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\begin{document}

\begin{titlepage}

\begin{center}
	  \null
   \vspace*{-1cm}

{\small Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers  \hfill  
        Universit\'e Louis Pasteur}

\vspace{0.5cm} 
   {\bf Centre de Donn\'ees astronomiques de Strasbourg  (CDS)}

\vspace{0.5cm}
    {\small Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg}
 
{\small 11 rue de l'Universit\'e, F-67000 Strasbourg, France}

\vfill  \thicklines
   
{\Huge\bf   
\begin{tabular}{|@{\hspace{1cm}}c@{\hspace{1cm}}|}  
\hline
\\
SIMBAD\\
\\ 
\\  
  User's Guide  \\
\\

\&   \\
\\
 Reference Manual \\
\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
}

   \vfill

{\bf SIMBAD III    \hfill  Version 1.3   \hfill     January 1996}

\end{center}

\vfill  

\end{titlepage} 

\cleardoublepage

\tableofcontents

\cleardoublepage

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\chapter{Access to SIMBAD}
\label{access}

In order to access SIMBAD, you should 
use\index{access to SIMBAD|bold}
\index{database!network access}
a terminal or a micro--computer connected either to Internet\index{Internet},
to a national public data transmission (X.25)  network\index{public network} 
or to SPAN\index{SPAN}.\index{network!X.25}\index{network!SPAN}\index{network!Internet}
%A standard solution is to use a VT100-type terminal.

{\bf XSimbad}: 
Users having access to a workstation or an X terminal are encouraged to
install the XSimbad\index{XSimbad} client application on their local site
(see section~\ref{xsimbad}): this application
will manage the interface with the database, and propose a set of
buttons and pull-down menus, thus avoiding the need to memorize the
command language described in the present User's Guide.

\section{SIMBAD access request}
 
Potential users must apply for database access by contacting the CDS Director
(see section~\ref{sec-address}).  This can be done by electronic mail,
or by filling a form on the World-Wide Web\index{World-Wide Web}.

A personal Userid\index{Userid} and Password\index{Password} 
will be provided to applicants.
 
The user can change his/her password\index{password} by invoking the 
command {\fpp password} within SIMBAD.

   The applicant must also obtain access to an appropriate computer
network for connection to the SIMBAD host (please check with your
computer manager).  SIMBAD is currently accessible through Internet
(TCP/IP), SPAN (DECNET) and  X25 public networks. Electronic Mail
networks (such as BITNET)\index{Bitnet} which do not allow remote log-in
are NOT suitable for interactive access to SIMBAD (but can be used
for batch mode queries, see chapter~\ref{smbmail}). 

%   From any place in the world it is always possible to connect
%reliably to SIMBAD, by using the public X25 networks in order to reach
%TRANSPAC\index{TRANSPAC} (French packet switched data network) either
%directly or through  a user's international network, such as:
%{\ttc NPSS/IPSS } for the United Kingdom, or {\ttc DATEX-P} for the
%German  Federal Republic.

%In Europe a gateway to SIMBAD is available through the {\it European
%Space Information System} (ESIS\index{ESIS}) of the European Space Agency at
%ESRIN, Frascati, Italy. 
A gateway to SIMBAD, funded by NASA, is available at SAO\index{SAO}
(Cambridge, U.S.A.). U.S. users should consult connection instructions 
distributed to them by the U.S. agent (see addresses, below).
 
 
\section{Access to the database server}

Access through Internet\index{Internet} is given by:

\hspace{2cm} {\fpp telnet simbad.u-strasbg.fr} \qquad or \qquad   {\fpp
telnet 130.79.128.4}

\bigskip

Access through SPAN\index{SPAN}, from any SPAN node running VMS, is given
directly by:

\hspace{2cm} {\fpp set host simbad} \qquad or \qquad   
{\fpp set host 18099}

In the {\sl Unix\/} world, the SIMBAD node is also known as 
{\fpp 17.691}.

\bigskip

Access through TRANSPAC and national public (X.25) networks is available 
by entering the following number:

$$
\begin{tabular}{p{4cm}p{7cm}}
{\fpp 020806707049733}& from outside France\\
{\fpp 16707049733}& from France\\
\end{tabular}
$$


    SIMBAD may also be accessed, in France, through
TELETEL\index{Teletel}\index{Minitel}: dial {\bf 36 13} and then type 
the TRANSPAC
number {\fpp {\#}16707049733}.

\bigskip

The information given in the present section is subject to
modification. For up-to-date information,
 please use the contact addresses given below,
or the World-Wide Web\index{World-Wide Web} service: \\
{\tt http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Simbad.html}

\section{Access to the database services}

On the prompt ``login:"\index{login}, type:

\prompt{login:} {\fvv your username}
\index{database!username}

\prompt{Password:} {\fvv your password}
\index{database!password}

this will give you direct access to the SIMBAD application.

Please note that these entries are case-sensitive, and that the userid is
usually  in {\em lower-case} letters. The password\index{password} can be
changed at any time by typing  \quad {\fpp password}. For security reasons it
is important to avoid names, first names, and in general any word coming from
a dictionary.


\section{Contacts for Inquiries}
\label{sec-address} 
\def\cola{6.5cm}
\def\colb{9cm}


All kinds of inquiries, requests for help, etc. can be addressed
by electronic mail to:
 
\begin{tabular}{p{\cola}p{\colb}}
  \multicolumn{1}{r}{{\em Internet:}} &
         \multicolumn{1}{l}{\fpp question@simbad.u-strasbg.fr} \\ 
   \multicolumn{1}{r}{{\em SPAN:}} & 
         \multicolumn{1}{l}{\fpp SIMBAD::QUESTION} \\   
\end{tabular}
 \bigskip

Comments from users are very welcome at the same e-mail address.
Reports of errors or omissions are very useful to help us improving
the database contents.
 
\bigskip


Other points of contact are:
 
 
\begin{tabular}{p{\cola}p{\colb}}

\parbox[t]{\cola}{%
        The Director of the CDS}
    & \parbox[t]{\colb}{%
             %   Dr. Fran\c{c}oise Genova \\
                CDS, Observatoire Astronomique \\
                11, rue de l'Universit\'e \\
                67000 Strasbourg \\
                France \\}\\
     \multicolumn{1}{r}{{\em Tel:}} & +33  88 15 07 20  \\
     \multicolumn{1}{r}{{\em Fax:}} & \multicolumn{1}{l}{+33  88 25 01 60} \\
     \multicolumn{1}{r}{{\em Internet:}}  &
                            \multicolumn{1}{l}{question@simbad.u-strasbg.fr} 
\end{tabular}

\bigskip

\begin{tabular}{p{\cola}p{\colb}}
\parbox[t]{\cola}{%
 U.S. Users \\ (all problems and questions)}
    & \parbox[t]{\colb}{Joyce M. Watson \\
                     Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory \\
                     60 Garden Street \\
                     Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A. \\} \\
  \multicolumn{1}{r}{{\em Tel:}} & \multicolumn{1}{l}{+1 (617) 495 7264 }\\ 
\multicolumn{1}{r}{{\em Fax:}} & \multicolumn{1}{l}{+1 (617) 495 7199 }\\
     \multicolumn{1}{r}{{\em Internet:}}  &
                        \multicolumn{1}{l}{simbad@cfa.harvard.edu}\\
     \multicolumn{1}{r}{{\em SPAN:}}  &
                                \multicolumn{1}{l}{CFA::SIMBAD}
\end{tabular}
  

\vspace*{3cm}
  \begin{center}
   
\framebox[13cm][c]{
\begin{minipage}{12cm}
  \begin{center}
     \vspace*{1cm}
If the SIMBAD database was helpful for your research work,
the following acknowledgment would be appreciated:

        {\em This research has made use of the SIMBAD database,
         operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France} \\

We would also appreciate receiving a preprint or reprint of
the relevant papers, at the following address:

        CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg \\
        11, rue de l'Universit\'e  \\
        67000 STRASBOURG, France


\vspace*{1cm}
    
Inquiries, requests, and comments can be addressed
by electronic mail to:

{\em Internet: } question@simbad.u-strasbg.fr \\ 
  {\em SPAN: } SIMBAD::QUESTION   

\vspace*{1cm}
      \end{center}
\end{minipage}
     }
      \end{center}
\vfill



%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\chapter{Introduction}

\section{SIMBAD}
 

The SIMBAD database is managed by the Centre de 
Donn\'ees astronomiques de Strasbourg (CDS).

\begin{tabbing}
SIMBAD is the acronym for: \= \qquad\quad \= {\bf S}et \\
                \> of     \> {\bf I}dentifications, \\
                \>        \> {\bf M}easurements\\
                \>    and \> {\bf B}ibliography\\
                \>   for  \> {\bf A}stronomical\\
                \>        \> {\bf D}ata.
\end{tabbing}
 

The main authors of the SIMBAD software are 
Marc Wenger, 
Fran\c cois Bonnarel, and
Soizick Lesteven 
(CDS, Strasbourg). 

The updating of SIMBAD is a continuous process resulting
from a collaboration with the following institutes: 
 
\begin{description}
\item [bibliography:] Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris\index{IAP}, Observatoire
de Paris\index{Observatoire de Paris} and Observatoire de
Bordeaux\index{Observatoire de Bordeaux} 
\item [photometry:] Observatoire de Gen\`eve\index{Observatoire de Gen\`eve}
and Institut d'Astronomie de Lausanne\index{Lausanne}; 
\item [astrometry:] Astronomisches Rechen Institut, Heidelberg;\index{Astronomisches 
Rechen Institut}  
\item [galaxies:] NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database\index{NED}
and Observatoire de Lyon\index{Observatoire de Lyon}. 
\end{description} 

\section{This SIMBAD manual}

The present User's guide describes the  {\em SIMBAD III\/}
software which was first released on July, 1st  1990.
The present version of the User's Guide has been prepared by 
Daniel Egret (CDS, Strasbourg)
from contributions by Marc Wenger (CDS, Strasbourg), 
Joyce M. Watson (SAO, Cambridge), 
Fran\c coise Genova (CDS),
Fran\c cois Ochsenbein (CDS), and 
Fran\c cois Bonnarel (CDS).  

Part I tells you how to access to SIMBAD and presents a first
session, as example.

Part II (chapters~\ref{ident} to \ref{leave}) is a short User's
Guide containing all you need to know for a simple use of SIMBAD.

Part III (chapters~\ref{concept} to \ref{vi}) presents
more advanced features and lists all the commands related to SIMBAD
agents (including filter, format, and environment variables).

Part IV (chapters~\ref{agent} to \ref{special}) is a short
Reference Manual.

Finally, the last part gives some additional useful tables.

In the text, commands you have to type as such are printed in
{\fpp bold face}, while parameters or names you have to replace by
your own choice are typed in {\fvv bold italic}. Prompts or
data coming from SIMBAD are usually given in {\ttc tty} font. 

Comments and suggestions are welcome concerning the software or this
User's Guide (for instance by sending a message to: 
{\ttc question@simbad.u-strasbg.fr} or {\ttc SIMBAD::question}).



\section{Centre de Donn\'ees Astronomiques de Strasbourg (CDS)}
The CDS\index{CDS} is located at the Observatoire Astronomique de
Strasbourg (France). CDS is operated under an agreement between French
Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU)\index{INSU} and
Universit\'e Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg (ULP)\index{ULP}. CDS personnel
created and implemented the SIMBAD  data bank and maintain its data
and software system. 

SIMBAD was created by merging the Catalog of Stellar Identifications
(CSI)\index{CSI} and the Bibliographic Star Index (see References) as they existed
at the Meudon Computer Centre until 1979.  The resulting data base was then
expanded by the addition of source data from the many catalogs connected to the
CSI and by  new literature references.  The database was extended to galaxies
and other non-stellar objects in 1983.
 
The first on-line interactive version
of SIMBAD was released in 1981, at the Centre de Calcul de
Strasbourg-Cronenbourg (CCSC) and operated there until December 1984, 
when it was moved to the Paris-Sud Informatique (PSI) Univac 1190 computer at
Orsay, France and operated there until June 30, 1990. 
The database is now hosted on a 
%DECsystem 5400\index{host computer}
%running Ultrix\index{Unix} (the DEC's version of Unix), 
Unix server, at the Strasbourg Observatory. 
Connections\index{connection}\index{network} are available through 
Internet (TCP/IP)\index{Internet}, through
public data transmission \index{public network} networks  (X25 protocol), 
and through DECNET (SPAN)\index{SPAN}\index{DECNET} network. 
  
The database management system of SIMBAD has been developed by the CDS, using
the concepts of object-oriented programming. The term {\em SIMBAD\/} in
this User's Guide will refer both to the data base itself and to the software
system used.
 

\section{SIMBAD features}


SIMBAD features can be summarized by:

\begin{itemize}
\item
The language is based on the concept of agents (using
the concepts of object-oriented programming).
\item
Database queries can be made mainly through: 
\begin{itemize}
\item  identifiers (names of astronomical objects), 
\item  sets of coordinates (retrieving all objects in a given direction) and 
\item  sampling criteria (or {\em filters\/}).
\end{itemize}
 \item
Output of data is driven by formats\index{format}. The user may
write his/her own formats or modify existing ones.  Output files can be
saved and mailed to the user.   
 \item
The user interface\index{user interface} is adaptable to user
preferences: line by line on simple terminals, or with full screen
management on more sophisticated terminals.  In the present
version of the user's guide, we will mainly describe the command
mode (line by line). 
The X Window interface (XSimbad) carries its own on-line documentation.
  \item
An online  hierarchical help system, with context sensitivity.
\end{itemize}


\section{Contents of the data base}
 
The SIMBAD data base presently contains information for:
 
\begin{itemize}
 \item  about 800,000 stars;
 \item  about 200,000 nonstellar objects (galaxies, planetary nebulae, clusters,
    novae and supernovae, etc.).
\end{itemize}
 
The only astronomical objects
specifically excluded from SIMBAD are Solar System bodies.
 
For each object, the following data are included when available (see 
chapter~\ref{contents} for more details):
 
\begin{itemize}
 
\item   basic data\index{basic data}:
 
 \begalist{galaxies:}
 \item[stars]: coordinates, spectral type, blue and visual magnitudes, and
            proper motion;
 
 \item[galaxies]:  coordinates, blue and visual integrated magnitudes,
            morphological type, and dimension;
 \end{list}
 
 \item  cross identifications\index{cross identification} of stars
and galaxies from more than 1300 source catalogues, either
completely or partially included in the data base.  A complete list of the 
nomenclature\index{nomenclature} used is available as the 
{\sl Second Reference Dictionary of the Nomenclature of Celestial
Objects outside the Solar System} (Lortet {\em et al.}, 1994).
This information is available on-line through the {\fpp info}
command (see chapter~\ref{help}).
 
 \item  observational data (also called {\em
measurements\/})\index{measurement}, for more than twenty different data types. 
A list of these types is given in the Appendix.
 
 \item  general bibliography\index{bibliography} for the object,
including references to all published papers from the journals
regularly scanned (currently about 100 titles), and prototype
access to abstracts for a few recent periodicals. Articles are
scanned in their entirety, and references to all objects mentioned
are included in the bibliography.
 
   The updating\index{updating} of SIMBAD is a continuous daily
process performed through a collaboration with the Institut
d'Astrophysique de Paris and the Paris and Bordeaux Observatories.
The references are updated very soon after reception of the
journal issues, and in some cases directly from the journal
table of contents, through agreements with the Editors.
 
\end{itemize}

A more complete description of the contents of SIMBAD
is given in chapter~\ref{contents}.

\section{Updating SIMBAD}
\index{updating}

The SIMBAD database is being maintained, developed and 
updated on a daily basis. 
We describe here some of the  efforts
undertaken by CDS and collaborating institutes
in order to provide the users with the most complete
view of the published data related to astronomical objects
outside the solar system.

 New data (bibliographical references, identifiers, 
basic data), and new acronyms are being entered day after
day; this is done as a result of a continuous survey
of the astronomical literature, under the responsibility
of Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris\index{IAP} with the
collaboration of Paris\index{Observatoire de Paris},
Bordeaux\index{Observatoire de Bordeaux}, and Strasbourg 
observatories (see Lalo\"e et al., 1993 and 1995). 

On the other hand, large astronomical catalogues with their 
own identifiers and measurements are added after a 
cross-matching procedure which frequently spans over 
many months and involves external collaborations 
(examples of catalogues recently 
integrated or still under scrutiny are the
PPM catalogue\index{PPM} (Positions and Proper Motions, R\"oser and
Bastian 1993),
the  Hipparcos\index{Hipparcos}  Input Catalogue (Turon et al. 1993),  
the IUE (International Ultraviolet Explorer)\index{IUE}
Log of observations, and
the CCDM (Catalogue des Composantes d'Etoiles
Doubles et Multiples; Dommanget 1989)\index{CCDM}.

  The data contained in SIMBAD are also 
permanently updated, as a result of errata, remarks 
from the librarians (during the scanning of the 
literature), quality controls, or special efforts from the 
CDS team to better cover some specific domains (e.g., 
multiwavelength emitters and complex objects). 
Requests for corrections, errata, or suggestions are 
regularly received from SIMBAD users through a 
dedicated e-mail address
({\tt question@simbad.u-strasbg.fr}).

Corrections of 
errors are made under the responsibility of CDS 
astronomers coordinated by G\'erard Jasniewicz.
All the remarks received from the users are very
welcome, as they help us to improve the database
contents through the scrutiny of specialists' eyes.

\section{The XSimbad Interface: a new view on SIMBAD}
%================================
\label{xsimbad}\index{XSimbad}

A graphical, more intuitive, user interface to SIMBAD, taking
benefit of the X Window environment is also available for distribution
to all potential SIMBAD users working in a Unix environment. 
It operates on X--terminals or Workstations running OSF/Motif. 

XSimbad is available as a {\em client\/} package, that
can be installed on the user's own workstation or computer system, and
which will manage the connection and interactivity with the
SIMBAD server in Strasbourg.
The functionalities provided to the SIMBAD users
(such as query modes, sampling procedure,
on-line help, etc.) are presented as buttons, menu-buttons,
or pull-down menus, in a simple and self-explanatory way.

The interface\index{user interface} has been designed 
in coordination with similar
projects (databases and information systems) in Europe and in 
the U.S. in order to bring up the best solutions for the users 
from the whole astronomical community.

\subsection{From SIMBAD to XSimbad}

It is important to note that this interface constitutes 
an additional layer on top of the existing software 
(the SIMBAD III application, working with line-by-line commands)
which will be maintained and will remain accessible to those 
who wish to keep their familiar environment, 
prize the swift use of line over menu commands,
or simply don't have access to X--terminals.

The user is asked to install a piece of software on his/her
own workstation or computer system, in order to run the X Window
interface locally, as a {\em client} program. 
The main reason for using a client program is to optimize the 
response time by transmitting only database queries through the
 network, and leaving the screen painting to the local computer.

The current interface ({\tt xsimbad version 1.1}) gives access to all 
the data and almost all the functionalities of the SIMBAD 
astronomical database. However the procedure for creating new formats 
is not part of the X Window interface (new formats can still
be created using the command line syntax, and used under the new interface).
New functionalities will also be gradually added, some of them
specific to this interface: namely, those which need
graphical capabilities (sky plots, and visualization of spectra
or images).

The SIMBAD users will be kept informed of the further
evolutions of this project, which should help a wider 
users' community to access the SIMBAD data, and will eventually
bring new tools for browsing, retrieving, or visualizing the data.

\subsection{How to install xsimbad}

The {\tt xsimbad} application can be fetched from the {\tt anonymous
ftp} space on the CDS archive server: 
{\tt ftp cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr} (directory
{\tt pub/simbad}), or from the WWW server (see below).

You will have to choose the application corresponding to your
machine and operating system: 
SUN/OS, SUN/Solaris, DEC/Ultrix, DEC/Alpha, HP/UX, 
IBM/AIX, SGI are currently supported. 


\section{Charging policy}
\index{charges}

SIMBAD is a charged service. Users need to
register, and get a userid/password from the
CDS staff (or from the U.S. agent for American users).

In the U.S. there is no invoicing for the end-user
because the charges are covered globally 
by NASA for all U.S. users.

Starting January 1995, the same situation is also true for
users from ESO and ESA member states, through an
agreement signed with ESO and ESA/ST-ECF.

Special arrangements also exist or are currently 
being negociated
with other countries, including Canada, Russia, and Japan.

Please contact CDS if you want to know the
policy applied to your situation, or if you have 
any question or suggestion related to this matter.


\section{Documentation on the World-Wide Web}
\index{World-Wide Web}

Documentation and news about SIMBAD and related CDS activities can be found
on the World-Wide Web.
The ``SIMBAD home page''   gives access to the following documents:
   \begin{itemize}
\item  Hypertext version of the SIMBAD User's Guide
\item  LaTeX version of the User's Guide
\item  XSimbad client software
\item  Recent news concerning the database
\item  and more...  
   \end{itemize}

The URL address is {\tt http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Simbad.html}

 
 %\section*{References}
 
\begin{thebibliography}{99}
 
\bibitem{CCDM}
Dommanget, J. (1989), The CCDM Astrometric Catalogue for Double
and Multiple Stars, in ``Star Catalogues: A centennial tribute to
A. N. Vyssotsky'', Ed. L. Davis Press, p. 77.

\bibitem{WWW} 
Egret, D., Ochsenbein, F. (1994), CDS Inform. Bull. {\bf 44}, 57.

   \bibitem{ampersand}
   Egret, D., Wenger, M. \& Dubois, P., {\em The SIMBAD astronomical database\/},
   1991, in {\sl Databases and On--line Data in Astronomy\/}, M.A. Albrecht \&
   D. Egret (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 79-88.


\bibitem{amp2}
 D.~Egret, M.~Cr\'ez\'e, F.~Bonnarel, P.~Dubois, 
  F.~Genova, A.~Heck, G.~Jasniewicz, S.~Lesteven, 
		F.~Ochsenbein \& M.~Wenger (1995),
 ``A global perspective on astronomical data and information: 
   the Strasbourg astronomical Data Center (CDS)'',
  in {\sl Information \& On-line Data in Astronomy},
  D.Egret \& M.A.Albrecht (Eds.), Kluwer Acad. Publ., 163.
 
\bibitem{maj93} 
  Lalo\"e, S., Beyneix, A., Borde, S., Chagnard-Carpuat, C.,
Dubois, P., Dulou, M.R., Ochsenbein, F., Ralite, N.,
Wagner, M.J.  (1993), {\sl CDS  Inform. Bull.} {\bf 43}, 57.

\bibitem{maj95}
  Lalo\"e, S. (1995) in Proceedings of the LISA-II Conference,
{\sl Vistas in Astronomy}, {\bf 39}, 179.

