSS.ss--DDMMSS.s} for equatorial coordinates
        ({\em without spaces\/}); more or fewer fractional digits may be used
        as appropriate{, but one should not omit the leading
	{\em HH} or $\pm DD$.}

\Example QSO{\blank}004848--4242.8 could have been designated by
                   QSO{\blank}0048--427 or QSO{\blank}0048--42

   \item  Coordinates using an {\em even number of digits}
        (in either \RA\ or \DEC), fewer than seven, are expressed in
        the sexagesimal system.  The sequences {\em HHMM.mm} or {\em DD.dd}
        where {\em mm} and {\em dd} are {\bf decimal parts of a minute
        or degree}, respectively, {\bf should be avoided}.
        If the number of digits is odd and fewer than six,
        the {\bf right-most digit} represents a decimal part of hours,
        degrees or minutes (as, e.g., in the PKS--style {\em HHMM+DDd} or in
        IRAS source designation {\em HHMMm+DDMM}) and {\em not} tens of minutes
        or seconds (e.g.. the formats {\em HHMMS} or {\em +DDM}
        should be avoided).  If the number of digits is more than six,
        the digits in excess of six are decimal parts of seconds of time
        for \RA\ or of angle for \DEC\ ; explicit use of the decimal points
        is encouraged (e.g., {\em HHMMSS.ss} or {\em DDMMSS.s}).

   \item   Coordinates shall be {\bf truncated} (not rounded), thus defining
        a unique (small) field  on the sky in which the source is located. The
        truncation should also operate when the right-most digit represents a
        decimal part. The right-most digit of the field {\em HHMMm} should be
        computed as $m=int(SS/6)$.
        The same should be done when transforming from {\em +DDMM} to
        {\em DDd} (as in the PKS-style) with $d=int(MM/6)$.

\Example QSO{\blank}004848--4242.8 could be named QSO{\blank}00488--4242
                but not QSO{\blank}00484--4242 (wrong truncation of \RA)
                nor QSO{\blank}00488--4243 (rounded \DEC).

   \item   Designations that include coordinates shall be treated like proper
        names; therefore, they shall {\bf not be changed} even
        if the positions change or become more accurately known.

\Example BD{\blank}+25{\blank}9 stays, even though its declination has
        now changed to +26 degrees due to precession from its
        original position (at the 1855 equinox).
\end{itemize}

\label{S3.3}\subsection*{3.3 Specifier}

The {\em specifier} is optional and allows one to indicate other source
parameters. However, they are not required syntax and are enclosed in
parentheses.

\label{S3.4}\subsection*{3.4 Punctuation and special characters}

If the designation requires the use of punctuation or special
characters, the recommendations are the following :

\begin{itemize}
        \Item{\blank} (blank character) should be used as separator rather
		than a ``.'', or ``/''.

        \Item{\_} (underscore) may be used in place of a blank,
		if necessary, such as within an electronic catalog
		where blanks would be problematic.

        \Item{--} should be reserved for the minus sign as much as possible.
                However, if there is no ambiguity with the minus sign,
		it may be used as a separator
		although such usage is discouraged.

        \Item{.} should be reserved for a decimal point.

        \Item{/} (slash) should be used for concatenation of the sources quoted.
       \Example DR{\blank}21/23 refers to DR{\blank}21 and DR{\blank}23, not
               (DR{\blank}21, DR{\blank}22, DR{\blank}23)

        \Item{:} should be reserved to indicate subdivision (subcomponent).
\end{itemize}

If, at some stage, subcomponents or multiplicity of sources is
recognized, the current practice is to name the
subcomponents with letters or numerals such as W 51 A.  Alternatively
the subcomponent receives a standard designation
which may be  added to the sequence of the parent source with a colon;
e.g., ABELL{\blank}1644:[D80]{\blank}053 \quad
where D80 refers to Dressler's
{\em catalog of morphological types in 55 rich clusters of galaxies}
(1980ApJS...42..565D).
For further elaboration on designating subcomponents and
also on finding the reference to a subcomponent refer to
\A{subcomponents.htx}{current practices regarding subcomponents}.


\label{S3.5}\subsection*{3.5 Examples}

\label{S3.5.1}\subsubsection*{3.5.1 Examples of complete designations}

\begin{center}\begin{tabular}{ lll } \hline
        \multicolumn{1}{c}{Designation}   & \multicolumn{2}{c}{ Position } \\
       Acronym{\blank}Sequence{\blank}(Specifier)  &
                                        \RA(J2000.0)  & \DEC(J2000.0)\\
		& \makebox[1em]{$h$} \makebox[1em]{$m$} \makebox[1.5em]{$s$}
	& \makebox[1.5em]{\deg} \makebox[1em]{\arcmin} \makebox[1em]{\arcsec}
					\\ \hline
	RX{\blank}J1426.8+6950	      & 14 26 49.3    & +69 50 21  \\
        PSR{\blank}J1302--6350        & 13 02 47.72   & $-$63 50 08.5 \\
        PN{\blank}G001.2--00.3        & 17 49 36.9    & $-$28 03 59 \\
	TYC{\blank}1234--545--1	      & 03 32 53.6417 & +15 32 59.314 \\
        AC{\blank}211{\blank}(=1E{\blank}2127+119;  M{\blank}15)
                                      & 21 30 15.54   & $+$11 43 39.0 \\
        R{\blank}136:a3{\blank}(30{\blank}Dor) & 05 38 42.4    & $-$69 06 03 \\
        BD{\blank}--03{\blank}5750    & 00 02 02.4    & $-$02 45 59 \\
\hline \end{tabular}\end{center}