\bibitem{dic2} 
  Lortet, M.C., Borde, S., and Ochsenbein, F. (1994), 
{\sl Astron. Astrophys. Suppl.} {\bf 107}, 193.

   \bibitem{CSI}
   Ochsenbein, F., Bischoff, M., and Egret, D., {\em Microfiche edition of CSI
   (Catalog of Stellar Identifications)},  1981, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl.
   {\bf 43}, 259-261.
 
   \bibitem{BSI}
   Ochsenbein, F., {\em The Bibliographical Star Index}, in {\em Automated Data
   Retrieval in Astronomy}, ed. C. Jaschek and W. D. Heintz, I.A.U. Colloquium
   {\bf 64}, 1981, Dordrecht,  D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1982, p. 171-173.

\bibitem{PPM}
R\"oser, S. and Bastian, U.  (1993),
{\sl CDS  Inform. Bull.} {\bf 42}, 11.

\bibitem{HIC2}
Turon, C. et al. (1993), {\sl CDS  Inform. Bull.} {\bf 43}, 5.

   \bibitem{cdsbull}
   Various articles that have appeared in {\em CDS Information Bulletin} in
     recent years (especially the series {\em SIMBAD: new features} which
     started in Bulletin {\bf 40}).

\end{thebibliography}
 

%******************
%******************

\part{FIRST STEPS}

%******************
%******************


%==============================================
\chapter{Short SIMBAD Help}
%==============================================

The present chapter is a short summary of the main SIMBAD commands.

\section{To search by astronomical object (chapter 5)}

At the `{\tt simbad search ->}' prompt, type the astronomical object {\em
identifier\/}, for example:

{\tt simbad search ->} {\ttc HD 9902}
 
You will first receive the basic data and identifiers for
the object. You can then type one of the following
keywords: 

\begin{tabular}{lll}
{\tt \{identifier\} display ->}  & {\tt [CR]}     &  all data     \\
       &    {\fpp basic  }    &  basic data           \\
       &    {\fpp id     }    &  identifiers           \\
       &    {\fpp data   }    &  all measurements       \\
       &    {\fvv cat}    &  measurements from catalogue {\fvv cat}   \\
       &    {\fpp bib    }    &  bibliographical references   \\
          \\
       &    {\fpp bye }       &  leaves the current object      
\end{tabular}

The following parameters can be set:

\begin{tabular}{ll}
   {\fpp bibyears  \fvv year/year  } &   limits bibliography by years (4
digits) \\
   {\fpp equi1     \fvv yyyy    } &   sets first equinox (e.g. {\ttc 1950}) \\
   {\fpp equi2     \fvv yyyy    } &   sets second equinox of
                                        displayed coordinates    
\end{tabular}

Example: \qquad {\ttc bibyears 1988/1992}

Important: Note that keywords (like {\tt bibyears} or {\tt equi1}) 
should be typed in {\em lower-case\/} letters.
   

\section{To search by coordinates (chapter 6)}

Enter the R.A. and Dec. you wish to search (not forgetting the $+$ or $-$
of the declination) in the following way: {\ttc HH MM +DD MM} ...
Example: \\
{\tt simbad search ->} {\ttc 01 23 +45 56}  

Queries by galactic or ecliptic coordinates are available with the
following syntax: {\ttc g=}{\fvv gal-coo}, {\ttc e=}{\fvv ecl-coo}.
Example:

{\tt simbad search ->} {\ttc g=220.12 -6.75}

The following parameters can be set:

\begin{tabular}{ll}
   {\fpp cooradius  \fvv dd mm  } &   changes the radius; default: 0\deg
10' \\
   {\fpp cooequinox  \fvv year.d    } &   set equinox of input
coordinates; default: 1950.0      \\
\end{tabular}


The result is a list of objects which can be
displayed as follows:

\begin{tabular}{lll}
{\tt simbad-coolist display ->} & {\fpp  all } &    displays the 
                                      complete list of all objects  \\
                  &   +{\fvv n  } &   n objects from the current one \\
                  &   {\fvv n   }  &         object \# n   \\
                  &   {\fpp bye }  &  leaves the current object list. 
\end{tabular}

\section{To search all objects near one object}

Type the object name preceded by a `$\sim$', as follows:\\
{\tt simbad search ->} $\sim${\ttc Sirius}  

The result is a list of objects, as in a search by coordinates.
You may also wish to increase the default radius for this
search, using the {\fpp cooradius} command mentioned above.


\section{To search by filter (chapter 8)}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------

First, choose a name for the filter, and assign it by typing: \\
{\tt simbad search ->} \quad  {\fpp /session use filter} \quad  {\fvv filtername} \\
You will receive the following prompt:\\
{\tt filter set ->} \\
\mbox{}\qquad {\em here, type \CarriageReturn, then {\fpp i} for
      input mode with the {\tt vi} editor, or enter directly 
       the text of the filter:} 
 
\begin{tabular}{ll}
Example of filter   :&  {\ttc FIELD 10 00  -12 00 DIM 2/2} \\
                     & {\ttc MB 6.5/9.0}\\
                     & {\ttc CAT SAO}\\
\end{tabular}

\mbox{}\qquad {\em type [esc] then {\fpp :wq} for leaving the
                   editor} \\
{\tt filter set ->} {\fpp bye} \\
\mbox{}\qquad {\em for processing the filter, type the filter name
  preceded by a quote:} \\
\prompto{simbad search ->}{\tt '}{\fvv filtername}

\section{To search from lists (chapter 9)}

Let's assume you have prepared on your computer 
a file containing a list
of identifiers (one per line) for which
you want to get SIMBAD data.
First, send the file to your SIMBAD account,
by invoking {\tt ftp simbad.u-strasbg.fr} from your home computer.
Then select the data to be collected  by typing:

\begin{tabular}{ll}
 {\fpp  basicdata}    &  coord, mag, sp. type and p.m. (default value)\\
 {\fpp  bibliography} &  only references codes      \\
 {\fpp  maxdata}      &  all available data 
\end{tabular}

Then, submit your list of identifiers (or of coordinates):

\begin{tabular}{lll}
{\tt simbad search ->} &   {\fpp idlist \fvv filename}    &    for
identifier list \\
                &    {\fpp coolist \fvv filename}      &     for
coordinates list 
\end{tabular}


Bibliographical references may be displayed once at the end of a session, using
the command:

   {\fpp reftext}\index{reftext}



\section{Output control and Log file (chapter 11)}

\begin{tabular}{ll}
{\fpp log} &  keeps a log of the session in a file `simbad.log' \\

{\fpp sendlog}  {\fvv user@node.domain} & sends the log file through e-mail
         (Internet) \\ 
{\fpp sendlog} {\fvv  user@node.bitnet} &  \qquad  (EARN/Bitnet) \\
{\fpp sendlog} {\fvv  node::user} &  \qquad  (or  SPAN) \\
\end{tabular}

\begin{tabular}{ll}
 {\fpp cont}  or {\fpp c} &  \qquad  for continuous display mode \\
 {\fpp page}  or {\fpp p} &  \qquad  to restore page by page mode\\
            \\
{\fpp undisplayed} &  \qquad   to stop screen   display \\
{\fpp displayed}   &  \qquad   to restore  screen display \\
\end{tabular}

\section{To create a format (chapter 19)}

{\tt simbad search ->} {\fpp /session use format \fvv formatname}  \\
{\tt ff set ->} \\
\mbox{}\quad {\em here, type \CarriageReturn, then {\fpp i} for
      input mode, then enter the text of the format, e.g.:} \\  
{\ttc
ID(20) HD|NGC|1    \\
COO (27)           \\ 
FIN    }           \\
\mbox{}\quad {\em type [esc] then \quad {\bf :wq} \quad  for leaving the
editor}  \\    
{\tt ff set ->} {\fpp bye} \\
{\tt simbad search ->} {\fpp /env set FM-IMMEDIATE=\fvv formatname}


\section{Help (chapter 12)}

At any prompt, you can obtain a context-sensitive help by typing
a question mark: \quad
{\fpp  ?}

Details about catalogue names can be obtained from the {\fpp info}
command:

\begin{tabular}{lp{11cm}}
{\fpp info -help } &  lists the main functions of the command \\
{\fpp info cati AB} &   lists catalogues with acronyms starting
       with {\ttc AB} \\ 
{\fpp info cato  X}     &   lists catalogues dealing with X-ray
       sources (object type) \\ 
{\fpp info cata} {\fvv Author} &  lists catalogues with first author
named {\fvv Author} \\ 
{\fpp info cat} {\fvv keyword} &  lists catalogues according to presence
of specified word in title or remarks
\end{tabular}

Documentation and hot news about the SIMBAD database and related
CDS activities can be found on the World-Wide Web\index{World-Wide Web}.
The URL address is: \\
\qquad {\tt http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Simbad.html}

\section{Leaving SIMBAD}

At any prompt, type:

{\fpp session exit} \hspace{1cm} {\em or} \qquad {\fpp  stop}

{\bf General hint}:  to leave any command prompt type {\fpp bye};
to call any command, type the full command name (example:
{\fpp simbad search}).

 

%====================================================
\chapter{First session}
%====================================================
\label{first}

Once you have reached SIMBAD, you receive the first prompt:

\prompt{simbad search ->}

This prompt must be seen as a partial command\index{command}
that the user will complete with search parameters
in order to formulate a query.

The parameters can be:

\begin{itemize}
\item
{\bf A single identifier} to obtain the data corresponding to an astronomical
object. The syntax of an identifier is detailed in chapter~\ref{ident}.
\item
{\bf $\sim$ followed by a single identifier} to obtain 
all objects within a given radius around the given object
(default radius: 10 arcmin.).
   \item
{\bf Coordinates} to get all objects within a given radius around the central
position (default values: 10 arcmin. radius and equinox 1950).
\item
{\bf A filter name} to make a sample. How to create a filter is explained
in chapter~\ref{filter}.
The filter name must be preceded by the character ' (quote). 
\item
{\bf A reference code}\index{reference code} to get the corresponding full
reference.  
\item
{\bf Some commands} allowing modification of the query environment
can also be issued at any prompt.
\end{itemize}


Example: Imagine you want to get all available data for an object. Type
the object name (here: HD 9902) and push the \CarriageReturn\  key. You
will first obtain basic data and alternate identifications (aliases) of the
object.  

\small
\prompto{simbad search ->} {\fpp HD 9902}
\begin{verbatim}
Type: Variable Star
Coord 1950 = 01 34 24.66  +20 26 45.8 sp type = G5
Coord 2000 = 01 37 08.52  +20 42 01.6 mb, mv =  9.3        8.7
 gal = 137.13 -40.91
 pm =  +0.062  [   7]   -0.038  [   9]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AG+20 146                 BD+19 269                 HD 9902
YZ 0 1190                 SAO 74827                 YZ 20 465
1E 0134.3+2027            1E 0134.4+2027            PPM 90943
V* BG Psc                 EXO 0134.4+2026
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Measurements:
pos: 1    PM: 1     SAO: 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References: 9
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
{HD 9902} display ->
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

You can, for instance, type one of the following keywords\index{bye}:

\begin{tabular}{lll}
{\tt \{identifier\} display ->}  & {\tt [CR]}     &  all data     \\
                  &    {\fpp basic  }    &  basic data           \\
                  &    {\fpp id     }    &  identifiers           \\
                  &    {\fpp data   }    &  all measurements       \\
       &    {\fvv cat}    &  measurements from catalogue {\fvv cat}   \\
                  &    {\fpp bib    }    &  bibliographical references \\
          \\
                  &    {\fpp bye }       &  leaves the current object      
\end{tabular}


Example: You want to list all the information available (basic data and
identifiers, observational data or measurements, and bibliographical
references) for the star HD 9902. The output will be as follows:

\small
\prompto{\{HD 9902\} display ->}\reply{\CarriageReturn\ }
\begin{verbatim}       
==== HD 9902 (Variable Star)
Coord 1950.0 = 01 34 24.66  +20 26 45.8 mb, mv =  9.3        8.7
Coord 2000.0 = 01 37 08.52  +20 42 01.6 sp type = G5
 gal = 137.13 -40.91
 pm =  +0.062  [   7]   -0.038  [   9]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AG+20 146                 BD+19 269                 HD 9902
YZ 0 1190                 SAO 74827                 YZ 20 465
1E 0134.3+2027            1E 0134.4+2027            PPM 90943
V* BG Psc                 EXO 0134.4+2026
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pos  |    alpha        delta    |me.al me.de|equi  epoch |     reference     |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pos  |01 34 24.712 +20 26 45.43 | .20   .23 |1950 1958.68|1971IAUCo...7.....L|
PM  | pm-ra [ m.e ]| pm-de [ m.e ]|     reference     |
-------------------------------------------------------
PM  |  +.082[ .009]|  -.038[ .009]|1971IAUCo...7.....L|
SAO  |   alpha          delta    : m.e| pm-ra :m.e| pm-de :m.e|
           reference     |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\end{verbatim}
\prompto{Do you want to see more ?}\reply{ y }
    Answer here {\ttc y} or \CarriageReturn\ for one more page; 
   {\ttc  c} if you want everything (continuous mode); {\ttc n} to stop.
\begin{verbatim}
SAO m|01 34 24.660 +20 26 45.81  : .19|  +.062:007|  -.038:009|
      1966SAO............|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1995A&A...295..147F: FAVATA  F., BARBERA  M., MICELA  G. and  SCIORTINO S.
    <Astron. Astrophys., 295, 147-160 (1995)>
    Lithium, X-ray  activity and rotation  in an X-ray  selected sample of
    solar-type stars.
  Comments:  1E 0009.9+1407  misprint for  1E 0009.9+1417,  1E 1751.0+7045
            misprint for 1E 1751.0+7046, 1E 1109.8+3606 misprint for ???
  Notes: Available at CDS: abstract

1994A&A...285..272T:   TAGLIAFERRI  G.,  CUTISPOTO   G.,  PALLAVICINI  R.,
    RANDICH S. and PASQUINI L. <Astron. Astrophys., 285, 272-284 (1994)>
    Photometric and spectroscopic studies  of  cool  stars  discovered  in
    EXOSAT X-ray images II. Lithium abundances.
  Notes: Available at CDS: abstract

1993A&A...277..428F: FAVATA  F., BARBERA  M., MICELA  G. and  SCIORTINO S.
    <Astron. Astrophys., 277, 428-438 (1993)>
\end{verbatim}
\prompto{Do you want to see more ?}\reply{ y } 
\begin{verbatim}
    A search for  yellow young  disk population  stars among  EMSS stellar
    X-ray sources by means of lithium abundance determination.

1993IBVS.3840....1K:  KAZAROVETS E.V., SAMUS N.N.  and GORANSKIJ V.P. <IAU
    Inform. Bull. Var. Stars, 3840, 1-27 (1993)>
    The 71st name-list of variable stars.
  Notes: Available at CDS: <CDS Catalogue: II/195>

1991ApJ...378...77G:    GIOMMI   P.,   TAGLIAFERRI   G.,   BEUERMANN   K.,
    BRANDUARDI-RAYMONT G., BRISSENDEN  R., GRASER  U., MASON  K.O., MITTAZ
    J.D.P., MURDIN  P., POOLEY G.,  THOMAS H.-C. and  TUOHY I. <Astrophys.
    J., 378, 77 (1991)>
    The EXOSAT high galactic latitude survey.
  Dictionary: <EXO HHMM.m+DDMM> N=233

1991ApJS...76..813S:  STOCKE J.T., MORRIS S.L.,  GIOIA I.M., MACCACARO T.,
    SCHILD  R., WOLTER  A., FLEMING  T.A. and  HENRY J.P.  <Astrophys. J.,
    Suppl. Ser., 76, 813 (1991)>
    The Einstein  Observatory extended medium-sensitivity  survey. II. The
    optical identifications.
  Notes: Available at CDS: <CDS Catalogue VII/152>

1990ApJS...72..567G: GIOIA M.,  MACCACARO  T.,  SCHILD  R.E.,  WOLTER  A.,
    STOCKE  J.T., MORRIS S.L. and HENRY  J.P. <Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser.,
    72, 567-619 (1990)>
    The  Einstein  Observatory   extended   medium-sensitivity   survey.I.
    X-ray data and analysis.
  Notes: Available at CDS: <CDS Catalogue : VII/152>

1989ApJ...340.1011F:  FLEMING  T.A.,   GIOIA   I.M.   and   MACCACARO   T.
    <Astrophys. J., 340, 1011-1023 (1989)>
    The  relation between X-ray  emission and rotation  in late-type stars
    from the perspective of X-ray selection.

1981ApJ...245..163V: VAIANA  G.S., CASSINELLI J.P.,  FABBIANO G., GIACCONI
    R.,  GOLUB L., GORENSTEIN P., HAISCH B.M., HARNDEN F.R., JOHNSON H.M.,
    LINSKY  J.L., MAXSON C.W., MEWE R., ROSNER R., SEWARD F., TOPKA K. and
    ZWAAN C. <Astrophys. J., 245, 163-182 (1981)>
    Results from an extensive Einstein stellar survey.
\end{verbatim}
\prompto{\{HD 9902\} display ->}\reply{bye}
\prompto{simbad search ->}
\normalsize

The bibliographic references are displayed in decreasing
chronological order, i.e. the most recent references are displayed first.
It happens frequently that the number of bibliographical references available
for one object is quite large, so that it becomes useful to display only the
references published within a given year range.

The following example shows how to display the bibliographical references
published in 1994 or 1995, in which the star Arcturus is mentioned.

First note that Arcturus is called in SIMBAD {\ttc NAME ARCTURUS}
following the rule that an identifier should include a catalogue
name (hence the generic catalogue of star names: {\ttc NAME}).
However, you can input {\ttc  ARCTURUS} which will also be recognized,
as mentioned in the message at the first line of the following
answer to your query:

\small
\prompto{simbad search ->}\reply{ARCTURUS}
\begin{verbatim}
       Your identifier (ARCTURUS) is translated to: NAME ARCTURUS
Type: Variable Star
Coord 1950.0 = 14 13 22.749 +19 26 30.96 mb, mv =  1.19  V?  -0.04
Coord 2000.0 = 14 15 43.458 +19 12 36.73 sp type = K1.5III
 gal =  15.14 +69.11
 pm =  -1.098  [   1]   -1.999  [   1]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HD 124897                 GEN# +1.00124897          SKY# 26028
SAO 100944                UBV M 20076               NSV 6603
HR 5340                   BD+19 2777                IRC +20270
CSV 101433                SV* ZI 1054               GC 19242
N30 3229                  LHS 48                    * alf Boo
TD1 17351                 Ci 20 843                 PLX 3242
GJ 541                    * 16 Boo                  NAME ARCTURUS
FK4 526                   GCRV 8341                 JP11 2486
ROT 2044                  UBV 12551                 LFT 1084
LTT 14184                 IRAS 14133+1925           RAFGL 1693
PPM 130442                AG+19 1335                USNO 850
HIC 69673
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Measurements:
GEN: 1    UBV:13    V*: 1     pos: 2    GJ: 1     TD1: 1    PM: 4
MK:32     JP11: 4   uvby: 4   PLX: 5    GCRV:41   ROT: 2    SAO: 1
IRAS: 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References: 797
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\end{verbatim}
\prompto{\{NAME ARCTURUS\} display ->}\reply{bibyears 1994/1995}
\prompto{\{NAME ARCTURUS\} display ->}\reply{bib}
\begin{verbatim}
1995A&A...293...87K: KJELDSEN H. and  BEDDING  T.R.  <Astron.  Astrophys.,
    293, 87-106 (1995)>
    Amplitudes    of   stellar   oscillations:    the   implications   for
    asteroseismology.
  Notes: Available at CDS: abstract

1995A&A...293..107D: DONATI J.-F.,  HENRY  G.W.  and  HALL  D.S.  <Astron.
    Astrophys., 293, 107-126 (1995)>
    Activity, rotation  and  evolution  of  the  RS  CVn  system  {lambda}
    Andromedae.
  Notes: Available at CDS: abstract

1995AJ....109..350H: HATZES A.P. <Astron. J., 109, 350-358 (1995)>
    Spot and chromospheric activity on the RS CVn star DM Ursae Majoris.

1995ApJ...439..917D: DE LA  REZA R. and  DA SILVA L.  <Astrophys. J., 439,
    917-927 (1995)>
    Lithium abundances  in strong lithium  K giant stars:  LTE and non-LTE
    analyses.
\end{verbatim}
\prompto{Do you want to see more ?}\reply{ y }
\begin{verbatim}
1995ApJ...440..210C:  CHAVEZ M., MALAGNINI M.L. and MOROSSI C. <Astrophys.
    J., 440, 210-215 (1995)>
    New synthetic Mg2 indices.

1995ApJ...442..381L:  LINSKY J.L., WOOD B.E., JUDGE P., BROWN A., ANDRULIS
    C. and AYRES T.R. <Astrophys. J., 442, 381-400 (1995)>
    The transition regions of Capella.

1995ApJ...442L..61S:  SUTMANN G. and CUNTZ M. <Astrophys. J., 442, L61-L64
    (1995)>
    Generation   of  mass  loss  in  K   giants:  the  failure  of  global
    oscillation modes and possible implications.

1995ApJS...96..223A: AYRES T.R., FLEMING  T.A.,  SIMON  T.,  HAISCH  B.M.,
    BROWN A.,  LENZ D., WAMSTEKER W., DE  MARTINO D., GONZALEZ C., BONNELL
    J.,  MAS-HESSE J.M., ROSSO C., SCHMITT J.H.M.M., TRUMPER J., VOGES W.,
    PYE J.,  DEMPSEY R.C., LINSKY  J.L., GUINAN E.F.,  HARPER G.M., JORDAN
    C., MONTESINOS  B.M., PAGANO I.  and RODONO M.  <Astrophys. J., Suppl.
    Ser., 96, 223-259 (1995)>
\end{verbatim}
\prompto{Do you want to see more ?}\reply{n}
\prompto{\{NAME ARCTURUS\} display ->}\reply{bye}
\normalsize

Note that once you have finished with one object, you have
to type {\fpp bye}\index{bye}, which leads you to the main prompt:

\prompto{simbad search ->}

allowing you to search for something else. You can
type {\fpp bye} each time you want to go back to the main prompt. 
 
When you have finished, type\index{stop}:
 \replyo{stop} \qquad in order to leave the database.


The way SIMBAD commands and prompts are managed is described
in more detail in chapter~\ref{contents}.

%******************
%******************

\part{USER'S  GUIDE}

%******************
%******************



%====================================================
\chapter{How to retrieve information for one object ?}
%====================================================
\label{ident}

On entering the software, you get the first prompt:

\prompt{simbad search ->}

This prompt must be seen as a partial command\index{command}
that has to be completed with parameters
by the user to obtain information from the database.

The parameters can be:

\begin{itemize}
\item
{\bf A single identifier} to obtain the data corresponding to an astronomical
object ({\em this chapter\/}).
\item
{\bf $\sim$ followed by a single identifier} to obtain
all objects within a given radius around the given object
(default radius: 10 arcmin.).
 \item
{\bf Coordinates} to get all objects within a given 
radius around the central position
(chapter~\ref{coord}).  
\item
{\bf A filter name} to make a sample
(chapters~\ref{sampling} and \ref{filter}).  
\item
{\bf A reference code} to get the corresponding bibliographical reference
(chapter~\ref{contents}).  
\end{itemize}



\section{Object identifiers: how to type them}

 The syntax of an identifier is the following\index{identifier syntax}:

\begin{itemize}
\item  the abbreviated catalogue name (one to four
characters), \quad  followed by 
\item a number or a name within the catalogue. 
\end{itemize}

%The catalogue name should be followed by at least one space (not
%necessary when the identifier field begins with a sign, like in a
%BD number).

{\em Examples:} \\
\hspace*{1cm}  {\ttc HD 187642} \\
\hspace*{1cm}  {\ttc M 31} \\
\hspace*{1cm}  {\ttc BD+8 4236}  \hspace{1cm} {\em or}
    \qquad {\ttc BD +8 4236} \qquad {\em or} \qquad  {\ttc BD +08 4236}

Altair, $\alpha$ Aquilae, and RR Lyrae are listed as: \\
\hspace*{1cm}  {\ttc NAME ALTAIR}  
\hspace*{1cm}  {\ttc * ALF AQL}  \qquad   and 
\hspace*{1cm}  {\ttc V* RR LYR}  \\
  where {\ttc NAME}, {\ttc *}, and {\ttc V*} are the catalogue
names.

\subsection{Naming conventions in SIMBAD}

SIMBAD offers an efficient management of the possible variations in the
naming of astronomical objects
with the {\em sesame} module and the {\em info} database of
nomenclature of celestial objects (see Egret, 1992 and 1993).


\subsection*{The Dictionary of Nomenclature}

A list of the catalogue names, abbreviations, or
acronyms used (including cluster nomenclature) is available 
in the {\em Second Reference Dictionary of the Nomenclature
of Celestial Objects outside the Solar System\/} (Lortet et al., 1994).
 
This Dictionary is available on-line, through the CDS WWW server,
and as a SIMBAD functionality:  it is the {\tt info cat...} 
series of commands (see chapter~\ref{help}).

\subsection*{Specific catalogues}

Object names such as Vega and Altair, but also Barnard's star or
Crab Nebula, are stored in the database in a specific catalog 
called ``NAME'', while star names in constellations, such as alpha Lyrae,
are stored as catalogue ``*'', and variable stars (R Aquarii)
in the catalogue ``VAR''. 

You generally can simply  type the name
({\tt Vega}, {\tt Altair}, or {\tt alf Lyrae}): 
the name resolving module will make the
internal conversion.

In case of problem, please send us mail at question@simbad.u-strasbg.fr
---the special hotline account managed by the CDS team.

\subsection*{Naming astronomical objects within SIMBAD: a few hints}

\begin{description}

\item [Case sensitivity:]
SIMBAD is not case-sensitive at this level: {\tt ALF~AQL} or
{\tt alf~Aql} are, for instance, both accepted. 

\item [Greek letters:]
should be abbreviated as three letters: {\tt alf}, {\tt bet}, for
$\alpha$ and $\beta$, but also {\tt mu.}  {\tt nu.} and {\tt
pi.} (with a dot), for $\mu$, $\nu$ and $\pi$. 
The complete list is given in appendix~\ref{greek}.

\item [Constellations:] 
constellation names should be
abbreviated with the usual three letters: {\tt alf Boo}, {\tt
del Sct}, {\tt  FG Sge}, {\tt NOVA Her 1991}. 
The complete list is given in appendix~\ref{constellation}.

\item [Multiple systems:]
Identifiers of a multiple system may generate a list of the objects of the
system. For instance, {\tt ADS 5423} calls for the four components, A to D,
of the stellar system around Sirius.  Be careful: this is true only for
some specific identifiers (such as ADS).

%\item [Component letter:]
%Component letters should be typed as upper case letter (which may be
%separated with a space): {\tt HD 48915B} or {\tt HD 48915 B}.  This
%applies also to Supernovae  as {\tt SN 1987A} or {\tt SN 1987 A} .

\item [Unknown name ?:]
If {\tt info cati} {\em name} (where {\em name} is the
catalog acronym) doesn't help, and the identifier you have 
is not accepted by SIMBAD, or simply not
found, try one thing: enter the coordinates of the object; if the object
exists in SIMBAD under a different name, you will find it. 

If you have the reference of the paper in which the source name
was first mentioned you can also look for {\tt info cata} {\em Author},
where {\em Author} is the name of the first author of the catalogue,
or type the reference code of the paper.

Note also that a catalogue may appear in the {\tt info cati} list,
and still be incomplete into SIMBAD.
\end{description}


\subsection*{Generic identifier}

An ampersand\index{\&} ({\fpp \&}) immediately after an 
identifier makes a generic interrogation of the
objects following a given object (in the order of the
catalogue). 
The ampersand itself can be followed by a number modifying the
default number of 10 consecutive objects.


{\em Examples:}  \\
{\ttc HR 5999\&} \hspace{1cm} generates a list of ten
objects: {\ttc HR 5999}, {\ttc HR 6000}, {\ttc HR 6001}, etc. \\
{\ttc NGC 2264 1\&20} \hspace{1cm} retrieves stars 1 to 20 
from the reference list of open cluster NGC 2264.


\section{Retrieving the data for one object}

Imagine you want to list all the information available (basic data
and identifiers, observational data or measurements, and
bibliographical references) for 3C 371 (a BL LAC object). First, type
the identifier:

\small
\prompto{simbad search ->}\reply{3C 371}
\begin{verbatim}
Type: BL Lac - type object
Coord 1950.0 = 18 07 18.659 +69 48 57.20 mb, mv = 14.4  :
Coord 2000.0 = 18 06 50.673 +69 49 28.14 morph. type = E
 gal = 100.13 +29.17
 dim =  0.32  0.00  ~  (~)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Z 1807.2+6949             Z 340 - 35                UGC 11130
ZW VII 768                3C 371                    4C 69.24
NRAO 548                  1E 1807.3+6949            EQ 1807+69
QSO 1807+698              3C 371.0                  RX J18070+6949
IRAS 18072+6949           LRWR 417                  1H 1803+696
H 1807+698                H 1801+698                S4 1807+698
2E 1807.2+6948            2E 4023                   1ES 1807+69.8
[DML87] 464
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Measurements:
RVel: 1   IRAS: 1   Z: 2      Einstein:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References: 195
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

The basic data and the identifiers are displayed automatically.
Note that the main prompt has been replaced by the
following one:

\prompto{\{3C 371\} display ->}

The software makes the queried astronomical object current 
(\{3C 371\} is its name), with the default action {\fpp display}. 
By typing a \CarriageReturn\ , you execute the command as it is
shown in the  prompt:

\hspace{3cm} \{3C 371\}\quad display

and receive all the data displayed, according to the current format.

The astronomical object remains current, as well as the action
\verbe{display}. You can, for instance, display the data again, or any
part of them by typing the following
keywords\index{basic}\index{bye}\index{id}\index{catalog}\index{data}\index{bib}
\index{bibtext}\index{nbib}\index{bibcode}\index{all}\index{ndata}:

\begin{tabular}{lp{12cm}}
{\fpp basic}  & for basic data\\
{\fpp id}     & for the identifiers\\
{\fpp ndata}  & gives the number of observational measurements\\
{\fpp data}   & for the observational measurements\\
{\fvv cat}    & displays the measurements of catalog {\fvv cat} (Example: {\ttc UBV}) \\ 
{\fpp all}    & for all the observational measurements\\
{\fpp nbib}   & gives the number of bibliographical references\\
{\fpp bib}    & for the bibliographical references\\
{\fpp bibcode}& for the bibliographical reference codes\\
    \\
{\fpp bye}    & for leaving the object
\end{tabular}

The keyword {\fpp catalog} allows you to generate a permanent change
of the environment (i.e. the current format): \\ 
\begin{tabular}{lp{9cm}}
{\fpp catalog} {\fvv cat-name} {\fvv cat-type} & for 
          the measurements 
          from a specific catalogue (of name {\fvv cat-name}, or
          from all catalogues (\replyo{A}); the following
          types of measurements will be displayed, according to
          the value of {\fvv cat-type}:\\
                   &\begin{tabular}{cp{10cm}}
                    {\ttc F}  & first measurement \\
                    {\ttc M}  & mean value or first one if none \\
                    {\ttc A}  & all measurements \\
                    \end{tabular} \\
\end{tabular}   \\
Example: if you are interested only by the UBV photometry
of a list of objects, you may type {\fpp catalog UBV M}. This
 will replace the default
format (all measurements) by the following: only the mean
value available for UBV photometry (if any) is diplayed.
This change is valid until the end of the session, 
unless you restore the default format (all data) by typing 
{\fpp catalog A A}.

The following parameters can be set\index{bibyears}\index{equi1}\index{equi2}:

\begin{tabular}{lp{11cm}}
{\fpp bibyears} {\fvv y1/y2} & will limit the display of the bibliography to
 the given years (papers published between 1980 and 1996: 
  \replyo{bibyears 1980/1996} ; papers published in 1994:
  \replyo{bibyears 1994/1994})  \\ 
{\fpp equi1} {\fvv year.d}& will set equinox of the first displayed coordinates
(example: \replyo{equi1 1950.0})    \\   
{\fpp equi2} {\fvv year.d}& will set second equinox (example:
\replyo{equi2 1990.0}) \\ 
\end{tabular}

These parameters and keywords modify the standard (default) format and this
change remains  valid until the end of the session, 
unless you restore the default format by typing 

\reply{bibyears 1850/2000}
\reply{equi1 1950.0}
\reply{equi2 2000.0}


You may also create your own keywords within your own format (see 
chapter~\ref{format}: ``Defining formats'').

\bigskip

{\bf Example:} You want to list the information available for 3C 371.
The output will be as follows:

\small
\prompto{\{3C 371\} display ->}\reply{\CarriageReturn\ }
\begin{verbatim}                                          
==== 3c 371 (BL Lac - type object)
Coord 1950.0 = 18 07 18.659 +69 48 57.20 mb, mv = 14.4  :
Coord 2000.0 = 18 06 50.673 +69 49 28.14 morph. type = E
 gal = 100.13 +29.17
 dim =  0.32  0.00  ~  (~)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Z 1807.2+6949             Z 340 - 35                UGC 11130
ZW VII 768                3C 371                    4C 69.24
NRAO 548                  1E 1807.3+6949            EQ 1807+69
QSO 1807+698              3C 371.0                  RX J18070+6949
IRAS 18072+6949           LRWR 417                  1H 1803+696
H 1807+698                H 1801+698                S4 1807+698
2E 1807.2+6948            2E 4023                   1ES 1807+69.8
[DML87] 464
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RVel  | Rvel    (nmes)| rem |dis|     reference     |
-----------------------------------------------------
RVel m|  +15300 (    )|     |   |1973UGC.....1.....N|
IRAS  |  ra, dec (1950)    | err.ellip|     f12      f25      f60     f100 |
        %flux.err. |conf| v|ns|na|  reference        |
\end{verbatim}                                                           
\prompto{Do you want to see more ?}\reply{ y }
\begin{verbatim}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IRAS  |18 07 16.9 +69 49 02| 17  8   2|     .25L     .13      .23:    5.64L|
         ~ 10 15  ~|----| ~| 0| 9|1988NASAR1190.....B|
Z  |redshift R|     Reference     |
-----------------------------------
Z  |  .0512   |1995A&AS..109..147B|
Z  |  .051    |1994A&AS..103..349S|
Einstein  |  RA  (1950)  Dec    : Err| Count r.:  Err  | Hard.:  err+  err-|
               Reference      |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Einstein  |18 07 17.5 +69 48 48 :  54|   .06800: .01500|  .231: .029 .029|
           1994HEAO2.C.......M|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1995A&AS..109..147B:  BRINKMANN W., SIEBERT J., REICH W., FUERST E., REICH
    P., VOGES W., TRUEMPER J.  and  WIELEBINSKI  R.  <Astron.  Astrophys.,
    Suppl. Ser., 109, 147-170 (1995)>
    The  ROSAT AGN content  of the 87GB  5 GHz survey:  bulk properties of
    previously  optically identified sources.
  Notes: Available at CDS: abstract, <table1>
\end{verbatim}                                                           
\prompto{Do you want to see more ?}\reply{ n }
\prompto{\{3C 371\} display ->}\reply{basic}
\begin{verbatim}
==== 3c 371 (BL Lac - type object)
Coord 1950.0 = 18 07 18.659 +69 48 57.20 mb, mv = 14.4  :
Coord 2000.0 = 18 06 50.673 +69 49 28.14 morph. type = E
 gal = 100.13 +29.17
 dim =  0.32  0.00  ~  (~)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\end{verbatim}   
\prompto{\{3C 371\} display ->}\reply{id}
\begin{verbatim}
Z 1807.2+6949             Z 340 - 35                UGC 11130
ZW VII 768                3C 371                    4C 69.24
NRAO 548                  1E 1807.3+6949            EQ 1807+69
QSO 1807+698              3C 371.0                  RX J18070+6949
IRAS 18072+6949           LRWR 417                  1H 1803+696
H 1807+698                H 1801+698                S4 1807+698
2E 1807.2+6948            2E 4023                   1ES 1807+69.8
[DML87] 464
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\end{verbatim}   
\prompto{\{3C 371\} display ->}\reply{all}
\begin{verbatim}
RVel  | Rvel    (nmes)| rem |dis|     reference     |
-----------------------------------------------------
RVel m|  +15300 (    )|     |   |1973UGC.....1.....N|
IRAS  |  ra, dec (1950)    | err.ellip|     f12      f25      f60     f100 |
        %flux.err. |conf| v|ns|na|  reference        |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IRAS  |18 07 16.9 +69 49 02| 17  8   2|     .25L     .13      .23:    5.64L|
         ~ 10 15  ~|----| ~| 0| 9|1988NASAR1190.....B|
Z  |redshift R|     Reference     |
-----------------------------------
Z  |  .0512   |1995A&AS..109..147B|
Z  |  .051    |1994A&AS..103..349S|
Einstein  |  RA  (1950)  Dec    : Err| Count r.:  Err  | Hard.:  err+  err-|
               Reference      |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Einstein  |18 07 17.5 +69 48 48 :  54|   .06800: .01500|  .231: .029 .029|
           1994HEAO2.C.......M|
\end{verbatim}   
\prompto{\{3C 371\} display ->}\reply{IRAS}
\begin{verbatim}
IRAS  |  ra, dec (1950)    | err.ellip|     f12      f25      f60     f100 |
        %flux.err. |conf| v|ns|na|  reference        |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IRAS  |18 07 16.9 +69 49 02| 17  8   2|     .25L     .13      .23:    5.64L|
         ~ 10 15  ~|----| ~| 0| 9|1988NASAR1190.....B|
\end{verbatim}   
\prompto{\{3C 371\} display ->}\reply{bibyears 1994/1994}
\prompto{\{3C 371\} display ->}\reply{bib}
\begin{verbatim}
1994A&A...282..989G: GEFFERT M., AURIERE  M.,  REQUIEME  Y.  and  MAZURIER
    J.-M. <Astron. Astrophys., 282, 989-993 (1994)>
    New optical positions  of  the  globular  cluster  X-ray  sources  NGC
    6712:S/X 1850-086 and M 15:AC 211/X2127+119.

1994A&A...285..812B: BRINKMANN W.  and  SIEBERT  J.  <Astron.  Astrophys.,
    285, 812-818 (1994)>
    Spectral properties of X-ray loud extragalactic radio sources.
  Notes: Available at CDS: abstract, <table1>

1994A&A...286..408L: LAINELA M. <Astron. Astrophys., 286, 408-414 (1994)>
    Can  shock models  explain radio  outbursts of  AGN at  millimeter and
    centimeter wavelengths?.
  Notes: Available at CDS: abstract

1994A&A...289..673T: TORNIKOSKI M., VALTAOJA  E.,  TERAESRANTA  H.,  SMITH
    A.G., NAIR  A.D., CLEMENTS S.D. and  LEACOCK R.J. <Astron. Astrophys.,
    289, 673-710 (1994)>
    Correlated  radio  and  optical  variations  in  a  sample  of  active
    galactic nuclei.
  Notes: Available at CDS: abstract

    [etc.]
\end{verbatim}  
\prompt{\{3C 371\} display ->}\reply{equi1 1900.0}
\prompt{\{3C 371\} display ->}\reply{equi2 1990.0}
\prompt{\{3C 371\} display ->}\reply{basic}
\begin{verbatim}                                       
==== 3c 371 (BL Lac - type object)
Coord 1950.0 = 18 07 18.659 +69 48 57.20 mb, mv = 14.4  :
Coord 1990.0 = 18 06 56.271 +69 49 22.11 morph. type = E
 gal = 100.13 +29.17
 dim =  0.32  0.00  ~  (~)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\end{verbatim}                   
\prompto{\{3C 371\} display ->}
\normalsize

This prompt remains current as long as you do not quit the
astronomical object, after having displayed its data.
This is done by typing \verbe{bye}\index{bye}:

\prompto{simbad-obj display ->}\reply{bye}

\section{To search all objects around one object}
\index{near name}

It may be useful to search all objects, in the database,
around a given object.  This is  done by preceding the
name of the object with a  $\sim$ as follows: \\
{\tt simbad search ->} $\sim${\ttc Sirius}

The result is the list of objects, including the queried one, located
within 10 arcmin (default value) around Sirius.
The ways to handle a list of objects and modify the search radius
are described in the next chapter.



More details about the handling of data related to an
astronomical object are given in the chapter~\ref{astrobj}:
``Managing an astronomical object''.


 %\section*{References}
 
\begin{thebibliography}{99}
 
\bibitem{news2}
Egret, D. (1992) ``SIMBAD : new features (2)'', 
{\sl CDS  Inform. Bull.} {\bf 41}, 61.

\bibitem{news3}
Egret, D. (1993) ``SIMBAD : new features (3)'', 
{\sl CDS  Inform. Bull.}{\bf 42}, 69.


\bibitem{dic2} 
  Lortet, M.C., Borde, S., and Ochsenbein, F. (1994), 
{\sl Astron. Astrophys. Suppl.} {\bf 107}, 193.

\end{thebibliography}
 


%====================================================
\chapter{Accessing by coordinates}
%====================================================
\label{coord}

\section{Query by coordinates}

The second most common use of SIMBAD is to search by positional
parameters, or coordinates.\index{Query by coordinates|bold}\index{coordinates} 

Such a query will give you access to all objects present
in a small circle around the given coordinates.
All objects within the specified radius and included in the data base are
retrieved and an \agent{object list} is available for scrutiny.
 You can then examine the selected objects individually, or as a group. 

Selected
objects are listed in order of increasing distance from the specified
position.

The {\em search near name}, allowing you to find all the objects in a small
circle around a given object, is an alternative method to select
a list of objects.

\section{Coordinates format and equinox}

The equatorial coordinates must be written in the order 
$\alpha$, $\delta$ without
forgetting the sign for the declination zone. 
The input may be {\ttc hh mm.m +dd mm},
or {\ttc hh mm ss.ss +dd mm ss.s}, etc. in free form,
but the sign of the declination must be included (even if positive)
because this is used to parse the positional values.

The default value for the equinox is the standard equinox\index{equinox}
in the database  (presently: 1950.0). It can be  overwritten by the
command \replyo{cooequinox 2000.0}\index{cooequinox}, if, for instance, you
want to input coordinates at the equinox 2000.0.

Note that this equinox value may well be different from the ones
corresponding to the coordinates displayed in the basic data. 
The default values for these two sets of displayed coordinates is
(presently) 1950.0 and 2000.0, values which can be modified with the
following command: \replyo{equi1} {\fvv value}, and  \replyo{equi2} {\fvv value}.

The coordinates are originally stored in the database under their
1950.0 value. No change of epoch\index{epoch}, using the proper
motions\index{proper motion}, is performed. This feature will be
implemented later, together with a move to the J2000 IAU standard.

Queries by galactic or ecliptic coordinates are available with the
following syntax: {\ttc g=}{\fvv gal-coo}, {\ttc e=}{\fvv ecl-coo}.
Examples:

\prompt{simbad search ->}\reply{g=220.12 -6.75}

\prompt{simbad search ->}\reply{e=123.1 +11.1}
   
The search radius is the same as for the equatorial coordinates.

\section{To search all objects near one object}
\index{near name}

The central position of the field can alternatively be given as 
the name of the object located at the center, preceded by a `$\sim$', 
as follows:\\
{\tt simbad search ->} $\sim${\ttc Sirius}  

The result is the list of objects, including the queried one, located
within 10 arcmin (default value) around Sirius.


\section{Search radius}
  
The default value for the radius\index{radius} is 10 arcmin.
However this can be modified by the command\index{cooradius}
{\fpp cooradius} {\fvv value} (the value is to be given as decimal or
sexagesimal degrees (warning ! give the value in degrees, not arcmin or
arcsec). Here are two equivalent examples of the possible syntax for changing
the value to 30 arcmin:

\prompt{simbad search ->}\reply{cooradius 0 30}

\prompt{simbad search ->}\reply{cooradius 0.5}

This change remains valid until the end of the session (unless you
enter a new cooradius value).  

\section{The object list}

The query by coordinates produces a list of objects, which can of
course consist of only one, or even no object\index{object list}. 
This list is sorted by increasing distance from the given central
position.

You will therefore first interact with an \agent{object list} agent. The
agent will display a summary list of all retrieved
objects (one line per object).
You can display one or several specific objects on
the list, save the list, or merge it with another one.  How to
do that is explained in detail in chapter~\ref{objlist}: ``Managing
 an object list''. We give here the most useful commands\index{bye}:

\begin{tabular}{lll}
{\tt simbad-coolist display ->} & {\fpp  all } &    all objects  \\
          &   {\fpp  +{\fvv n} } &   n objects from the current one \\
          &   {\fvv n   }  &         object \# n   \\
          &   {\fpp bye }  &  leaves the current list agent      
\end{tabular}

\section{Example}

Enter coordinates required (not forgetting the declination sign):

\small
\prompto{simbad search ->}\reply{18 36 +38 40}
\begin{verbatim}
==== coo 18 36 +38 40  -  5 objects:
#1  |  *|AG+38 1715         |18 36 19.63  +38 43 05.3 |K       |10.6   9.2 |0
#2  |*i*|AG+38 1712         |18 35 15.25  +38 43 06.3 |?       |10.8       |0
#3  |*i*|BD+38 3238E        |18 35 15.5   +38 44 23   |?       |       9.5 |0
#4  | V*|HD 172167          |18 35 14.655 +38 44 09.67|A0V     | 0.03  0.03|911
#5  |  *|GAT 1166           |18 35 45.7   +38 49 26   |G8V     |10.92 10.14|1
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

There are 5 objects within a radius of 10 arcmin.  You receive the
type of object (asterisk for stars, G for galaxies, etc.),
one name, the coordinates (at the first equinox), spectral type, magnitudes,
and, at the end, the number of bibliographical references.