The examples in the table above are from pre-existing designations.  A look at
the {\em Second Dictionary of Nomenclature} reveals that unique 2-letter
combinations for acronyms are nearly exhausted.
That is the reason for the change in the rule for {\bf new acronyms} where
at least {\bf three characters} are now required.  Note that ``R{\blank}136'' is a
{\bf pre-existing designation}, and thus it {\bf is not altered} when creating
the designation for a subcomponent even though ``R{\blank}136'' does not conform to the
rules for creating a new acronym.

\label{S3.5.2}\subsubsection*{3.5.2 Examples of improper designations}

\begin{center}\begin{tabular}{lp{5in}} \hline
BD{\blank}4\deg 14    & use of ``deg symbol'', declination sign missing \\
N221                  &  no space, unclear source : NGC or N in LMC ? \\
GRO{\blank}J317-85    &  leading zero missing \\
P{\blank}43578        &  one letter acronym is ambiguous \\
RC{\blank}0401+0456   &  missing flag letter \J\ for Julian 2000 equatorial
              coordinates,  corrected to
	      $^{ }$RC{\blank}J0401+0456$^{ }$ in an erratum \\
\hline\end{tabular}\end{center}

\label{S3.6}\subsection*{3.6 Helpful Hints}
There are further documents which provide help on:
\begin{itemize}
\item	\A{creating.htx}{creating acronyms}
\item	\A{formats.htx}{use of formats}
\item	\A{subcomponents.htx}{current practices regarding subcomponents}
\end{itemize}

%\clearpage
\label{S4}\section*{4. Advice on designations}

Advice on specific problems may be obtained from the following IAU Working Group Designations representatives:

%\begin{trivlist}{}{\leftmargin=3em\labelwidth=1em\labelsep=-4em\itemsep=0.2ex}
\begnames
%\begin{list}{}{\leftmargin=0em\labelwidth=0em\labelsep=0em\itemsep=1ex}

\name{Marion Schmitz - Chair}
    \addr{ IPAC - Caltech \\
		MS 100-22 \\
		PASADENA, CA 91125, USA }
    \phone      {+1 626 395 1873 }
                {.} {.}
    \email      {mschmitz@ipac.caltech.edu}{.}

\iffalse               % Removed 14-Dec-2017 (MB)
\name{H\'el\`ene R. Dickel (Lanie)}
    \addr{
          Dept. of Physics \& Astronomy \\
          Univ. of New Mexico          \\
          800 Yale Blvd., NE           \\
          Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA }
    \phone{+1 505 277-0433}
          {+1 505 277-1520}
          {.}
    \email{h-dickel@phys.unm.edu}{.}
\fi

\name{Pascal Dubois}
    \addr{Observatoire de Strasbourg \\
           11, rue de l'Universit\'e \\
           F-67000 Strasbourg, France }
    \phone{+33 390 242 412}
          {+33 390 242 420}
          {890506 Code Starobs}
    \email {dubois@simbad.u-strasbg.fr} {SIMBAD::DUBOIS}

\name{Wayne H. Warren Jr}
    \addr{Department of Physics, Astronomy \& Geosciences \\
	Towson University \\
	Towson, MD 21252-0001 }
     \phone{+1 410 704 3020}
           {.}
           {.}
     \email{wwarren@towson.edu} {.}

\iffalse
\name{Georges Paturel}
    \addr{Observatoire de Lyon \\
                9 avenue Charles Andr\'e\\
		69561 Saint Genis-Laval CEDEX, France }
     \phone{+33 478 868 542 }
           {+33 478 868 386 }
           {.}
     \email{paturel@obs.univ-lyon1.fr} {.}
\fi

\iffalse
\name{M.-C. Lortet }
    \addr{ Observatoire de Paris      \\
	       25, place Janssen \\
               F-92195 Meudon Cedex, FRANCE
	    }
     \phone     {+33 1 4507 7414}
                {+33 1 4507 7469} {.}
     \email{Marie-Claire.Lortet@obspm.fr} {MESIOB::LORTET}
\fi

\iffalse             % Removed 14-Dec-2017 (MB)
\name{ Suzanne Borde}
        \addr{     Observatoire de Paris      \\
               61, avenue de l'Observatoire \\
               F-75014 Paris,  France}
       \phone  {+33 1 4051 2238 }
               {+33 1 4354 1804} {.}
       \email {Suzanne.Borde@obspm.fr }{.}
\fi