Request one of the objects, by number (for example: the second one): 

\small
\prompto{simbad-coolist display ->}\reply{2}
\begin{verbatim}
Type: Star in double system
Coord 1950.0 = 18 35 15.25  +38 43 06.3 mb, mv = 10.8
Coord 2000.0 = 18 36 56.01  +38 45 43.5 sp type = ?
 gal =  67.43 +19.23
 pm =  +0.010  [   9]   +0.016  [   8]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AG+38 1712                BD+38 3238B               ADS 11510 B
CSI+38 3238 2             PPM 81557
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Measurements:
pos: 1    PM: 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References: 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
list-obj display ->
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

Note that this brings you to the level of prompt corresponding
to one object of the list:  type \replyo{bye}\index{bye} in order to go
back to the list level, where you can continue to request objects from
the list.

\small
\prompto{list-obj display ->}\reply{bye}  
\prompto{simbad-coolist display ->}\reply{4}  
\begin{verbatim}
Type: Variable Star
Coord 1950.0 = 18 35 14.655 +38 44 09.67 mb, mv =  0.03       0.03
Coord 2000.0 = 18 36 55.377 +38 46 46.78 sp type = A0V
 gal =  67.44 +19.24
 pm =  +0.200  [   1]   +0.285  [   1]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HD 172167                 GEN# +1.00172167          UBV M 23118
SKY# 34103                SAO 67174                 GC 25466
N30 4138                  TD1 22883                 BD+38 3238
PLX 4293                  GJ 721                    IRC +40322
HR 7001                   RAFGL 2208                * 3 Lyr
* alf Lyr                 NAME VEGA                 ADS 11510 A
AG+38 1711                CEL 4636                  FK4 699
GCRV 11085                HGAM 706                  JP11 2999
ROT 2633                  UBV 15842                 1E 183515+3844.3
CSI+38 3238 1             V* alf Lyr                LTT 15486
NSV 11128                 IRAS 18352+3844           SV* SVS101745
CSV 101745                USNO 882                  PPM 81558
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Do you want to see more ? y
Measurements:
TD1: 1    UBV:13    PM: 2     pos: 2    GJ: 1     GEN: 1    MK:33
JP11: 5   IRC: 1    CEL: 1    uvby: 7   PLX: 4    GCRV:16   ROT: 2
SAO: 1    Hbet: 3   IRAS: 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References: 911
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\end{verbatim}
\prompto{list-obj display ->}\reply{bye}
\normalsize

Type \replyo{all}, or simply hit \CarriageReturn\ in order to repeat
displaying the list.

\small
\prompto{simbad-coolist display ->}\replyo{all}  
\begin{verbatim}
#1  |  *|AG+38 1715         |18 36 19.63  +38 43 05.3 |K       |10.6   9.2 |0
#2  |*i*|AG+38 1712         |18 35 15.25  +38 43 06.3 |?       |10.8       |0
#3  |*i*|BD+38 3238E        |18 35 15.5   +38 44 23   |?       |       9.5 |0
#4  | V*|HD 172167          |18 35 14.655 +38 44 09.67|A0V     | 0.03  0.03|911
#5  |  *|GAT 1166           |18 35 45.7   +38 49 26   |G8V     |10.92 10.14|1
\end{verbatim}
\prompto{simbad-coolist display ->}\reply{bye}  
\normalsize

\section{The Guide Star Catalog 1.1 on--line}
\label{GSC}\index{GSC}\index{Guide Star Catalog}
The Guide Star Catalog, prepared for the operations of the Hubble 
Space Telescope, is accessible on--line through SIMBAD, for positional
queries. 
The Guide Star Catalog (GSC) was produced and is distributed by
the  Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI)\footnote{STScI  
is  operated  by the Association of
Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. (AURA), under contract with
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).},  
3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore,  MD 21218,  USA.  

The release 1.1, distributed on CD--ROM by STScI, has been coded in 
compact form and stored on--line on the SIMBAD server.

%\subsection*{How to search the Guide Star Catalogue by coordinates.}

At any prompt, within SIMBAD, you may type the command 
\quad  {\tt findgsc}\index{findgsc}  \quad  
followed by the J2000 coordinates of the searched position.

The list of all GSC entries within 10 arc minutes of this position
will be displayed in return.  The default radius of 10 minutes
can be changed by adding on the same command line the code {\tt -r }
followed by the new value of the radius (in arc minutes: note that the
syntax and the unit differ for technical reasons from the ones used 
for the {\tt cooradius} when querying SIMBAD).

Example : Looking for the GSC entries with a radius of 3 arcminutes:

\small
\begin{verbatim}
simbad search ->findgsc 12 34 -5 6 -r 3
 ======== GSC1.1 server  ========  Simbad, CDS, Strasbourg ========
GSC-id        ra   (2000)   dec    pos-e mag mag-e  b c  pl mu    d'  pa
0495400366 12 34 05.92 -05 06 58.0  0.4 12.34 0.40  0 0 02O2 T;  1.76 123
0495400366 12 34 05.91 -05 06 57.7  0.3 12.86 0.40  0 0 024P T;  1.76 123
0495401224 12 33 57.95 -05 08 54.3  0.4 15.17 0.40  0 0 02O2 F;  2.95 190
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

The information displayed includes GSC identification (region number and
number within the region), coordinates at equinox 2000 and their error
(in arcsec.), GSC magnitude and error, magnitude band (0 is B from IIIaJ
plates, 1 is V from IIaD plates, etc.), object class (0 is star, 3 is 
non-stellar image), plate name, multiplicity (T if multiple entries from
different plates, F if single entry). Distance and position angle 
with respect to the given position are also displayed.

Note that the GSC is stored as a separate file, outside the SIMBAD
database, and does not carry, 
at this stage, any cross-matching with the SIMBAD entries.

%====================================================
\chapter{Bibliography and Abstracts}
%====================================================
\label{bibliography}\index{bibliography}

\section{SIMBAD bibliography}

One of the key features of the SIMBAD astronomical database
is the unique coverage of bibliographical references to objects.
The bibliographic index contains references to stars from
1950 onwards, and to galaxies and all other objects outside
the solar system from 1983 onwards. Presently there are
about 1,500,000 references taken from 85,000 papers
published in the 100 most important astronomical periodical
publications and conference proceedings.
Articles are scanned in their entirety, and references to
all objects mentioned are included in the bibliography.
The scanning of the literature is made possible through a 
collaboration between the Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 
and the Paris, Bordeaux and Strasbourg
Observatories, which has been  described by Lalo\"e et
al (1993) and Lalo\"e (1995).

A code is assigned to each considered paper. We call it a
{\em bibcode}, in our jargon. This 19-digit bibcode 
(Schmitz et al., 1995) contains
enough information to locate the article (including year
of publication, journal, volume, page, etc.). The structure
of this code has been defined in close collaboration with the
NED group at NASA/IPAC so that both databases apply the same
coding convention (as well as other information systems, such
as the NASA ADS). This is described in chapter~\ref{contents}.

When one retrieves the bibliography of a SIMBAD object, a list
of bibcodes is given, and (according to the options used) these
codes are automatically resolved  against a bibliographic file
which provides the full reference, title 
and list of authors for each citation.


\subsection{Query by bibliographical reference code}

It is possible to obtain the complete bibliographical
reference, from the reference code, by typing it in
answer to the {\tt simbad search ->} prompt.

 A reference code can be supplied without indicating all
the fields: the first reference corresponding to the
truncated code will be displayed. However, at least three
digits are needed. Am ampersand ({\tt \&}) should be added
to the truncated bibcode.

{\em Examples}
\small
\begin{verbatim}
simbad search ->1994A&AS..103..135A
SIMBAD reference code: 1994A&AS..103..135A

1994A&AS..103..135A: ANDRILLAT Y., JASCHEK  M.  and  JASCHEK  C.  <Astron.
    Astrophys., Suppl. Ser., 103, 135-155 (1994)>
    A study of Be stars in the wavelength region around Paschen 7

simbad search ->1994A&AS..103&
SIMBAD reference code: 1994A&AS..103....1A

1994A&AS..103....1A: ADELMAN S.J.  and KNOX  JR J.R.  <Astron. Astrophys.,
    Suppl. Ser., 103, 1-4 (1994)>
    uvby  photometry of the magnetic chemically peculiar stars 63 Andromedae,
    HD 192913, HR 8240, and 108 Aquarii
simbad search ->

\end{verbatim}
\normalsize


\subsection{Searching the bibliographical index}
\index{bibliographical index}

Searching the bibliographical index is
possible through the {\fpp lookbib}\index{lookbib} command
followed by one or several {\fvv keywords} or  {\fvv author} 
name(s).  This command performs a simple string search through the
complete bibliographical index and retrieves all references
containing the character string(s).

{\em Example:}

\small
\begin{verbatim}
simbad search ->lookbib rosat pulsar
1991BAAS...23.1349O
 OGELMAN H., FINLEY J.P., ASCHENBACH B., TRUMPER J., ZIMMERMANN U.
 Bull. American Astron. Soc., 23, 1349 (1991)
 Detection of X-ray pulsations from the Vela pulsar by ROSAT.

1993ApJ...410..323F
 FINLEY J.P., OGELMAN H., HASINGER G., TRUMPER J.
 Astrophys. J., 410, 323-327 (1993)
 ROSAT observations of the LMC pulsar PSR 0540-69.

1994A&A...282L..33P
 PETRE R., GEHRELS N.
 Astron. Astrophys., 282, L33-L36 (1994)
 A ROSAT observation of the transient X-ray pulsar GRO J1008-57.

1994ApJ...436L.153D
 DANNER R., KULKARNI S.R., THORSETT S.E.
 Astrophys. J., 436, L153-L156 (1994)
 ROSAT observations of six millisecond pulsars.

1994MNRAS.271L..21H
 HELLIER C.
 Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 271, L21-L24 (1994)
 A ROSAT observation of the X-ray pulsars X0142+614 and X0146+612.
 X 1048+593 misprint for X 1048-593 = 1E 1048.1-5937

1994BAAS...26..950S
 SAFI-HARB S., OGELMAN H., FINLEY J.P.
 Bull. American Astron. Soc., 26, 950-951 (1994)
 Rosat observations of the unusual SNR CTB 80 containing the 39.5 ms pulsar PSR
1951+32.

1995ApJ...439..722S
 SAFI-HARB S., OGELMAN H., FINLEY J.P.
 Astrophys. J., 439, 722-729 (1995)
 ROSAT observations of the unusual supernova remnant CTB 80 containing the pulsar 
 PSR 1951+32.

simbad search ->
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize


Only the titles containing both words (rosat and pulsar)
have been retrieved.  The query is not case-sensitive.

{\tt lookbib} is a macro command (chapter~\ref{macro}): this
means that this command can be typed at any prompt.

\section{The abstract service}
\label{abstract}\index{abstract}

SIMBAD does not include the abstracts of  referenced
papers.  However, abstract services, such a the one
created by CDS for {\em Astronomy \& Astrophysics}
can already or will be queried from SIMBAD. The situation
in this field is evolving rapidly.

An important step, for the CDS, was the creation of an
abstract service for {\em Astronomy \& Astrophysics}\index{Astronomy
and Astrophysics}
(main journal and Supplement Series) announced in
A\&A, 284, E1 (April 1994).
 This service is made available as part of the
CDS World-Wide Web\index{World-Wide Web} server 
(Egret and Ochsenbein, 1994),
and complements the service already existing for on-line
tables of recent papers (Ochsenbein, 1993).
  
A similar agreement has been implemented with
the Publications of the Astronomical Society of the
Pacific (PASP)\index{PASP} for which the abstracts since January 1994
are available.

Using the reference code as the
index key, it becomes now possible to retrieve, for instance,
 the abstract
of a recent A\&A paper referenced in SIMBAD. 
This is done  by typing the command 
{\tt abstract} followed by a reference code, for instance:
\begin{verbatim}
     abstract  1994A&AS..103..135A
\end{verbatim}

With the same {\fpp abstract} command,
it is also possible to search the abstract database
for  one or several {\fvv keywords} or  {\fvv author} 
name(s), very similarly to what is done for the SIMBAD
bibliographical index with the {\fpp lookbib} command.  

An other important source of abstracts is the NASA/STI\index{NASA/STI}
service (also distributed by ESA in Europe): the
subset related to astronomy and astrophysics, is currently
made available to the astronomical community
by  the ADS\index{ADS} information system, 
through various access modes
(Eichhorn {\em et al.}, 1995).  
The interesting aspect for
SIMBAD users, is that ADS includes the
SIMBAD bibliographical index as part of the service: this
means that the SIMBAD bibcode can 
be used to retrieve the corresponding abstract as produced
by NASA/STI (note that this is often not the original author
abstract for copyright reasons).

 Prototype implementations have shown that it is feasible,
using the client/server approach, to complement the result
of a SIMBAD query, with a query to an external server
providing the relevant abstract. 
At the time when this document was written, these new functionalities
were in prototype phase: the users will
be kept informed of the final implementation of these
new features.


\begin{thebibliography}{99}
 
\bibitem{CCDM}
Dommanget, J. (1989), The CCDM Astrometric Catalogue for Double
and Multiple Stars, in ``Star Catalogues: A centennial tribute to
A. N. Vyssotsky'', Ed. L. Davis Press, p. 77.

\bibitem{WWW} 
Egret, D., Ochsenbein, F. (1994), CDS Inform. Bull. {\bf 44}, 57.

\bibitem{maj} 
  Lalo\"e, S., Beyneix, A., Borde, S., Chagnard-Carpuat, C.,
Dubois, P., Dulou, M.R., Ochsenbein, F., Ralite, N.,
Wagner, M.J.  (1993), {\sl CDS  Inform. Bull.} {\bf 43}, 57.

\bibitem{maj-lisaii}
  Lalo\"e, S. (1995) in Proceedings of the LISA-II Conference,
{\sl Vistas in Astronomy}, {\bf 39}, 179.

\bibitem{ADS}
Murray, S., Eichhorn, G., Accomazzi, A., Stern Grant, C.,
Kurtz, M. (1995), in ``Information \& On-line Data
in Atronomy'', D.Egret \& M.A.Albrecht (Eds.), Kluwer
Acad. Publ., 175.
 
\bibitem{tables}
Ochsenbein, F. (1993), CDS Inform. Bull. {\bf 42}, 75.

\bibitem{refcode}
 Schmitz, M., Helou, G., Dubois, P.,
	LaGue, C.,  Madore, B., Corwin~Jr, H.~G., Lesteven, S. (1995),
``NED and SIMBAD conventions for bibliographic reference coding'',
 in ``Information \& On-line Data in Astronomy'',
  D. Egret \& M.A. Albrecht (Eds.), Kluwer Acad. Publ., 253.

\end{thebibliography}
 
%====================================================
\chapter{How to create a list of objects: the filter}
%====================================================
\label{sampling}

\section{Query by filter (or sampling)}

 In the Query by filter\index{filter|bold} (or sampling\index{sampling|bold}) mode,
you can retrieve a list of objects according to specific criteria. These
criteria constitute a filter\footnote{In fact,  the query by coordinates is
also a query by filter, where the criteria are a search radius and a given
position}.
  
{\bf Note:} In general a set of criteria\index{criteria} should include some
limitations in coordinates. These limitations allow the definition of
a range of coordinate boxes including the requested area:
all the objects from these boxes are read 
and checked against the whole set of criteria. SIMBAD has been divided 
for this purpose into 6145 boxes to allow an optimized access 
by coordinates.
 
When a set of criteria includes no limits in sky position,
the complete database is scanned --- which is a long
and relatively expensive process.
It may be advisable, in any case, to try the filter
on a limited region of the sky in order to validate the
set of criteria and output format, before sending a 
search on the complete database.
 
\section{Don't forget the quote}

Sampling is done in two steps:

\begin{itemize}
\item
First, you need to define a \agent{filter}\index{filter}: this is a
set of instructions specifying the sample criteria.
Filters can be kept from one session to another.
If the filter was created previously, you need to load it in the session.
\item
Then, you answer the prompt \prompto{simbad search ->} with the filter name
preceded by a quote.
The quote helps to distinguish the filter name from an object 
name\footnote{This is also related to the object-oriented
approach, described in chapter~\ref{concept}. The filter is an {\em agent}. 
If you just type its name after the prompt {\tt simbad search ->}, 
the programme assumes that you want a dialogue with the filter agent. 
It does not consider the filter name as
a parameter to the \agent{simbad} agent and its current verb. To avoid this,
you are asked to precede the filter agent name with a quote.}.
Your command will look like:

\nobreak
\prompt{simbad search ->}\replyo{'}{\fpp my-filter}

\end{itemize}

Sampling generates a selection of all objects from the database fulfilling
the specific criteria you have defined.  

The result of a sampling is a list of objects.
How to handle a list of objects is described in chapter~\ref{objlist}.


\section{Defining a filter}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------

You get access to an existing filter, or define a new one, through the 
following command:
\command{session}{use}{filter {\fvv filtername}} 
\hspace{0.5cm} where {\em filtername\/} is the name of the filter
you want to use for sampling the database.

After this command, if the filter named {\em filtername\/}
already exists,  it appears in the session, for
modification (through \command{{\fvv filtername}}{set}{}) or
immediate use in a query (\prompto{simbad search
->}\replyo{'filtername}). 

If no filter agent exists under the name {\em filtername\/}, a new
one is created, and the command  \command{{\fvv filtername}}{set}{} is
invoked to allow definition of the sampling criteria using a text editor.
Usage of the text editor is described in chapter~\ref{vi}.

A created filter is stored as a file \quad {\tt filtername.ftr} \quad
in the home directory. 

\section{Writing filtering instructions}
%---------------------------------------

A simple filtering instruction is made of one criterion. Each criterion
comprises a keyword and parameters, generally made of a lower limit and
an upper limit or some name. 

\begin{tabular}{ll}
Example:& {\ttc MB 6.5/9.0}\\
        & {\ttc CAT SAO}\\
\end{tabular}

Criteria can be combined in the following way:

\begin{itemize}
\item
Criteria written on different lines correspond to the {\ttc AND}
operator:

\begin{verbatim}
MB 6.5/9.0
CAT SAO
\end{verbatim}

Select all objects having magnitude $B$ between 6.5 and 9.0 {\bf
and} having an SAO identifier.

\item
Criteria written on one line separated by a '{\tt |}' character 
correspond to the {\ttc OR} operator:

\begin{verbatim}
MB 6.5/9.0 | MV 6.0/8.5
\end{verbatim}

Select all objects having $B$ magnitude between 6.5 and 9.0 {\bf
or} $V$ magnitude between 6.0 and 8.5.

\end{itemize}

Any number of instructions and criteria may be written in one filter. The
total size of the resulting sample is not limited.

All available instructions for defining a filter are described in the 
chapter~\ref{filter}.

\section{Example}

We will create a filter named {\fvv target}, retrieve the
corresponding list of objects (SAO stars, of a given magnitude
range, in a given field), and then display in more detail the
11th object found.

\small
\prompto{simbad search ->}\replyo{session use filter target}  \\
\prompto{target set ->}\CarriageReturn \\
{\tt "target.ftr" [New file]}  \\
\mbox{}\qquad {\em here, type  {\fpp i} for
              input mode, then enter the text of the filter}   
\begin{verbatim}
FIELD  18 00  -12 00   DIM  3/3
MB  6.5/9.0
CAT  SAO
~
~
\end{verbatim}
\mbox{}\qquad {\em type [esc] then {\fpp :wq} for leaving the
                   editor} \\
{\tt "target.ftr" [New file] 3 lines, 53 characters} \\
\prompto{target set ->}\replyo{bye}\\
 \prompto{session use ->}\replyo{bye}\\
\prompto{simbad search ->}\replyo{'target}
\begin{verbatim}
#1  |  *|YZC 11 6113        |17 54 48.67  -11 31 42.9 |G0      | 8.4   7.8 |0
#2  |*i*|YZC 11 6127        |17 57 10.11  -11 32 38.1 |A5      | 9.0   8.8 |0
#3  |  *|YZC 11 6129        |17 57 32.91  -11 15 29.6 |A5      | 8.9   8.7 |0
#4  |  *|HD 164026          |17 56 53.68  -12 20 49.0 |G8/K0IV | 8.9   7.9 |0
#5  |  *|HD 164047          |17 57 00.06  -12 08 54.5 |A8/A9V  | 8.8   8.6 |0
#6  |  *|HD 164165          |17 57 37.69  -12 59 13.0 |B8/B9III| 7.4   7.4 |1
#7  |  *|HD 163977          |17 56 39.15  -13 01 45.5 |A9V     | 8.6   8.4 |0
#8  |  *|HD 164485          |17 59 07.21  -13 08 51.8 |Ap...   | 8.9   8.7 |0
#9  |  *|YZC 11 6153        |18 01 33.79  -10 54 50.6 |G0      | 8.2   7.5 |0
#10 |  *|YZC 11 6159        |18 02 19.92  -10 30 34.4 |A5      | 9.0   8.8 |0
#11 |  *|YZC 11 6177        |18 05 31.14  -10 33 31.2 |Am      | 8.13  7.81|7
#12 |  *|YZC 11 6160        |18 02 44.46  -11 01 28.6 |A5      | 7.4   7.3 |2
#13 |  *|YZC 11 6157        |18 02 15.66  -11 30 44.6 |A2      | 8.3   8.2 |0
#14 |  *|HD 165361          |18 03 18.29  -12 21 25.0 |F7IV+...| 9.0   8.5 |0
#15 |  *|HD 165781          |18 05 30.04  -12 42 13.6 |A2/A3III| 8.9   8.7 |0
#16 |  *|HD 165546          |18 04 12.82  -13 14 33.6 |A0III   | 8.6   8.6 |0
\end{verbatim}
\prompto{simbad-list1 display ->}\replyo{11}
\begin{verbatim}
Type: Star
Coord 1950.0 = 18 05 31.14  -10 33 31.2 mb, mv =  8.13       7.81
Coord 2000.0 = 18 08 17.27  -10 33 01.0 sp type = Am
 gal =  18.59  +4.60
 ./.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
YZC 11 6177               HD 165830                 GEN# +1.00165830
SAO 161101                SKY# 32968                UBV M 22647
BD-10 4616                JP11 2935                 TD1 21686
PPM 234074                HIC 88850
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Measurements:
UBV: 1    MK: 2     JP11: 1   TD1: 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References: 7
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\end{verbatim}
\prompto{list-obj display ->}\replyo{bye}  \\
\prompto{simbad-list1 display ->}\replyo{bye}  \\
\prompto{simbad search ->}
\normalsize

Chapter~\ref{filter} gives the full list of filter instructions.
Chapter~\ref{objlist} describes how to handle object lists
resulting from a filter. 

%====================================================
\chapter{Querying from a list}
%====================================================
\label{idlist}\index{idlist|bold}\index{coolist|bold}


\section{Storing a file on the SIMBAD host computer}

This query mode implies that a file containing either a list\index{list}
of object identifiers, or a list of coordinates, is stored 
under your account on the SIMBAD host computer.

This can be done by sending it {\bf from your home computer} by 
{\bf ftp}\index{ftp} (using Internet)
or through a {\bf Decnet copy} (using SPAN)\index{file copy}.
The SIMBAD staff takes care of erasing eventually unused files 
after a few months.

Each line of the file should be an identifier (command {\fpp idlist}) or
a set of coordinates (command {\fpp coolist}). Don't mix identifiers
and coordinates in the same file, however,
as they are processed differently.

\section{idlist and coolist}

The selection of the data to be collected ---defined in the current
environment\index{environment}--- can be modified by
typing\index{basicdata}\index{bibliography}\index{maxdata}:

\begin{tabular}{ll}
 {\fpp  basicdata}    &  coordinates, mag., sp. type and proper motions.
(default value)\\
 {\fpp listdata}     &   one object per line \\
 {\fpp  bibliography} &  only references codes      \\
 {\fpp  maxdata}      &  all available data 
\end{tabular}

If you are using coordinates, check the {\fpp cooradius} and {\fpp
cooequinox} values (see chapter~\ref{coord}).

Then, use the list of identifiers or coordinates contained in 
specific file (of name {\em filename\/}), as follows:

\begin{tabular}{lp{4cm}l}
{\tt simbad search ->} &   {\fpp idlist \fvv filename}    &    for
identifier list \\
\\
{\tt simbad search ->} &    {\fpp coolist \fvv filename}  &     for
coordinates list 
\end{tabular}

It often happens that lists of objects have references in common.
When this is the case, it may be useful to list only the reference
codes for each individual object (option {\fpp bibliography}).
The 19-digit bibcodes\index{bibcode}  
need then be resolved only once 
at the end, using the command:

{\tt simbad search ->} \qquad   {\fpp reftext}\index{reftext}


\section{Example}

Let us suppose you have {\ttc ftp\/}'ed the following file
from your home computer
to the SIMBAD computer, under the name {\ttc list.dat}:
\begin{verbatim}
HD 1
SAO 2
NGC 3
\end{verbatim}

Using the default value (basic data) you will obtain the following output:

{\tt simbad search ->} {\fpp idlist list.dat}

\small
\begin{verbatim}
Type: Star
Coord 1950.0 = 00 02 32.23  +67 33 41.8 mb, mv =  8.8        7.6
Coord 2000.0 = 00 05 08.65  +67 50 23.7 sp type = K0
 gal = 118.57  +5.36
 pm =  +0.007  [   3]   +0.009  [   4]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SKY# 146                  HD 1                      SAO 10963
AG+67 4                   AGKR 39                   BD+67 1599
IRAS 00025+6733           PPM 11914                 HIC 422
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Measurements:
SAO: 1    PM: 2     pos: 2    IRAS: 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References: 4
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Type: Star in double system
Coord 1950.0 = 00 00 09.61  +80 00 13.8 mb, mv =  8.3        7.7
Coord 2000.0 = 00 02 45.75  +80 16 55.8 sp type = F2
 gal = 120.79 +17.61
 pm =  +0.056  [   6]   +0.025  [   4]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SKY# 78                   HD 225020                 SAO 2
AG+80 1                   AGKR 3                    BD+79 799
GC 4                      TD1 30250                 ADS 5 A
CSI+79 799 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Measurements:
TD1: 1    SAO: 1    PM: 3     pos: 3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References: 4
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Type: Galaxy
Coord 1950.0 = 00 04 42.7   +08 01 23 mb, mv = 14.6  :
Coord 2000.0 = 00 07 16.6   +08 18 05 morph. type = S0:
 gal = 104.58 -52.99
 dim =  1.13  0.21 113 (~)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Z 0004.7+0802             NGC 3                     Z 408 - 35
UGC 58                    MCG+01-01-037             ARK 1
IRAS 00047+0801
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Measurements:
IRAS: 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References: 3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
simbad search ->
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize


The {\fpp selectid}\index{selectid}
command allows the selection of a specific identifier for 
the output format of a list
(see chapter~\ref{objlist}).


%====================================================
\chapter{Using SIMBAD in batch mode}
%====================================================
\label{smbmail}\index{smbmail|bold}


\section{Introduction to SMBMAIL}

The facility documented in this chapter is not used in {\em
interactive\/} mode (i.e. when you log into SIMBAD, and have a dialog
with the database management system) but {\em through electronic
mail}\index{electronic mail}, without needing to establish an
interactive connection with the SIMBAD host computer.

The {\fpp smbmail} facility allows a SIMBAD user to send by electronic
mail a  file containing a header, an optional list of commands, and a
list of  astronomical objects or a list of coordinates. After
execution, the  result of the query is sent back by mail, using an
E-mail address  provided in a header.

It is especially well suited for long lists or sampling queries (you
do not want to keep the connection open while the database is
processing the query) or for users who have no easy access to an
interactive network. This facility can as well be used through
Bitnet\index{Bitnet} or any other network.

The query file should be sent to one of the following addresses:

\begin{tabular}{ll}
INTERNET:   & smbmail@simbad.u-strasbg.fr  \\
SPAN/Decnet:  & simbad::smbmail \\
\end{tabular}


\section{The format}
\index{idlist}\index{coolist}

The file must have the following structure: a header (three lines);
command lines (optional) announced by the line {\tt commands:};  
and a list of object names or 
coordinates (one per line) announced by the line {\tt idlist:}
or {\tt coolist:} respectively. Object names and coordinates should
not be included in the same mail.

\begin{enumerate}
\item {\bf A header:}   It consists of three lines (mandatory) :
     \begin{itemize}
        \item the first line should be ``{\tt SIMBAD interrogation}''.
        \item the second line contains the keyword {\tt username:} followed
          by your simbad {\fvv username} (userid)
        \item the third line gives the keyword {\tt mailaddr:} followed by
           your E-mail address for return. It should have one of the
           following syntaxes:\index{SPAN}\index{Internet}\index{Bitnet} \\
              \begin{tabular}{lp{9.5cm}}
                  INTERNET:   &  {\fvv userid@node.domain} \\
                  SPAN (Decnet):   &   {\fvv node::userid}    \\
                  EARN/BITNET: & {\fvv userid@node.bitnet}  \\
							       \end{tabular}
    \end{itemize}

{\bf Example:}  
\begin{verbatim}
           SIMBAD interrogation
           username: u01abcd
           mailaddr: smith@cfa.harvard.edu    
\end{verbatim}

\item {\bf A command list} is optional. If not present, 
   the default values will be used.
   If it exists, it must begin with the keyword
   `{\fpp commands:}' followed by lines containing SIMBAD commands.

{\bf Example:}  
\begin{verbatim}
           ...
           commands:
           bibyears 1985/1995
           maxdata
           ...
\end{verbatim}

The default format\index{format}\index{env}  for a search by
object name or by coordinates is the display of the basic data. 

Other usual formats can be obtained by
the following commands\index{maxdata}\index{basicdata}\index{bibliography}
 (see also chapter~\ref{format} for the syntax):

\begin{tabular}{ll}
	 all data and refs:  &           {\fpp maxdata }  \\
	 list (one line per object):  &  {\fpp listdata}  \\
  bibliographic codes only:   &   {\fpp bibliography }  \\
  basic data  (default):      &   {\fpp basicdata}
\end{tabular}

{\bf Note:} the result of a search by coordinates is, for each entry,
a list of objects (format FM-LIST); the result of a search by
object name is, for each entry, generally a single object
(format FM-IMMEDIATE), but may also be a list
(for instance the components of a multiple system).

The default formats (see chapter~\ref{format}) are:\\
{\tt FM-IMMEDIATE=fm-immediate}  \qquad  and \\
{\tt FM-LIST=fm-immediate}


Most of the SIMBAD commands can be used in batch mode, including
formats and filters.

\item {\bf Identifier or coordinates list}:  
   An identifier list begins with {\fpp idlist:} as keyword.   
   A coordinate list begins with {\fpp coolist:} as keyword.
    Coordinate lists and identifier lists are to be put
in separate mail messages.

{\bf Example 1:}
\begin{verbatim}
             ...
             idlist:
             HD 123
             SAO 4321
             *V RR LYR
\end{verbatim}

{\bf Example 2:}
\begin{verbatim}
             ...
             coolist:
             12 34 +56 01
             2 12 45 -01 10 11
\end{verbatim}

\end{enumerate}

\section{SMBMAIL examples}

Here are some complete examples:

\subsection*{List of identifiers for which all data are required}

\begin{verbatim}
SIMBAD interrogation
username: xxxxxx
mailaddr: SPANOD::userid
commands:
maxdata
idlist:
HD 1
SAO 2
NGC 3
\end{verbatim}

\subsection*{Simple query of a coordinate list}

\begin{verbatim}
SIMBAD interrogation
username: xxxxxx
mailaddr: XXXXXX::yyyy
coolist:
12 30 +30
12 30 +40
12 30 +50
\end{verbatim}

\subsection*{Sampling}

   Here the command section is alone and executes the query (a search
   of objects in a field). No list section is present.

\begin{verbatim}
SIMBAD interrogation
username: xxxxxx
mailaddr: XXXXXX::yyyy
commands:
/session use filter fff
FIELD 12 30 +30 DIM 10/10
MB -2/+8
bye
simbad search fff
\end{verbatim}

\subsection{A WWW forms interface}

An interface with forms exists on the World-Wide 
Web\index{World-Wide Web},
at the following address:

{\tt http://cdsweb.u-strabg.fr/simbad/batch.html}

%====================================================
\chapter{Keeping a log of your session}
%====================================================
\label{log}\index{log|bold}\index{sendlog|bold}

SIMBAD offers
you a very simple solution for keeping a log file of all (or a part of) your
session, and mailing it back to your home computer.

It is done by using the following commands, at 
the {\tt simbad search ->} prompt:

\begin{tabular}{ll}
{\fpp log} &  keeps a log of the session in a file `simbad.log' \\
   \\
{\fpp sendlog } {\fvv user@node.domain} & sends the log file through e-mail
             (Internet) \\ 
{\fpp sendlog } {\fvv node::user} &  \qquad  (or  DECNET--SPAN) \\
\end{tabular}

The {\fpp log} command opens the file {\ttc simbad.log}.
The command {\fpp sendlog} closes it, and mails it  to the given
address. The file {\ttc simbad.log} contains the SIMBAD output
produced between the log and the sendlog command.

Large log files can also efficiently be imported to 
the user's home site through {\tt ftp} (call {\tt ftp
simbad.u-strasbg.fr} from your home computer). The log file is 
stored in the user's directory on the SIMBAD server.

The following commands will also be
helpful\index{cont}\index{page}\index{undisplayed}\index{displayed}:

\begin{tabular}{ll}
 {\fpp cont}   &  for continuous display mode \\
 {\fpp page}   &  to restore page by page mode\\
            \\
{\fpp undisplayed} &  to stop screen   display \\
{\fpp displayed}   &  to restore  screen display \\
         \\
{\fpp /uif set f d}  &  to stop directing output to the log 
           (included in the sendlog command) \\
{\tt >|}             &   (an equivalent shortcut)  \\
\end{tabular}


These keywords are macros (see chapter~\ref{macro}), 
generating commands to the
UIF (user interface) agent\index{agent!UIF}. Chapter~\ref{uif}
describes in more details how to manage the user interface,
the log file, and other output files.

%====================================================
\chapter{SIMBAD  Help}
%====================================================
\label{help}\index{help|bold}\index{agent!help}


At any prompt, you can obtain a context-sensitive\index{context}
help by typing a question mark\index{?}:
\quad  \reply{?}

or a general help by typing  
\qquad
\reply{help}

\section{The info command}
\label{info}

Details about catalogue names can also be obtained from the {\fpp info}
command\index{info}:

\begin{tabular}{lp{11cm}}
{\fpp -help } &  lists the main functionalities of the command \\
{\fpp info IAU}    &  lists the IAU Recommendations concerning
       Nomenclature \\
{\fpp info cati} {\em AB} &   lists catalogues with acronyms
        starting with {\ttc AB} \\ 
{\fpp info cato} {\em X}     &   lists catalogues dealing with X-ray
       sources (object type) \\ 
{\fpp info cata} {\em Author} &  lists catalogues with first author
named {\ttc Author} \\ 
{\fpp info cat} {\em keyword} &  lists catalogues according to presence
of specified word in catalogue title or remarks
\end{tabular}


	Use of the {\fpp -l} option provides  a long description,
including the authors, the bibliographical reference
with the title of  the paper. Example: 
	
{\fpp info -l cati }{\fvv name}  


The info command lists on the screen\footnote{using
the  `less' tool which allows backward scrolling} 
the contents the {\em Second Reference Dictionary of
the Nomenclature of Celestial Objects\/} produced ---and maintained at 
Paris and Strasbourg Observatories--- by Lortet {\em et al.} (1994). 
Efforts are being made 
(with the support of IAU Commission 5) to solve existing discrepancies 
or ambiguities which may still appear in this field. The object type
corresponding to the catalogue, as well as reference and format as used
in the database, are also given.

 You can view more pages by pushing the space bar, quit by typing {\fpp q},
or learn all the other possibilities by hitting the `{\fpp h}' key.
 
Special symbols can be used together with the keyword parameter: \\
\begin{tabular}{lp{11cm}}
{\tt \$ }                       &   to specify an end of word   \\
{\tt .+ } (dot and plus signs)  &   to replace any non-empty string.
\end{tabular}

This can be illustrated by the following examples:  \\
\begin{tabular}{lp{11cm}}
{\tt info cati HD} & looks for all catalogue names starting with HD \\
{\tt info cati HD\$} & looks for the HD catalogue  (HDE will not be found) \\
{\tt info cati .+CG} & looks for all catalog names including the string: CG \\
{\tt info cati .+CG\$} & looks for all catalog names ending with CG \\
\end{tabular}

\bigskip

Other pieces of information can also be obtained:  \\
\begin{tabular}{lp{10cm}}
{\fpp info news} & lists recent modifications or additions to SIMBAD 
functionalities  \\
{\fpp info IAU} & lists the IAU recommendations regarding nomenclature of
celestial objects outside the solar system  \\
{\fpp info otype} & displays the complete list of object types used
  for the object classification \\
{\fpp info journal}  & displays the complete list of journal abbreviations
  used for the bibliographic reference coding (bibcode).  \\
{\fpp info journal} {\fvv abbr} & resolves an abbreviation used
  in the bibliographic reference\index{bibcode}\index{journal} coding.
\end{tabular}



%     The Help agent (named \agent{hhelp}) manages the
%hierarchical help system. It knows two verbs: {\fpp display} and 
%{\fpp bye}, which has the standard effect.

     The command \replyo{help} 
% (alias of hhelp display) 
displays the root of
the hierarchical help. Navigating through the topics and subtopics
is done in the same way as in the VAX/VMS hierarchical help system. 


The most current use of the help agent is to obtain the 
``topic" screen associated with the current context. This is done
by simply typing a question mark: ({\fpp ?}).

 
\section{Documentation on the World-Wide Web}
\label{WWW}\index{World-Wide Web}\index{home page}

Documentation and news about SIMBAD and related CDS activities can be found
on the World-Wide Web.
The ``SIMBAD home page''   gives access to the following documents:
   \begin{itemize}
\item  Hypertext version of the SIMBAD User's Guide
\item  {\LaTeX} and Postscript versions of the User's Guide
\item  XSimbad client software
\item  Recent news concerning the database
\item  and more...  
   \end{itemize}

The URL address is {\tt http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Simbad.html}


%====================================================
\chapter{How to leave SIMBAD}
%====================================================
\label{leave}

When you have finished querying SIMBAD,
type\index{stop}\index{quit the database}\index{exit a
session}\index{session} at any prompt:

\hspace{2.5cm} \reply{stop}
in order to leave the database. 

\bigskip

Typing  the word \verbe{bye}\index{bye} will also allow
you to leave the session:

\prompt{simbad search ->}\reply{bye}

\prompt{session exit >}\reply{\CarriageReturn}

You can also type the complete command 
\replyo{session exit}
in answer to any prompt.

\replyo{stop} is a macro command equivalent to \replyo{session exit}.




%**********************************
%**********************************

\part{MORE ABOUT SIMBAD FEATURES}

%**********************************
%**********************************


%================================
\chapter{Some SIMBAD concepts}
%=================================
\label{concept}

You will find in this section definitions of the main concepts
encountered during a SIMBAD session: {\em commands, agents, verbs\/} 
and {\em parameters}. A first idea of the current context will also be given.
These concepts are derived from the object-oriented programming, but
we have changed somewhat the vocabulary in order to avoid confusion between
the {\em astronomical object} and the {\em object} in object-oriented
programming: we use the following terms of {\em agent} and {\em verb}
instead of {\em object} and {\em method}.

A {\bf command}\index{command}
is the complete instruction sent to the programme for execution.
Every command has the following syntax:

\medskip
\begin{center}
\index{agent}\index{verb}
AGENT\qquad VERB\qquad PARAMETERS
\end{center}

\medskip
The {\bf agent}\index{agent}
is the main concept in SIMBAD: all requests from the user
will be sent to agents. These requests are made by use of a \verbe{verb} and
optionally {\fpp parameters}\index{parameter}. Each agent present in a
session has a name. In the first session, we interacted with three
different agents:

\bigskip
\begin{tabular}{lll}
1/&    Simbad:       &  The SIMBAD database.\\
2/&    \{HD 9902\}:  &  The current astronomical object requested 
                           in the database.\\
3/&    Session:      &  The session\\
\end{tabular}

\bigskip
The {\bf verb}\index{verb}
of the command defines the action requested from the agent. For
instance:

\begin{tabular}{r@{\hspace{1cm}}p{10cm}}
{\fpp simbad search}&
          is a request to {\em search} sent to the agent 
          \agent{Simbad}.\\ 
{\fpp \{HD 9902\} display}&
          is a request sent to an astronomical object agent called
          \{HD~9902\}, asking it to display the data.\\
{\fpp session exit}&
          is a request sent to the agent \agent{session} telling it to
          close the session.\\
\end{tabular}

Each agent knows how to execute several commands.

The list of commands which can be sent to the agent in the current
prompt may be obtained by typing \&\CarriageReturn\index{\&}.

The same verb can be used for different agents (display, for instance, 
can be used to show the instructions in a format or a filter). Of
course, each agent will perform the appropriate action when receiving a
request.

Agents having the same abilities are grouped in {\em categories}. We have
already discovered the following categories\index{categories}: database,
astronomical object, object list, filter, and  session.

Several agents of the same category may exist in a session. For example, we are
able to use several formats simultaneously, and to
compare different astronomical objects.

\bigskip
The {\bf parameters}\index{parameter (of a command)}
depend on the command. For each command, there will be 
related parameters (or, maybe, no parameters). For instance, {\fpp HD 9902}
---an identifier--- is the parameter string for the command 
{\fpp simbad~search}. The command {\fpp session exit} takes no parameters.

\vspace{0.5cm}

{\bf
Complete SIMBAD software capability is contained in the
knowledge of the available agents, the action verbs for each agent
and the possible parameters for each verb.}


\vspace{0.5cm}
The number of entities is not very high: about 10 agent categories, 
5 to 10 verbs for each of them. The simple SIMBAD queries only
use a fraction of those. 

\bigskip
The management of a {\em current context}
\index{current context}\index{context}
helps the user by reducing typing:
 partial commands are built into the prompt, and the user has
only to complete them. This context consists of an agent name alone, called the
{\em current agent}, and a {\em current verb}, or eventually of a 
complete command: agent verb and parameters. Executing such a complete
command requires only a \CarriageReturn\ from the user.

This current context can be overwritten at any moment by typing
another command, or just another request (verb and parameters) to
the current agent. Let us consider, for example, some possible replies to
the prompt  \prompto{\{HD 9902\} display ->}

\begin{tabular}{ll}
\CarriageReturn\ & \qquad generates the full display of the data \\
\replyo{basic}   & \qquad is a parameter (display only basic data) \\
\replyo{bye}     &  \qquad is a verb for the agent \{HD 9902\}\index{bye} \\
\replyo{simbad search HR 5999} & \qquad is a new command sent to the agent
simbad \\
\end{tabular}

Interpreting\index{command|bold} 
a command typed by the user is always done in the following way: 
the programme checks if the first word
is an agent name, or, if not, a verb known to the current agent. If
none of them is recognized, then it considers that the user typed
parameters for the current context.

Here is a comparison which should 
help you to understand the organization of SIMBAD: 

\begin{quotation} 
SIMBAD works like a post office: in a post office, you find
positions, and, in each of them, an agent trained to perform certain functions:
selling stamps, receiving parcels to send, paying postal orders, and so on.
Some of these agents may respond to several requests. Others send you to a
colleague to carry out your request.

SIMBAD can be seen as a collection of different agents, each
executing specific functions through different commands.
\end{quotation}

Knowing how to use SIMBAD consists of knowing the abilities of all 
categories of agents
and how to interact with them using the commands.


%================================
\chapter{The Contents of SIMBAD}
%================================
\label{contents}\index{contents}
 
The SIMBAD data base presently contains information for
about 1,000,000 astronomical objects (stars, galaxies,
planetary nebulae, clusters, novae and supernovae,
etc.). 
 
The only astronomical objects specifically excluded from
SIMBAD are Solar System bodies.
 
 In the following, the word {\em object\/} will be used
to designate a star, nonstellar object, or collection of
objects such as a cluster, which correspond to an individual
entry in SIMBAD.  For each object, the following data
are included:
 
\begin{itemize}
 \item   basic data (coordinates, magnitudes, etc.)
 \item   cross identifications
 \item   observational data for more than twenty different
data types. 
 \item   bibliographical references.
\end{itemize}
 
\section{Basic data}
\index{basic data}

The basic data are displayed immediately after the object
has been retrieved (immediate format) or when typing
{\fpp basic}\index{basic} (standard format).