\name{John M. Dickey}
    \addr{ Univ. of Minnesota\\
                Dept. of Astron.        \\
                116 Church Street SE    \\
                Minneapolis, MN  55455 USA}
    \phone      {+1 612 624 2895}
                {+1 612 624 2029} {.}
    \email      {john@ast1.spa.umn.edu}{.}

\name{Heinz J. Andernach}
    \addr{ Depto. de Astronomia, Univ. Guanajuato \\
                Apdo. Postal 144 \\
		Guanajuato, C.P. 36000, Mexico }
    \phone      {+52 473 732 9548 \\ \hspace*{3em} or 473 732 9607}
                {+52 473 732 0253 }{.}
    \email      {heinz@astro.ugto.mx}{.}

\name{Fran\c cois Ochsenbein}
    \addr{ Observatoire Astronomique \\
                11, rue de l'Universit\'e \\
		67000 Strasbourg, France }
    \phone      {+33 390-242 429}
                {+33 390-242 420} {.}
    \email      {francois@astro.u-strasbg.fr}{.}

\iffalse
\name{Fran\c cois Spite}
    \addr{ DASGAL - B\^atiment Hiparque (n\deg11) \\
                Observatoire de Paris-Meudon \\
		5, place Jules Janssen \\
		92195 MEUDON CEDEX, France }
    \phone      {+33 145 077 840}
                {+33 145 077 878} {.}
    \email      {Francois.Spite@obspm.fr}{.}
\fi

\name{Kirk Borne}
    \addr{George Mason University\\
                Computational and Data Sciences Department, MS 6A2 \\
		Fairfax, VA 22030, USA}
     \phone{+1 703.993.8402 }
           {+1 703.993.9300 }
           {.}
     \email{kborne@gmu.edu} {.}

\name{Oleg Malkov}
    \addr{Centre for Astronomical Data\\
                Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences\\
		48 Pyatnitskaya St. \\
		109017 Moscow, Russia }
     \phone{ ---- }
           { ---- }
           {.}
     \email{malkov@inasan.rssi.ru} {.}

\name{ Marianne Brouty}         % Added 14-Dec-2017 (MB)
	\addr{	   Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg      \\
	       11, rue de l'Université \\
	       F-67000 Strasbourg,  France}
       \phone  {+33 368 852 2403}
               { ---- }
               {.}
       \email {marianne.brouty@astro.unistra.fr }{.}

\endnames


%\clearpage
\label{S5}\section*{5. Further information}

For general information,  in particular about existing designations,
consult the following references :

\begin{list}{}{\leftmargin=4em\labelwidth=1em\labelsep=-4em\itemsep=0.2ex}
\leftitem
    Lortet, M.-C., Borde, S., Ochsenbein, F. 1994,
    {\em The Second Reference Dictionary
    of the Nomenclature of Celestial Objects},  A\&AS, 107, 193
    \bibcode{1994A&AS..107..193L}
    and related publications:

    \begin{list}{$\bullet$}{
    \leftmargin=1em\labelwidth=0.5em\labelsep=0.2em
    \topsep=0pt\partopsep=0pt\itemsep=0.2ex}
    \item
    The complete paper edition appeared as {\em Publication Sp\'eciale
        du CDS}, {\bf 24},
    Volumes I and II.  Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg;
    a postscript version is available from CDS at URL
    ftp://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/pub/dic2
    \ifobsolete\item
    The On-line Dictionary is updated regularly and is available on the
    free {\tt info} account installed on the Internet node
    {\tt simbad.u-strasbg.fr} (130.79.128.4) or NSI/DECnet node
    {\tt SIMBAD} (18099=17.691).
    Login as "info"; no password is required.\fi
    \item
    The ``On-line'' version of the Dictionary is updated regularly
    and is available on the World-Wide-Web at
    {\bf http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Dic}; mirror copies
    can be accessed at \quad {\bf http://vizier.nao.ac.jp/viz-bin/Dic}
    %\quad http://www.inasan.rssi.ru/viz-bin/Dic
    or \quad {\bf http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/Dic}
    \end{list}

\leftitem
Fernandez, A., Lortet, M.-C., Spite, F. 1983, The first Dictionary of
the Nomenclature of Celestial Objects, A\&AS, 52, No 4

\leftitem
Lortet, M.-C., Spite, F. 1986, First Supplement to the First Dictionary
of the Nomenclature of Celestial Objects, A\&AS, 64, 329
    %\bibcode{1986A&AS...64..329L}


\leftitem
Dickel, H. R., Lortet M.-C., de Boer, K. S. 1987, Designation and
Nomenclature for Diffuse Radiating Sources , A\&AS, 68, 75
    \bibcode{1987A&AS...68...75D}

\leftitem
Jaschek C. 1989, Data in Astronomy, Cambridge University Press
\end{list}
\end{document}