They consist of:

 \begalist{galaxies:}
 \item[stars]: object type, coordinates, spectral type,  
         blue and visual magnitudes, and
          proper motion (including rms errors).
 
 \item[galaxies]:  object type, coordinates, blue and
            visual integrated magnitudes,
            morphological type, and dimension.
 \end{list}

\subsection{Object type}
\label{object-type}\index{object type}\index{classification}

The hierarchical classification of the objects in SIMBAD is
based on the catalogue identifiers (as proposed by Ochsenbein
and Dubois, 1992).
From {\em Star}  to  {\em  Maser source}, or {\em Cluster of Galaxies},
some 70 different categories, general, or very specific, are
proposed (see Appendix~\ref{otype}).

This classification aims to help in the selection of objects
(through scanning of lists, or use of the filter procedure in
SIMBAD). It is also a powerful tool for data cross--checking
and quality control.

The classification uses a hierarchy with four levels, reflecting
our knowledge of the characteristics of the astronomical object.
For instance, an object can be classified as a ``Star'' (this is
level 1). If photometric observations have shown variability
of the object, it can be classified as a ``Variable star'' (this
is level 2). Examples of level 3 and 4 are ``Pulsating variable'',
and ``Cepheid''.

This hierarchy of object types (and lists of possible synonyms) is managed
in the database in such a way that selecting variable stars ({\tt V*})
is understood as selecting objects classified
as {\tt V*}, and all subdivisions (e.g. {\tt PulsV*}, {\tt Mira},
{\tt Cepheid}, etc.). 
If the user is only interested in RR Lyrae type stars, he/she will
use the {\tt RRLyr} type, leaving aside all other variable stars
for which the variability mode is different, or not known.

The classification extends to galaxies and extragalactic objects, to
multiple objects, etc. and gives only wavelength information (such
as IR or UV source) when no other information is known. A complete
list is given on line (type {\tt info otype}) and more details are
given in the above-mentioned paper.

This classification has been designed to be practical and useful,
and complements other features also available in SIMBAD 
(morphological type or spectral type information, catalogues, and
measurements).

\subsection{Coordinates}

The coordinates are originally stored in the database
for equinox\index{equinox} 1950.0. They can be computed
at a different equinox (see chapter~\ref{coord} and
the EQUINOX1 and COOEQUINOX variables). No change of
epoch\index{epoch}, using the proper motions\index{proper
motion}, is performed. This feature will be implemented
later on, together with a move to the new J2000 IAU
standard.

The coordinates are of  various sources. When
astrometric data are available ({\tt SAO}\index{SAO} 
or {\tt pos}\index{pos} measurements) 
the most accurate one has been selected.

The coordinates are displayed according to a
precision\index{precision} code (stored in SIMBAD together
with the coordinates) which can have the following values:

             \smallarraystretch\par
             $$\begin{tabular}{|c|l|}   \hline
             code & definition \\   \hline
               0  &   1      $^o$  \\
               1  &   1/10   $^o$  \\
               2  &   1      '   \\
               3  &   1/10   '   \\
               4  &   1      "   \\
               5  &   1/10   "   \\
               6  &   1/100  "   \\
               7  &   1/1000 "   \\   \hline
             \end{tabular}$$
             \largearraystretch

The default format gives equatorial coordinates at
equinox 1950 and 2000, as well as galactic coordinates.
This can be modified (see chapter~\ref{format}). Ecliptic
coordinates can also be computed on request.

\subsection{Magnitudes}

$B$ and $V$ magnitudes\index{magnitude} are given, when
possible,  in the Johnson's UBV system. Both magnitudes
may be followed by a semicolon meaning they cannot be
made homogeneous to the UBV system.  $B$ and $V$
magnitudes are separated by two columns which may
contain the following flags:  
\begin{itemize} 
\item a `D' flags a joint magnitude in a double or
multiple system\index{double system}; 
\item a `V'
flags a variable magnitude\index{variable star} and is
followed by a coded index giving a rough estimate of the
amplitude:

             \medarraystretch\par
             $$\begin{tabular}{|c|l|}   \hline
             code & definition \\   \hline
               1  &   1/100   mag.  \\
               2  &   1/10    mag.    \\
               3  &   1       mag. \\
               4  &   more than 1 mag.   \\
               ?  &   suspected variable   \\   \hline
             \end{tabular}$$
             \largearraystretch
\end{itemize}

When possible the magnitudes have been taken from the
UBV compilation of Mermilliod (Mermilliod, J.-C., 1987:  
A{\&}A Sup. 71, 413), and from an earlier work by
Ochsenbein (1974: A\&A Sup. 15, 215).  
Otherwise the data would come from one of the published papers
associated to the object.


\subsection{Spectral type}
\index{spectral type}

The spectral types of stars have been selected in the
Michigan Catalogues of Two-Dimensional Spectral Types for
the HD stars  (Houk N., 1975, and seq.), or in the
bibliographical surveys of MK classifications (Jaschek
M., 1978: CDS Inf. Bull. 15, 121).
In the absence of a full MK classification, the HD
spectral type is recorded.

 Most of the spectral types need
less than 5 characters, but this field can be as long as 36
characters. Complete syntax is given in 
Appendix~\ref{spectral}.

\subsection{Morphological type}
\index{morphological type}

The morphological types of galaxies have been selected
from the Uppsala General Catalogue of Galaxies (UGC,
Nilson 1973), the Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies
(MCG, Vorontsov-Vel'jaminov 1962-68), and other
catalogues (see Dubois, Ochsenbein \& Paturel, 1983).

Complete syntax is given in  Appendix~\ref{morphological}.

\subsection{Proper motion}

The proper motions\index{proper motion} ($\mu_\alpha
\cos\delta, \mu_\delta$) are given in arcsec/year,
together with their standard errors (in $1/1000$ arcsec/year)
within brackets.    

The source is SAO\index{SAO} or other astrometric catalogue
(see {\tt PM}\index{PM} and {\tt SAO} measurements).


\subsection{Dimension of galaxy}
\index{dimension}
 
The following data, when available, are given for
galaxies  (for more details, see Dubois, Ochsenbein \&
Paturel, 1983): 

\begin{tabular}{lp{10cm}}
$ \log D_{25}$   &   is the logarithm of the major axis $a$
expressed in tenths of arc minutes;  \\
$ \log R_{25}$   &   is the logarithm of the ratio $a/b$
where $a$ and $b$ are the major and minor axis;   \\
orientation      &   orientation angle (in degrees)  \\
(inclination)      &   inclination (in units of 15{\deg}
from 0 to 7) 
\end{tabular}

\section{Cross--identifications}
\index{cross identification}\index{identification} 

\subsection{Aliases}

Cross--identifications of stars and galaxies have been
searched for SIMBAD entries from (currently) about 1400 source
catalogues, included, either completely or partially, in
the data base.

The list of {\em aliases\/}, thus constituted, is one of
the unique features of the SIMBAD database.  

%A list of the  catalogues\index{catalogue} used is
%available as a separate document ({\em Catalogue Acronyms
%and Abbreviations in SIMBAD\/}).

The {\fpp info cat} command (described in chapter~\ref{help})
gives access to an on-line database of catalogue descriptions,
which is maintained up--to--date in coordination with the {\em
Dictionary of Nomenclature for Celestial Objects\/} produced at
Observatoire de Paris\index{Observatoire de Paris} and 
Strasbourg by M.-C. Lortet\index{Lortet} et al.\ (1994). 

\subsection{Multiple systems}

It is to be noted that for a double system
in which the components can be observed separately,
SIMBAD will frequently include three entries:  A
and B components, and an additional entry for AB
carrying the observational data and references related
to the system as a whole.


\section{Observational data}

Observational data (also called {\em
measurements\/})\index{measurement} are presently given for
the following measurement types:

\smallarraystretch 
$$\begin{tabular}{|ll|}
\hline 
{\tt CEL}   &Ultraviolet photometry from {\em Celescope}  \\
{\tt Cl.G}  &Cluster of Galaxies  (Abell \& Corwin)\\
{\tt Einstein} &The Einstein Observatory Soft X-ray Source List\\
{\tt GCRV}  &Stellar Radial velocities\\
{\tt GEN}   &$U B V B_1 B_2 V_1 G$ photometry in Geneva photometric system\\
{\tt GJ}    &Absolute magnitudes and spatial velocities of nearby stars.  \\
{\tt Hbet}  &$H_\beta$ index (used in connection with Str\"omgren's uvby
                 photometry)\\ 
{\tt HGAM}  &$H_\gamma$ equivalent width \\
{\tt IRAS}  &IRAS Point Source Catalog \\
{\tt IRC}   &KI photometry from {\em Two Micron Sky Survey}\\
{\tt IUE}   &International Ultraviolet Explorer (Merged Observation Log) \\
{\tt JP11}  &$UBVRIJKLMNH$ 11-colour Johnson's photometry\\
{\tt MK}    &Stellar spectral classification in Morgan-Keenan system  \\
{\tt PLX}   &Trigonometric parallaxes \\
{\tt pm}    &Proper motions (in 1950 equatorial frame)\\
%{\tt PPM}   &Positions and Proper Motions catalogue \\
{\tt pos}   &Equatorial positions \\
{\tt ROT}   &Rotational velocities ($V . \sin i$) \\
{\tt RVEL}  &Radial velocities of extragalactic objects (quasars and galaxies)\\
{\tt SAO}   &Positions and proper motions from SAO catalogue. \\
{\tt TD1}   &Ultraviolet magnitudes from {\em TD1} experiment\\
{\tt UBV}   & $UBV$ photometry in Johnson's photometric system\\
{\tt uvby}  &Photometry in Str\"omgren's photometric system\\
{\tt V*}    &Data related to variable stars\\
{\tt z}     &Redshifts (of distant galaxies and quasars)	\\
\hline 
\end{tabular}$$
\largearraystretch

 For each type, one can retrieve individual data with
their bibliographical references, and, when available,
weighted means computed from existing observed values by
specialists in each data type.

A description of measurement types presently included in
SIMBAD is given in Appendix~\ref{measurement}.
 
\section{Bibliographical references}
\index{bibliography|bold}
\index{reference code|bold}

Bibliography includes references to all published papers
from the journals regularly scanned (currently about 100
titles; the list is given in Appendix~\ref{journal}). 

 Articles are scanned in their entirety,  and references
to all objects mentioned are included in the bibliography.

\subsection{Bibliography}

One of the key features of the SIMBAD astronomical database
is the unique coverage of bibliographical references to objects.
The bibliographic index contains references to stars from
1950 onwards, and to galaxies and all other objects outside
the solar system from 1983 onwards. Presently there are
about 1,500,000 references taken from 85,000 papers
published in the 100 most important astronomical periodical
publications.
The scanning of the literature is made possible through a 
collaboration between the Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 
and Paris, Bordeaux and Strasbourg Observatories, 
which has been described by Lalo\"e (1995).

A code is assigned to each considered paper (we call it a
{\em bibcode}, in our jargon)\index{bibcode}: 
this 19-digit bibcode contains
enough information to locate the article (including year
of publication, journal, volume, page, etc.). The structure
of this code has been defined in close collaboration with the
NED group at NASA/IPAC so that both databases apply the same
coding system (Schmitz et al., 1995). 
It is also used by other data centers and
information systems.

When one retrieves the bibliography of a SIMBAD object, a list
of codes is given, and (according to the options used) these
codes are automatically matched against a bibliographic file
which provides for each citation the full reference, title 
and list of authors.

\subsection{The abstracts}
\index{abstract}

SIMBAD does not include the abstracts of  referenced
papers.  However abstract services are available, and
progress are made to allow easy retrieval of the abstracts
for SIMBAD users (see page~\pageref{abstract}).

An important step, for the CDS, was the creation of an
abstract service for {\em Astronomy \& Astrophysics}
(main journal and Supplement Series) announced in
A\&A, 284, E1 (April 1994).
 This service is made available as part of the
CDS World-Wide Web\index{World-Wide Web} 
server (Egret and Ochsenbein, 1994),
and complements the service already existing for on-line
tables of recent papers (Ochsenbein, 1993).
  
A similar agreement has been implemented with
the Publications of the Astronomical Society of the
Pacific (PASP) for which the abstracts since January 1994
are available.



\subsection{Bibliographic reference coding convention}
\label{bibcode}\index{code}\index{reference code}\index{bibcode}

The bibliographic reference coding convention has been
defined in cooperation with the staff of NASA/IPAC
Extragalactic Database (NED)\index{NED}, at IPAC
(Schmitz et al., 1995). 

Reference codes have the following structure:

\begin{center}
YYYYJJJJJVVVVMPPPPA
\end{center}

where:

\smallarraystretch
\begin{itemlist}{5}{3.5}{1}{0}
\item[YYYY]
Year of the publication.
\item[JJJJJ]
A standard abbreviation for the periodical.
\item[VVVV]
The volume number (for a journal) or one of the following
   abbreviations for another publication:
\begin{tabular}{rl}
  B   &  book  \\
  C   &  catalogue  \\
  P   &  preprint  \\
  R   &  report  \\
  S   &  symposium \\
  T   &  thesis  \\
  U  &  unpublished \\
\end{tabular}
\item[M]
Specific qualifier for a paper:\\
\begin{tabular}{rl}
  L   &  letter  \\
  p   &  pink page  \\
  a-z   &  issue number within a volume   \\
  A-K   &  fascicule number  \\
  Q-Z   &  to distinguish articles on the same page. \\
\end{tabular}
\item[PPPP]
The page number.
\item[A]
The first letter of the name of the first author (or `:' if uncorrect
or incomplete coding).
\end{itemlist}
\largearraystretch

There are some exceptions to these rules, but they are of minor importance.
For a more complete description see Schmitz et al. (1995), or on the
WWW server\index{World-Wide Web}: \\
{\tt http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/refcode.html}.

{\em Example:} 
 {\ttc 1991A\&A...246L..24M} \quad for \quad {\sl Astron. Astrophys., 246,
24, 1991 (L)}, a Letter to the Editor of A\&A, by Motch et al. 


\subsection{Updating}

The bibliography is reasonably complete back to 1950 for
stars, but only to 1983 for nonstellar objects (although
many earlier papers are included for certain objects).  \\
 
  The updating\index{updating} of SIMBAD is a continuous
daily process performed through a collaboration with the
Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris\index{IAP}  and the Paris
and Bordeaux observatories\index{Observatoire de
Paris}\index{Observatoire de Bordeaux}.
  The bibliographers in Paris, Strasbourg, and Bordeaux
input directly to SIMBAD from journals as they are
received in the libraries.  It is therefore highly
probable that the references are completely up to date.

\subsection{Comments in the references}
\index{comment}

Several types of comments are associated with the references
in SIMBAD and normally displayed after the  reference with
the following headings:

\begalist{Dictionary:}

\item [Comments:]  
General comments concerning the reference.
Example:  \\
\verb+  Comments: Table 1, col. 2: FP = CL* NGC 7078 FP+


\item [Notes:]\index{electronic file}\index{abstract}
Includes indications about the existence of associated electronic
tables, or abstracts in the CDS server. These files are currently available
via anonymous {\tt ftp} on {\tt cdsarc.u-strasbg,fr},
or through the World-Wide Web server\index{World-Wide Web}: \\
{\tt http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/CDS.html}.
Papers including no object are also flagged ({\fpp no object}).
Example:   \\
\verb+  Notes: Available at CDS: <table3>+

\item [Dictionary:]
Includes information on how the objects quoted are named in
SIMBAD (comments related to the Dictionary of Nomenclature of
Celestial Objects; see Lortet et al., 1994).\index{dictionary}
Example:   \\
\verb+  Dictionary: Table 3: <CL* NGC 7078 YGBS NNNN> N=1186+


\end{list}

\subsection{Resolving a bibliographical reference code}

It is possible to obtain the complete bibliographical
reference, from the reference code, by typing it in
answer to the {\tt simbad search ->} prompt.

 A reference code can be supplied without indicating all
the fields: the first reference corresponding to the
truncated code will be displayed. However, at least three
digits are needed. Am ampersand ({\tt \&}) should be added
to the truncated bibcode (see chapter~\ref{bibliography}).


%\footnotesize
%
%It is also possible to submit old SIMBAD II reference
%codes. Truncated references can also be written, provided
%they contain at least three characters.
%  For such queries, the new reference code is also given in
%return.
%
%\normalsize


 %\section*{References}
 
\begin{thebibliography}{99}

\bibitem{galaxy}
  Dubois, P., Ochsenbein, F., Paturel, G. (1983),
{\sl CDS Inf. Bull.} {\bf 24}, 125.

\bibitem{WWW} 
Egret, D., Ochsenbein, F. (1994), CDS Inform. Bull. {\bf 44}, 57.

\bibitem{mk-j}
  Jaschek, M. (1978), {\sl CDS Inf. Bull.} {\bf 15}, 121.
 
\bibitem{maj} 
  Lalo\"e, S., Beyneix, A., Borde, S., Chagnard-Carpuat, C.,
Dubois, P., Dulou, M.R., Ochsenbein, F., Ralite, N.,
Wagner, M.J.  (1993), {\sl CDS  Inform. Bull.} {\bf 43}, 57.

\bibitem{maj-lisaii}
  Lalo\"e, S. (1995) in Proceedings of the LISA-II Conference,
{\sl Vistas in Astronomy}, {\bf 39}, 179.

\bibitem{dic2} 
  Lortet, M.C., Borde, S., and Ochsenbein, F. (1994), 
{\sl Astron. Astrophys. Suppl.} {\bf 107}, 193.

\bibitem{ubv}
Mermilliod, J.-C. (1987),  
{\sl Astron. Astrophys. Suppl.} {\bf 71}, 413.

\bibitem{mag-ochs}
Ochsenbein, F. (1974), {\sl Astron. Astrophys. Suppl.} {\bf 15}, 215.  

\bibitem{type}
Ochsenbein, F. and Dubois, P. (1992), in {\em Astronomy from Large Databases, 
II}, 405.

\bibitem{tables}
   Ochsenbein, F. (1993), CDS Inform. Bull. {\bf 42}, 75.

\bibitem{refcode}
 Schmitz, M., Helou, G., Dubois, P.,
	LaGue, C.,  Madore, B., Corwin~Jr, H.~G., Lesteven, S. (1995),
``NED and SIMBAD conventions for bibliographic reference coding'',
 in ``Information \& On-line Data in Astronomy'',
  D. Egret \& M.A. Albrecht (Eds.), Kluwer Acad. Publ., 253.

\end{thebibliography}
 


%=========================================
\chapter{Managing an astronomical object}
%=========================================
\label{astrobj}\index{agent!astrobj}

The present chapter explains how to handle data related to an
astronomical object. Simple object queries have been described
in chapter~\ref{ident}.

You will interact with an \agent{astronomical
object}\index{astronomical object|bold}  agent in several
circumstances:

\begin{itemize}

\item As a result of a query by identifier, the database sets  the
queried astronomical object as current context, which is ready to
be displayed. 

\item After a sample, when you ask the \agent{object
list}\index{object list} agent to display a specific object, this
object will appear as a new agent.

\item You can also \verbe{keep}\index{keep} an object and refer to
it at any moment during the session.

\end{itemize}

\subsection{The object name}
An \agent{astronomical object} agent has a name related to its origin.

After an interrogation by identifier, the agent receives the name 
used to query it, for example: {\tt \{HD 9902\}}. 

In an object list, the \agent{astronomical object} agent  has the name of the 
\agent{object list} agent, followed by the number of the object in the list.

If it is a kept \agent{astronomical object}, you may
give the name yourself in the \verbe{keep} command.

\subsection{The possible actions}

An \agent{astronomical object} agent knows the following actions:

\begin{itemlist}{2}{2}{.5}{0}

\item[\verbe{display}]
Such a command displays\index{display} the astronomical object according to
the  current format (defined by the environment variable FM-STANDARD, 
see chapter~\ref{format}: ``Defining formats''). By default, a very general
format displaying all data is proposed.

The \verbe{display} command accepts, as parameters, names of format entries.
This allows you to get specific data displayed as long as you interact with
the \agent{astronomical object} agent.

The standard format accepts the
following parameters:

\begin{tabular}{lp{9.5cm}}
{\fpp basic}\index{basic}&basic data: object type\index{object type},
            coordinates, magnitudes,
            spectral type (or morphological type), 
            proper motions (or dimensions for galaxies) \\
{\fpp id}\index{id}     & identifier list (aliases) \\
{\fpp data}\index{data} & observational measurements \\
{\fvv cat}\index{catalogue} & measurements from catalogue {\fvv cat} 
      (example: {\ttc UBV} or {\ttc SAO}) \\
{\fpp all}\index{all}   & all the observational measurements \\
{\fpp ndata}\index{ndata} & displays the number of observational measurements \\
{\fpp bib}\index{bib}   & bibliographical codes and text. \\
{\fpp bibcode}\index{bibcode}   & bibliographical codes. Displaying only the codes is
             useful when
             you have a long list of objects, having often common references.
             Each displayed reference code is put in a \agent{reference list}
             agent, and this list will be displayed once automatically at the
             end of the session. It can be also displayed at any moment by
             typing {\fpp reftext} ---a macro command asking \verbe{display}
             to the reflist agent.\\ 
{\fpp nbib}\index{nbib}       & lists the number of references (in the 
             range set by the BIBYEARS\index{bibyears} variable). \\
\end{tabular}

\item[\verbe{keep}]
To keep the astronomical object in the session. If you do not keep it, it
will be replaced by the next one accessed.

Adding a name to the command will change the current name of the agent.

\item[\verbe{bye}]
To leave the \agent{astronomical object} agent\index{bye}.

\end{itemlist}

%=======================================
\chapter{Sampling and defining filters}
%=======================================
\label{filter}\index{filter|bold}\index{agent!filter}

How to create a filter has been briefly described in 
chapter~\ref{sampling}. We give here the full details
as well as the complete list of instructions.

Sampling consists of interrogation of the data bank according to the specific
criteria you define.  Objects are selected according to these criteria and a
list of selected objects is presented. Sampling is done in two steps:

\begin{itemize}
\item
First, you need to choose a name ({\fvv filtername} in the following)
and create a \agent{filter} agent containing the sample criteria written as a
set of instructions. Such \agent{filters} can be kept from one session to
another. So, if the filter already exists, you  just load it into
the session. 
\item
Then, you send a command to \prompto{simbad search ->} with the filter name
as parameter, preceded by a quote character (as explained in
chapter~\ref{sampling}). 
\end{itemize} 

The sample results are managed by an \agent{object list} 
agent (described in chapter~\ref{objlist}).

\section{Defining a filter}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------

You get access to an existing filter, or define a new one, through the 
following command:

\hspace*{1cm} {\fpp session use filter}\quad{\fvv filtername} 

where {\em filtername\/} is the name of the filter
you want to use for sampling the database.

If the filter named {\em filtername\/} already
exists,  it then becomes available in the session, for modification (through
\command{{\fvv filtername}}{set}{}) or immediate use in a query
({\fpp simbad search '}{\fvv filtername}). 

If no filter agent exists under the name {\em filtername\/}, a new
one is created, and the command  \command{{\fvv
filtername}}{set}{} is automatically invoked to allow definition
of  the sampling criteria. This can be done in a line-by-line mode
(entering the criteria one after the other, at the {\tt filtername
set ->} prompt) or through a text editor, by pushing the [CR] key
as an answer to the prompt. Usage of the text editor is described
in chapter~\ref{vi}.

\section{Writing filtering instructions}
%---------------------------------------

A filtering instruction corresponds to one criterion. Each criterion
comprises a keyword and parameters, generally made of a lower limit and
an upper limit or some name. 

\begin{tabular}{ll}
Example:& {\ttc MB 6.5/9.0}\\
        & {\ttc DATA SAO}\\
\end{tabular}

Criteria can be combined in the following way:

\begin{itemize}
\item
Criteria written on different lines correspond to the {\ttc AND}
operator:

\begin{verbatim}
MB 6.5/9.0
DATA SAO
\end{verbatim}

Select all objects having magnitude $B$ between 6.5 and 9.0 {\bf
and} having SAO data.

\item
Criteria written on one line separated by a '{\tt |}' character
correspond to the {\ttc OR} operator:
\begin{verbatim}
MB 6.5/9.0 | MV 6.0/8.5
\end{verbatim}

Select all objects having $B$ magnitude between 6.5 and 9.0 {\bf
or} $V$ magnitude between 6.0 and 8.5.

\item
The {\ttc !} character is a {\ttc NOT} operator for the criteria
concerning basic data other than coordinates, and for catalogues and
measurements: 
\begin{verbatim}
DATA !UBV
MB !6.5/8.0
\end{verbatim}

Select all objects which do {\bf not} have $UBV$ data, and with
$B$ magnitudes which are {\bf not} in the range 6.5 to 9.0 mag.

\end{itemize}

Any number of instructions and criteria may be written in one filter. The
total size of the resulting sample is not limited.

All available instructions for defining a filter are described in the 
next section.


\section{Sampling criteria}
%--------------------------

In this section, we make use of the following conventions:

\begin{tabular}{lp{12cm}}
\keyword{RADIUS} & An underlined word is a keyword and must be written
                   as it is given\\
\begin{alternative} C \\ CG \\ CE \\ \end{alternative} &
                   Represents an alternative. Only one of the 
                   terms may be chosen\\
\default{C}      & Is a default value: if you choose it, you don't need 
                   to type it (example: the letter C --- for equatorial
                    coordinates --- in the CIRCLE or FIELD criteria)\\
\optional{n}     & Shows an optional parameter\\
\end{tabular}

\subsection{Criteria concerned with coordinates and fields.}

{\bf Note:} In general a set of criteria should include some
limitations in coordinates. These limitations allow you to define
a range of coordinate boxes which includes the requested area:
all the objects from these boxes are read 
and checked against the whole set of criteria. 
SIMBAD has been divided for this purpose into small regions
 allowing an optimized access by coordinates.
 
When a set of criteria includes no limits in sky position,
the complete database must be scanned ---a long and
somewhat expensive operation.

\filtercriteria{CIRCLE}
               { \begin{alternative}
                   \default{C}\quad \alpha\quad \delta \\
                    CG\quad  {\ell}_{II}\quad  b_{II}\quad \\ 
                    CE\quad  lon\quad lat\quad \\
                 \end{alternative}
                 \keyword{RADIUS} radius
               }
               {Retrieves all objects in a circle defined by the 
                coordinates of the center (given in equatorial,
    galactic, or ecliptic system) and the radius (in degrees).
  Don't forget the sign of the declination.
                The equinox is defined by the filter criterion
                EQUINOX, see below (default: 1950.0).}
               {CIRCLE 12 30 +75 10 RADIUS 4 30 \\
                CIRCLE CG 120.3 -43.0 RADIUS 6}\index{equinox}

\filtercriteria{FIELD}
               { \begin{alternative}
                   \default{C}\quad \alpha\quad \delta \\
                    CG\quad  {\ell}_{II}\quad b_{II}\quad \\ 
                    CE\quad  lon\quad lat\quad \\
                 \end{alternative}
                 \keyword{DIM} long/lat
               }
               {Retrieves all objects in a rectangle defined by its
                center and full dimensions (in degrees).
                The equinox is defined by the filter criterion
                EQUINOX, see below (default: 1950.0).}
               {FIELD 0 15 -00 0 DIM 5/5}

\filtercriteria{EQUINOX}{$year$}
               {Changes the value of the equinox used in criteria
                CIRCLE and FIELD. Use it only if you want to modify
                 the default value (1950.0).
                It can be written as a decimal number, and should be given
                before the CIRCLE or FIELD criteria.}
               {EQUINOX 2000.0}

\filtercriteria{RA}{$\alpha_0/\alpha_1$}
               {Defines limits in right ascension at equinox 1950.0.}
               {RA 12 30/14 00}

\filtercriteria{DEC}{$\delta_{min}/\delta_{max}$}
               {Defines limits in declination at equinox 1950.0.}
               {DEC -02/+03}

\subsection{Criteria concerning other basic data:}

\filtercriteria{MB}{$B_{min}/B_{max}$}
                   {Limits in $B$ magnitude. They can be given with
                    a precision up to $1/100$.}{MB 0/6.5}

\filtercriteria{MV}{$V_{min}/V_{max}$}
                   {Limits in $V$ magnitude. They can be given with
                    a precision up to $1/100$.}{MV 8.31/8.75}

\filtercriteria{B-V}{$B-V_{min}/B-V_{max}$}
                    {$B-V$ limits. They can be given with
                    a precision up to $1/100$.}{B-V 0.2/0.5}

\filtercriteria{PM}{lower/upper}
                   {Total proper motion limits:
                    $\mu = \sqrt{\mu_\alpha^2+\mu_\delta^2}$.
                    The units are arcsec/yr.}{PM 0.1/1.0}

\filtercriteria{SP}{min/max spectral type}
                   {Limits in spectral types.
                    The specified limits refer to three independent values:
                    temperature class, luminosity class and peculiarities.
                    See also: SPT \& SPL criteria. The way spectral types
                     are coded in SIMBAD is described in 
                    Appendix~\ref{spectral}.}
                   {SP F0I/G5III}

\filtercriteria{SPT}{min/max temperature class}
                    {Limits in temperature class. This specialized
                     criteria can be manipulated more easily 
                     than the general one $SP$.}
                    {SPT B5/A9}

\filtercriteria{SPL}{min/max Luminosity class}
                    {Limits in luminosity class.}
                    {SPL Ia/II}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%\filtercriteria{SPP}{}{\sl Not yet available}{???}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\filtercriteria{OBJECT}{object type}
                    {Selects according to the object type. Possible
                    values are listed in Appendix~\ref{otype} and
                    available on-line by {\fpp info otype}.
The object type classification uses a hierarchy with four levels, 
reflecting our knowledge of the characteristics of the 
astronomical object.
For instance, an object can be classified as a ``Star'' (this is
level 1), as a ``Variable star'' (this
is level 2), as a ``Pulsating variable'' (level 3),
or a ``Cepheid'' (level 4).
This hierarchy of object types (and lists of possible synonyms) is
managed in the database in such a way that selecting variable
stars ({\tt V*}) is understood as selecting objects classified as
{\tt V*}, and all subdivisions (e.g. {\tt PulsV*}, {\tt Mira},
{\tt Cepheid}, etc.).  For more details, see chapter~\ref{contents},
page~\pageref{object-type} and Appendix~\ref{otype}. }
                    {OBJECT G}\index{object type}


\subsection{Criteria concerning catalogues and measurements:}

\filtercriteria{CAT}{catalogue name}
                    {Selects objects only when they have an identifier in
                     the specified catalogue.}
                    {CAT HD {\tt |} SAO {\tt |} GC}
 
\filtercriteria{DATA}{measurement name}
                     {Select those objects which have measurements in the
                      specified catalogue.}
                     {DATA UBV}

\subsection{Criteria concerning bibliography}

\filtercriteria{BIB}{$year_{min}/year_{max}$}
                    {Selects objects having references in the specified 
                     limits.}
                    {BIB 1985/1990}

\subsection{Sort}

\filtercriteria{SORT}{[+/-]$crit1$, [+/-]$crit2$}
                    {Sorts the resulting sample according to a list
                    of sorting criteria.\\
     $+$ is for ascending order; $-$ is for descending order.\\
    Sorting criteria are among the following list: {\tt OTYPE,
    RA, DEC, RADIUS, MB, MV, SP, SPT, SPL, PM, B-V}.
    {\tt RADIUS} is the distance from a center, and applies only
    associated with the {\tt CIRCLE} keyword. Otherwise the
    sorting criteria are independent from the sampling criteria.\\
     The SORT command can be written anywhere in the filter.}
                    {SORT -MB, +SP}




\section{Submitting the sampling query}
%---------------------------------------


This is made by sending to the agent \agent{simbad} the name of
a previously defined filter. The name should be preceded by a quote ({\tt '}).
The reason for that was given in the chapter~\ref{sampling}: ``How to
create a list of objects''. 

Your command will look like:

\prompt{simbad search ->}{\tt '}{\fvv filtername}

{\bf Example}: You have prepared a filter named {\fpp calib} and
containing the following instructions:
\begin{verbatim}
FIELD  18 35.2  +38 44  DIM 5/5
MV  6.5/9.0
DATA UBV | uvby
\end{verbatim}
\prompt{filter set ->}\reply{bye}   

You submit it by replying:

\prompt{simbad search ->}\reply{'calib}

to the main prompt. A list of the astronomical objects belonging to
the given field, and fulfilling the other specified criteria
will be generated.

\bigskip

Sampling generates an \agent{object list} agent. It is available after the
sampling command for displaying objects, be saved, etc. How it works is 
described in the chapter~\ref{objlist}: ``Managing an object list''.



%================================
\chapter{Managing an Object list}
%================================
\label{objlist}\index{object list|bold}\index{agent!objlist}

A SIMBAD query resulting in a list of retrieved objects generates 
an \agent{object list} agent which remains
available after the query. 

This \agent{object list} can be used temporarily, for the duration of the 
session, to display the individual objects it contains. Different ways of
displaying are available. The list can also be kept from one session to the
other, and maintained as a list of interesting objects. You can add
individual objects to such a list, merge different lists generated
independently, and perform several other functions.

These \agent{object list} agents have an automatic or explicit naming
convention.

\section{Object list naming convention}
%--------------------------------------

When making a query which generates an object list, if you do not specify
a name for the \agent{object list} agent, it will be automatically named
according to the following system: the $n$th list generated within a
session is named:

{\tt {\em database\_name}\,-\,list\,$n$}\qquad (ex: {\tt simbad-list1}).

All agents with such names are destroyed at the beginning of the following
session.

You can give an explicit name to an \agent{object list} agent by two ways:

\begin{enumerate}
\item specifying an object list name when submitting the filter query:

\command{simbad}{search}{\fvv filtername\quad objectlistname}

\item or further during the session, by renaming the agent:

\command{{\fvv object\_list}}{name}{\fvv newname}

\end{enumerate}

\agent{Object list} agents having such names are kept from one session to
the other.

\section{Displaying an object list}
%----------------------------------

The command \command{{\fvv object\_list}}{display}{\fvv parameters}
allows to display the objects contained in an object list.

There are three possible parameters:

\begin{tabular}{cp{12cm}}
{\fpp all} & to display all astronomical objects using the current format \\
{\fvv n}   & to display object {\fvv \#n} in the list. \\
{\fvv +n}  & to display {\fvv n} objects from the current one in the list\\
\end{tabular}

\section{Selecting a specific identifier for a list}
%----------------------------------
\label{selectid}\index{selectid}\index{list identifier}

The command {\tt selectid } followed
by the name of a catalogue, for example: \\
  \null \qquad {\tt  selectid  HD}   \\
permits the selection of a specific identifier 
for a list, e.g., the result of a position or sampling 
criteria query.

The effect of this command is to change the list format, and
display the identification from this catalogue in the identification
column, preferably, when the object belongs to this catalogue. 
The identification listed is unchanged for all objects not pertaining to 
the catalogue (i.e. in this case, it is simply selected as the first 
one in the list of aliases 
existing for the object).

Imagine you want to select all the SAO stars in an
area of one degree around a given position. The dialog with
the database will look like:

\small
\begin{verbatim}
simbad search ->/session use filter demo
demo set ->CIRCLE 2 29 -70 49  RADIUS 1
demo set ->CAT SAO
demo set ->bye
simbad search ->'demo
Number of objects found:        9
#1   |  *|CPD-71 122      |02 18 13.3   -70 54 26   |A2V     | 8.7 - 8.7
#2   |  *|CPD-72 181      |02 26 02.0   -71 42 56   |F5V     | 9.5 - 9.1
#3   | **|CPD-70 165      |02 32 26.4   -69 57 48   |F7V     | 9.3 - 8.9
#4   |  *|SKY# 3595       |02 24 46.42  -70 19 35.7 |F0IV    | 8.0 - 7.6
#5   |  *|SRS 18663       |02 26 21.21  -70 07 49.7 |K1II/III|10.0 - 9.1
#6   |  *|CPD-70 164      |02 31 50.5   -70 20 11   |K2III   | 9.4 - 8.2
#7   |  *|CPD-71 138      |02 29 27.8   -71 08 14   |A3m...  | 9.1 - 8.9
#8   |  *|SKY# 3803       |02 33 21.30  -70 59 11.1 |M2III   | 9.5 - 7.9
#9   |  *|SKY# 3945       |02 38 21.89  -70 53 39.7 |K4III   | 8.2 - 6.7
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize
Now, typing  \quad {\tt selectid SAO } will give you
the SAO numbers of the stars retrieved, directly, rather
than giving any of their other names.
\small
\begin{verbatim}
simbad-list1 display ->selectid SAO
simbad-list1 display -> <CR>
#1   |  *|SAO 255872      |02 18 13.3   -70 54 26   |A2V     | 8.7 - 8.7
#2   |  *|SAO 255886      |02 26 02.0   -71 42 56   |F5V     | 9.5 - 9.1
#3   | **|SAO 248596      |02 32 26.4   -69 57 48   |F7V     | 9.3 - 8.9
#4   |  *|SAO 255883      |02 24 46.42  -70 19 35.7 |F0IV    | 8.0 - 7.6
#5   |  *|SAO 255887      |02 26 21.21  -70 07 49.7 |K1II/III|10.0 - 9.1
#6   |  *|SAO 255896      |02 31 50.5   -70 20 11   |K2III   | 9.4 - 8.2
#7   |  *|SAO 255894      |02 29 27.8   -71 08 14   |A3m...  | 9.1 - 8.9
#8   |  *|SAO 255902      |02 33 21.30  -70 59 11.1 |M2III   | 9.5 - 7.9
#9   |  *|SAO 255910      |02 38 21.89  -70 53 39.7 |K4III   | 8.2 - 6.7
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

With the same command you will find easily, after a 
simple query by position all the SAO stars in the list of 
retrieved objects within 1 degree of a given position (assuming 
you have typed {\tt cooradius 1} 
to change the default 10 arcminutes to one degree).

This is also useful for all generic queries (for instance if you list all the
galaxies from the Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies you may find it
helpful to type {\tt selectid APG}). The vertical bar ({\tt |}) can
be used as an OR symbol for a priority list of catalogues (see
also Chapter~\ref{format} for an example of priority list):

{\tt selectid HD | SAO |NGC }

The priority list remains effective throughout the session, unless
it is replaced by a new one. It is possible to restore the default
value (which is the first one in the list of aliases existing for
the object) by typing:

{\tt selectid 1 }


\section{Object list operations}
%-------------------------------

{\bf Note}: {\sl The features of this section are not yet available.}

You can perform several operations on \agent{object list} agents:

\command{{\fvv objlist}}{add}{\fvv astrobject} \\
\command{{\fvv objlist}}{del}{\fvv astrobject} \\
\command{{\fvv objlist1}}{and}{\fvv objlist2} \\
\command{{\fvv objlist1}}{or}{\fvv objlist2} \\
\command{{\fvv objlist1}}{not}{\fvv objlist2} \\


\section{Managing an object list}
%--------------------------------

{\bf Note}: {\sl The features of this section are still under
development.}

Several commands allows you to manage an object list:

\command{{\fvv objlist}}{describe}{}\\
\command{{\fvv objlist}}{kill}{}\\
\command{{\fvv objlist}}{set}{comment \fvv text}\\
\command{{\fvv objlist}}{name}{\fvv newname}\\


%==========================
\chapter{Defining formats}
%==========================
\label{format}\index{format|bold}\index{agent!format}

All output presentation for data, on screen or on file, are defined
through \agent{format} agents.

During a session, three differents formats are used in three
different circumstances:

\begin{itemize}
\item An immediate format\index{immediate format}.\\
It is used for the immediate output when an object is accessed by
identifier or by its number in an \agent{object list}.
\item A standard format\index{standard format}.\\
This format is used while querying data related to a retrieved astronomical
object through the command \command{{\fvv astrobj}}{display}{}. It may
contain named sub--entries which can be given as parameters to the
command.  
\item A list format\index{list format}.\\
Which is used for brief displaying of object list (one line per
object), through the command 
\command{{\fvv objlist}}{display}{all}
\end{itemize}

The software provides default formats for these three usages. As long as
you are satisfied with them, you don't need to read the remainder of this
chapter.


\section{Getting your own formats in the session}
%------------------------------------------------

Defining and using your own formats in SIMBAD is made through the
following steps:

\begin{enumerate}
\item Create or acquire a new format.

There are two ways of doing this:
\begin{itemize}
\item The command

\command{session}{use}{format\quad \fvv formatname}

loads an existing format with the given name. If none exists, then
a \agent{format} agent with this name is created, you receive
the prompt \prompto{format-name set ->} and you may
write the format instructions (see 2.).

\item The command

\command{{\fvv formatname}}{clone}{\fvv new\_name}

copies\index{clone} an existing format (a default format or a format you have
created; in this case it must be loaded in the session by the
previous command), allowing you to modify it, rather
than writing all instructions from scratch.
With this command, you will be
able to copy in your own environment the default formats and edit them.

\end{itemize}

\item Write instructions or edit the format.

This is done through the command:

\command{{\fvv formatname}}{set}{}

You can then choose to enter the format instructions on a line-by-line
basis (as answers to the {\tt formatname set ->} prompt) or enter the editor
(see chapter~\ref{vi}) by first pushing the [CR] key. This will allow you to
display, write or edit the instructions for the format. Note that the last
instruction of your format should be: FIN. 

\item Make the format available to use.

Even when loaded in the session, and having its instructions, a format is 
still inactive: dozen of formats can be present in the session, the
programme needs a way to know which one it should use.

This is done through environment variables\index{environment variable}. Three
variables define the formats to use in the three different cases defined
above. They are\index{FM-IMMEDIATE}\index{FM-STANDARD}\index{FM-LIST}:

\begin{tabular}{lp{11cm}}
FM-IMMEDIATE& for the immediate format used when accessing an object\\
FM-STANDARD & for the standard format used by \\
            & \command{{\fvv astrobj}}{display}{}\\
FM-LIST     & for the format used for lists in tabular form\\
\end{tabular}

You can check the current value of these variables by 
asking the \agent{env} agent to display its variables (chapter~\ref{env}):

\command{env}{display}{}

And you will find, among other variables\footnote{The names of the variables 
(FM-IMMEDIATE, FM-STANDARD, FM-LIST)
are typed in upper case letters. The names of the default formats are
the same names, but written in lower-case letters.}:

\begin{verbatim}
FM-IMMEDIATE="fm-immediate"
FM-STANDARD="fm-standard"
FM-LIST="fm-list"
\end{verbatim}


To link your own format to one or several session formats, you need to 
redefine the corresponding environment variables by the command:

\command{env}{set}{{\fvv VARIABLE} = \fvv yourformat}

where {\em VARIABLE} may be any of the  environment variables described
above\footnote{We recommend using upper-case letters for the variable name and
lower-case letters for the format name}.

From this moment on, your format will become active when needed.

\item Make the format change permanent

We have described how to define new formats and make them available to
the session. But, while the format file will be kept from one session to
another in your directory, it will be replaced by the default formats
at the beginning of a new session, unless you modify your user command file.
This file contains commands which are executed at the beginning of each
session, before you receive the first prompt (it is equivalent to a
{\ttc login.com} file on VMS, a {\ttc .login} or {\ttc .profile}
file on UNIX for instance).

You have access to this file, for editing, through a command addressed to
the \agent{user} agent (see chapter~\ref{user}). The name of
your user agent is {\em your username}:

\command{{\fvv username}}{set}{cmdfile}\index{cmdfile}

which calls the text editor.

To make a format permanently available, you need to enter the following
commands\index{/}\footnote{The `/' character allows you to address a command to an
agent ---session or env, here--- without making it the current agent; the bye is
an answer to the prompt `{\tt yourformat set ->}' generated by the `session
use'} in {\em cmdfile}:

{\ttc
/session use format yourformat  \\
bye  \\
/env set FM-IMMEDIATE=yourformat
 }

to change the immediate format for instance. You can of course change
all formats.

\end{enumerate}


\section{How to build a format}
%----------------------------------------------------

Formatting instructions are written using an embedded text editor
inside SIMBAD software. By default, this editor is the {\it vi} UNIX 
editor (see chapter~\ref{vi}). 

Formatting instructions are written in the order you want the data to appear.
Maximum line length will drive line skips where skips are not explicitly
specified.

There are two kinds of formatting instructions.

\begin{itemize}
\item {\bf data instructions:}\quad
These instructions trigger the display of some data: COO for
coordinates, MES for measurements, etc.
\item {\bf presentation instructions:}\quad
They are concerned with the disposition of data on the output: SKIP to
skip lines, TEXT to insert some general text and so on.
\end{itemize}


A formatting instruction consists of four parts:

\begin{enumerate}
\item {\bf Instruction name}\\
This name defines the instruction, like COO, TEXT, SKIP, etc... The 
complete list is defined below.

\item {\bf General presentation parameters (gparm)}\\
Enclosed in parenthesis, these parameters have the following syntax:

\centerline{\ttc (output-length,  \optional{"introduction text"})}

The {\ttc output-length} is used to give a fixed length to the
displayed data. Otherwise, the length will be adjusted to the
length of the data. This is especially useful for table output.

The {\ttc introduction text} will be written in front of the
corresponding data.

This part of an instruction is optional.

\item {\bf Specific parameters}\\
These parameters depend on the instruction and may have different
syntaxes.  They will be described for each instruction later on.

\item {\bf Subfield definition (subfields)}\\
This part of an instruction allows you to select fields in the data.
You need of course to know exactly how the data are usually displayed to
be able to select the right fields (see Annex~\ref{measurement}). 
%Templates are available for each data type.

Subfield definition has the following syntax:

\centerline{\ttc (pos,lg\optional{,text}\qquad  
             pos,lg\optional{,text}\quad ...)}

As many subfield as you want can be defined. Text should be within quotes.
The order can be modified and   fields can overlap. Each field is defined by its
position {\ttc pos} and its length {\ttc lg}. {\ttc text} is
optional: if present, it will be displayed after the subfield.

Don't use this instruction element if you want the whole data.
\end{enumerate}

Alternative displays:

You can define in a format alternative data to be displayed if one is
absent. This is done by writing the different instructions separated by 
{\tt `|'}.

Examples:

You want to display stars and galaxies in a file. The first have
proper motions, the latter have dimensions. You can display this
information in the same column by writing the instruction:

\begin{verbatim}
PM (24) | DIM
\end{verbatim}

You want a column with one identifier: HD if it exists, SAO if
not, V* if neither HD, nor SAO exist, and lastly, if none of 
these exist, the first  identifier present. This can be done with
the instruction:

\begin{verbatim}
ID  HD | SAO | V* | 1
\end{verbatim}


The following section will contain
the complete list of formatting instructions. For each of them, you
will find the complete syntax and the description of the specific parameters.
An example will also be given.


\section{The formatting instructions}
%------------------------------------------------------

\subsection*{Presentation instructions}


\formatinstr{SKIP \optional{n}}
            {Skip $n$ lines. The default is skip to the next line.}
            {SKIP 3}\index{SKIP}

\formatinstr{TEXT {\tt "}{\fvv text}{\tt "}}
            {The text will be written at the current position. 
          The example shows how to separate columns by a vertical
             line in a table output.}
            {TEXT {\tt "|"}}\index{TEXT}

    Special characters can be inserted, as in C language formats:

\begin{tabular}{lp{3cm}lp{3cm}lp{3cm}}
\verb+\n+   & line feed        &  \verb+\t+  &  tabulation  & \verb+\f+   
          & form feed  \\
\verb+\r+   & carriage return  &  \verb+\b+  &   backspace   & \verb+\a+  
          & alarm (ctrl-G) \\
\verb+\377+ & \multicolumn{5}{l}{Octal number defining any byte.} 
\end{tabular}

\formatinstr{IC 'c' n}
            {Insert the specified character {\fvv c}, $n$ times. 
             Use the example
             to draw an horizontal line 80 char. wide.}
            {IC '-' 80}\index{IC}

\formatinstr{FIN}
            {Finish the formatting programme. This must be the last 
             instruction. It has no parameters.}
             {FIN}\index{FIN}

\formatinstr{\#  {\fvv comment line}}
            {This line is a comment line available, for your own
             use, in the format file. The {\bf COM} keyword has the
             same effect.}
            {\#  This is my first format !}\index{COM}\index{\#}


\formatinstr{LLG  \fvv length}
            {Defines the size of the output record (maximum value: 10240). 
             The default value is 80 characters. \\
             This can be used when creating an output file with the
            `{\tt >}' special command (see chapter~\ref{uif}).} 
            {LLG 132}\index{LLG}\index{record length}

\subsection{Data instructions}


\formatinstr{OBJID \optional{gparm}}
            {Display a general identifier for the astronomical object. It
             depends on the origin of the object.
             If it comes from a query by identifier, then it is
             the identifier which has been given as a search key.
             If it comes from a list, then it is the sequential number of
             the object in the list.\\
             In the following example we leave 10 characters for
             displaying the object identifier.
            }
            {OBJID (10)}\index{OBJID}

\formatinstr{ID [gparm] \begin{alternative}
                                A \quad \optional{*}  \\
                                1       \\
            \optional{+} \quad   {\fvv catname}\quad
                    $ \optional{ N={\fvv nb} {\tt |} \# } $ 
                          \end{alternative}}
            {Display identifiers. The options are:
             \begin{itemize}
             \item {\bf A \optional{*}}\\
             Display all identifiers, with a tabulation value of 25 columns.
             An appended `$*$' suppresses tabulation, and provides a more
             compact display.
     ``{\tt ID} {\em (lg)} {\tt A}"  understands (lg) as the maximum 
        length of the output line, regardless of the parameter LLG.
             \item {\bf 1}\\
             Displays the first identifier, independently from which
             catalogue it comes.
             \item \optional{+} The plus sign can be used to
            force right-justification of identifiers
            (e.g. so that \verb+HD+ \qquad \quad \verb+1+ is justified as 
            \verb+HD 123456+, rather than
        the default \verb+HD 1+). 
             \item {\fvv catname} \\
             Displays the identifier(s) from the specified catalogue.
            \item \optional{ N = {\fvv nb}} \quad \optional {\#}
            \\
             N={\em nb\/} \quad may limit the number of occurrences 
            of ids 
            from the catalogue {\fvv catname}, in exceptional cases 
            when several identifiers
            from the same catalog do exist; \\
            the number of identifications
            can itself be displayed by {\fvv catname} {\tt \#} .  \\
             \end{itemize}
            }
            {ID A  \\
             ID HD {\tt |} SAO {\tt |} NGC
            }\index{ID}

\formatinstr{COO \optional{gparm} 
              \begin{alternative} Q \\ G \\ E \\ \end{alternative}
            \optional{1{\tt |}2} \optional{D{\tt |}R}
            \optional{{\fvv equinox}} \optional{{\fvv precision}}}
            {Equatorial (Q) ---default value---  Galactic (G)
              or Ecliptic (E) coordinates. \\
            The default value for the equinox is 1950.0. It can
             be written as a decimal number.\par
             The precision is a code which can have the following values:
             \smallarraystretch\par
             $$\begin{tabular}{|c|l|}   \hline
             code & definition \\   \hline
               0  &   1      $^o$  \\
               1  &   1/10   $^o$  \\
               2  &   1      '   \\
               3  &   1/10   '   \\
               4  &   1      "   \\
               5  &   1/10   "   \\
               6  &   1/100  "   \\
               7  &   1/1000 "   \\   \hline
             \end{tabular}$$
             \largearraystretch

             If not specified, the precision will be the one associated with
             the coordinates in the database. The letter {\fpp p} instead
             of a code 
             generates the display of the SIMBAD precision code, within
             parentheses. \\
             A precision code followed by a `!' force the coordinates to
             the given value even if it is smaller in SIMBAD. 

Equatorial coordinates display can be completed with the following
          parameters:
\begin{itemize}
\item       1{\tt |}2  designates the first (R.A) or second (DEC) coordinate
                          allowing to display only one of the cordinates;
\item       D{\tt |}R  allows choice of units as (decimal) Degrees or
                          Radians.
\end{itemize}
           }
            {COO  (27,{\tt "}Eq. coord = {\tt "}) \quad Q \quad 1990.0 
            \quad 4 \\
             COO (27) 1950.0 \quad 5!\\
            COO \quad Q1 \quad D}
\index{COO}

\formatinstr{MAG \optional{gparm}  \optional{subfields}}
            {Displays the magnitudes contained in the basic data field.}
            {MAG (8,{\tt "}mb={\tt "}) (1,6)    \qquad   ... will display 
             MB on 8 chars}\index{MAG}

\formatinstr{PM \optional{gparm}  \optional{subfields}}
            {Displays the proper motions contained in the basic data
             field.}
            {PM (20)}\index{PM}

\formatinstr{DIM \optional{gparm}  \optional{subfields}}
            {Displays the dimensions of galaxies contained in the basic data
             field.}
            {DIM (20)}\index{DIM}

\formatinstr{SP \optional{gparm}  \optional{{\fvv length}}}
            {Displays the spectral type stored as basic data.

             {\fvv length} defines the number of bytes that are
              displayed.
              Most of the spectral types need less than 5 chars, but
              this field can be as long as 36 chars. Default length is 10
              chars. A different value can be given in the
              {\it gparm} field in the sense that you can display 10 chars 
              of a spectral type in a  20 char wide column.}
             {SP 15}\index{SP}


\formatinstr{MT \optional{gparm}  \optional{length}}
            {Displays the morphological type of galaxies. 

             Same syntax as {\bf SP}.}
             {MT 10}\index{MT}

\formatinstr{OBJECT \optional{gparm} \optional{E}}
            {Displays the object type (star or galaxy) as follows:
             $*$ (star), G (Galaxy), G$*$ (star in external galaxy),
             or {\tt ?} (other non-stellar object).
              
             The {\bf E} (Extended) option displays the object type
             as a full word (star, galaxy).}
            {OBJECT (2)}\index{OBJECT}\index{object type}

\formatinstr{OTYPE \optional{gparm} 
           \begin{alternative} S \\ E \\ V \\ N \\ \end{alternative}
            \optional{1..4}}
            {Displays the object type (object classification) in
             {\bf S}hort display (less than 6 chars), 
             {\bf E}xtended display (can be up to 20 chars),
             {\bf N}umeric form,
          or {\bf V}erbose display (extensive explanation).
              \\
             1 to 4: level of the object type classification scheme
            to which the object type is to be displayed, see
            Appendix~\ref{otype}.}
            {OTYPE S4}\index{OTYPE}\index{object type}

\formatinstr{MES [gparm] 
             \begin{alternative} A \\ {\fvv cat} \\ \end{alternative}
             \begin{alternative} F \\ M \\ A \\ N \\ \end{alternative}
             \optional{ S }
             \optional{ H }
             \optional{ B \optional{{\fvv y1} \optional{,{\fvv y2}}}} 
             \optional{subfields}}
            {Display measurements. The different options are:\\
             \begin{itemize}
             \item First option 
                       \begin{alternative} A \\ cat \\ \end{alternative}
             \qquad{\bf A}ll catalogues, or the one specified by its name.
           The standard formats use here the environment variable {\fpp
           MESCAT} (default value: {\bf A})\index{MESCAT}.
             \item Second option
                       \begin{alternative} F \\ M \\ A \\ N \\
                                             \end{alternative}
             \qquad To select {\bf F}irst, {\bf M}ean or {\bf A}ll
            measurements, or give the {\bf N}umber of measurements. 
             If no mean value exists, the first measurement is displayed.
           The standard formats use here the environment variable {\fpp
           MESTYP} (default value: {\bf A})\index{MESTYP}.
             \item Third option
                       \optional{ S } \qquad To {\bf S}kip a line
               after the display of each catalogue.
             \item Fourth option
                       \optional{ H } \qquad To print the column {\bf
               H}eaders.
             \item Fifth option
                       \optional{ B 
                             \optional{{\em y1} \optional{,{\em y2}}}}
             To display the bibliographic text immediately, and eventually
             restrict the one displayed by limiting the year range
             ({\sl not yet implemented}).
             \end{itemize}
            }
            {MES PLX A \\
              MES  MESCAT  MESTYP  H}\index{MES}

\formatinstr{REF \optional{gparm}
                 \begin{alternative}
                     \# \\ {\fvv nb} \\ T \\ F \\
                 \end{alternative}
                 \optional{{\fvv y1},{\fvv y2}}}
            {Display bibliographical reference information according to
             the following options:
             \begin{itemize}
               \item {\bf \#}\\
               displays the number of references. 
               \item {\fvv nb}\\
               displays $nb$ reference codes (bibcodes) by line.\\
               These codes are collected by a \agent{reference list} agent.
               The command {\fpp reftext} resolves,
               once for each bibcode, the reference text. This is automatically
               triggered at the end of a session.
               \item {\bf T}\\
               displays immediately the text for each reference.
               \item {\bf F}\\
This option allows full flexibility in the presentation
        of the reference, using a C -like format with the keywords: \\
\begin{tabular}{lp{5cm}lp{5cm}}
        \%C & reference code     &       \%T  & title  \\
        \%A & author list        &       \%E  & erratum/addendum  \\
        \%J & journal            &       \%N  & note/comment \\
\end{tabular}
               \item {\bf \optional{{\fvv y1},{\fvv y2}}}
               Limits the display to the specified year limits.
             \end{itemize}
            }
            {}
\begin{verbatim}
REF T
REF F "authors: %A\nJournal: %J\nTitle: %T\n\n" 1900/1993
\end{verbatim}\index{REF}

\bigskip

Chapter~\ref{default} gives the full printout of the three main default
formats. These formats can be used as templates.

\subsection{Example}

In the following example we will produce a format giving, in one line per
object, a selected identifier, coordinates in a unified format (to the
tenth of arcsec.), magnitudes and object type.
The identifier will be chosen in the following catalogues (in that
order): HD, BD, CD, CPD, V*, NGC, IC, or  the first one
appearing in the database.

In order to create the above format as {\fpp ff}, and replace the
default (immediate) format by this one, the following command sequence can
be used: 

{\tt simbad search ->} {\fpp /session use format ff}  \\
{\tt ff set ->} \\
\mbox{}\qquad {\em here, type \CarriageReturn, then {\bf i} for
      input mode, then enter the text of the format:}  
\begin{verbatim}
ID(20) HD|BD|CD|CPD|V*|WD|GD|NGC|ID IC|1
TEXT "|"
COO (27) 1950.0 5! | IC ' ' 27
TEXT "|"
MAG (16) (1,16," ") | IC ' ' 17
TEXT "|"
OBJECT (2)
FIN
\end{verbatim}
\mbox{}\qquad {\em type [esc] then {\bf :wq} for leaving the editor}  \\   
{\tt ff set ->} {\fpp bye} \\
{\tt simbad search ->} {\fpp /env set FM-IMMEDIATE=ff}

Interrogating SIMBAD for one object we get the following output:
\begin{verbatim}
simbad search -> HR 5999  
HD 144668           |16 05 12.78  -38 58 22.7   | 7.41    7.05|*
\end{verbatim}
 

%==============================
\chapter{Environment variables}
%==============================
\label{env}\index{env|bold}\index{environment variable}

The SIMBAD software  uses a certain number of general parameters, 
which are
made available to the user through environment variables:
easy commands allow the user to modify the default values
of these parameters (query radius, year range, 
display format, etc.).

These variables are maintained by an agent called \agent{env}. 
Actions that can be requested are: 
\verbe{display}  and 

\begin{itemlist}{2}{2}{.5}{0}

\item[\verbe{display}] to get the list of the
currently defined variables,

\item[\verbe{set}] to define a new variable or
modify an existing one, and

\item[\verbe{bye}] to leave the environment agent.


\end{itemlist}

The command {\fpp env display} gives the following display,  
showing
the default values of all system defined variables:

\begin{verbatim}
BIBYEARS = "1850/1999"
COOEQUINOX = "1950.0"
COORADIUS = "0 10"
EDITOR = "vi"
EQUINOX1 = "1950.0"
EQUINOX2 = "2000.0"
FM-BIBLIOGRAPHY = "fm-bibtxt"
FM-IMMEDIATE = "fm-immediate"
FM-LIST = "fm-list"
FM-STANDARD = "fm-standard"
LISTID = "1"
MESCAT = "A"
MESTYP = "A"
\end{verbatim}


You can modify all these variables. You can also have them permanently modified
by writing the corresponding commands in your user command file. This
is described in the section ``Getting your own formats'' of the 
chapter~\ref{format}: ``Defining formats''.

You can also create new variables (to be used in your own formats
for instance).

\bigskip

Here is a short description of these variables (for more information use
the index at the end of this User's
Guide):\index{BIBYEARS}\index{COOEQUINOX}\index{COORADIUS}\index{EDITOR}
\index{EQUINOX1}\index{EQUINOX2}\index{FM-IMMEDIATE}\index{FM-LIST}
\index{FM-STANDARD}\index{MESCAT}\index{MESTYP}

\begin{tabular}{lp{11cm}}
BIBYEARS     & Used in default formats to set up the limits of years
               when displaying the bibliography. \\ 
COOEQUINOX   & Equinox of input coordinates in query by coordinates \\
COORADIUS    & Radius used in query by coordinates (degrees) \\
EDITOR       & Editor used for format, filter or user command file
               editing\\
EQUINOX1     & First equinox. This variable is used by all default formats\\
EQUINOX2     & Second equinox. This variable is used to display a second set of
               equatorial coordinates in the default standard format\\
FM-IMMEDIATE & Immediate format definition (see chapter~\ref{format})\\ 
FM-LIST      & List format definition\\
FM-STANDARD  & Standard format definition\\
MESCAT       & Measurement catalog(s) to display. This is a variable used
               by the default standard format (see chapter~\ref{format})\\ 
MESTYP       & Type of measurement to display. This is a variable used
               by the default standard format\\
\end{tabular}

These variables can be used inside a format (or filter):
an example is MESCAT and MESTYP, used in the {\ttc fm-standard} 
default\index{fm-standard} format. In this case, if you modify these variables
using the command \command{env}{set}{VAR=\fvv value},  the format itself (for
instance {\ttc fm-standard}) will not be immediately modified,
unless you type  the command  \command{format}{compil}{}. And that
would have to be done for each format using that variable.

In this case, we recommend use of the command
\command{session}{define}{agent-class\quad {\fvv variable}={\fvv
value}}\index{session!define} which modifies  the corresponding
environment variable {\bf and} recompiles all formats or filters present in the
session.

Example:
\begin{verbatim}
/session define format BIBYEARS=1992/1996
\end{verbatim}


%=====================
\chapter{The session}
%=====================
\label{session}\index{session|bold}\index{agent!session}

The \agent{session} agent manages the interaction between the user and
all other agents in the programme.

\begin{enumerate}

\item {\bf For ending the session:}
%-----
You have to ask the \agent{session} agent to \verbe{exit}:

\command{session}{exit}{}\\
This can also be done by typing \replyo{stop}.

\item {\bf For accessing or creating new agents in a session:}
%-----

This is done through a command like:

\command{session}{use}{\fvv agent-class\quad agent-name}

The agent classes for which such a command is available are:

\smallarraystretch
\begin{tabular}{lp{13cm}}
database \qquad &to have access to another simbad-like database \\
format          &to load or create a new format agent\\
filter          &to load or create a new filter agent\\
objlist         &to recall a previously created object list\\
\end{tabular}
\largearraystretch

\item {\bf For modifying format or filter variables}

Formats and filters can contain environment variables (as described
in chapter~\ref{env})
such as: MESCAT, MESTYP,  etc.\index{environment
variable|bold}\index{MESCAT}\index{MESTYP}
 If you modify these variables using
the command \command{env}{set}{VAR=\fvv value}, 
the format itself will not be immediately modified, unless you type 
the command  \command{format}{compil}{}\index{compil}. 
And that would have to be done for
each format using that variable.

The command \command{session}{define}{\fvv agent-class\quad
variable=value}\index{session!define} modifies (or creates)
the corresponding environment variable and recompiles all formats or
filters present in the session.

\end{enumerate}


%=====================================
\chapter{Managing the user interface}
%=====================================
\label{uif}\index{uif|bold}\index{user interface}\index{agent!uif}

The present document describes the user interface as available
for simple terminals (VT100), as opposed to XWindow terminals,
for which a specific {\tt XSimbad}\index{XSimbad} application is available.
If you have access to an X-terminal or a workstation, please
refer to page~\pageref{xsimbad}, or to the World-Wide Web 
service of the CDS to find out how
to import and install {\tt XSimbad} as a local application
on your own workstation.

\section{The user interface agent}

The user interface (\agent{uif}) agent is used for
managing the input/output aspects
of SIMBAD. It is based on Proteus/Termwindows\index{Proteus/Termwindows}, an
uif toolbox for input/output software, developed at ESO and ST-ECF (Garching).

This agent presently provides two 
modes of input/output:

\begin{enumerate}
 \item  {\bf a line-by-line (tty) mode}\index{tty mode} which 
     can be used on any kind of terminal. It allows line by line
     prompting and answering. Every display is done line by line.
     This is presently the default value. 

 \item  {\bf a full-screen mode:}\index{full screen mode} designed for
    VT100 terminals, and
     which makes use of the Proteus/Termwindows tools. Prompts, data
     displays, error displays, auxiliary information display, are done on
     different independent windows.
\end{enumerate}

It is possible to change the input/output mode,
but also to modify the source of the input (either terminal keyboard or file)
and the output (screen or/and  file). 

The page display mode (either page by page [20 lines] or continuous) can also
be controlled.

Most of the commands are emulated by macro.

\section{The user interface commands}

The user interacts with the \agent{uif} agent with two verbs:
\verbe{bye}\index{bye} (standard), and \verbe{set}.
The command \command{uif}{set}{}  accepts the following parameters:

\begin{itemize}
\item {\fpp screen}\index{screen}      \qquad
This parameter has the possible values :
    {\fpp simple}\index{simple}, {\fpp usual}\index{usual} \quad
    (may be abbreviated as {\fpp s} and {\fpp u}) which select 
     respectively the tty and full-screen mode.

The same result can be obtained with the  macros
(see chapter~\ref{macro}): {\fpp tty}\index{tty}
 and {\fpp full}\index{full}.

{\em Example:}  here are three equivalent ways to restore the
default screen interface\footnote{The `/' character used in the
macro instruction allows you to send a command to an agent without
making it the current agent (and thus staying, for instance, at
the {\tt simbad search ->} prompt).}\index{/}: 
\begin{verbatim}
 /uif set screen simple 
 /uif set s s
 tty 
\end{verbatim}

\item {\fpp screenoutput}\index{screenoutput} \qquad
this parameter has two possible values {\fpp yes} or {\fpp no}.
The command {\fpp /uif set screenoutput yes}, emulated by the macro {\fpp
displayed} allows output on the screen (default value).  
The command {\fpp /uif set screenoutput no}, emulated by the macro 
{\fpp undisplayed} stops the  screen display (this is something you may
wish to do in order to save time while storing the results from
SIMBAD into a log file ---see chapter~\ref{log}). 

{\em Example:}  here are three equivalent ways to stop
the  text display: 
\begin{verbatim}
 /uif set screenoutput no
 /uif set s n
 undisplayed
\end{verbatim}

\item  {\fpp fileoutput}\index{fileoutput} \qquad
This parameter has two possible values {\fpp incre} and {\fpp decre} and
requires an additional parameter:  {\fvv filename}.

The command {\fpp /uif set fileoutput incre file1.dat} emulated by 
{\fpp `$>$ file1.dat'} opens the file {\ttc file1.dat} and forces
the output  to be directed in this file. Actually, the effect of
the $>$ macro command is also to stop the output on the screen.  

 The command {\fpp /uif set fileoutput decre}  emulated by $>\mid$ closes
 the last file opened. These commands can be nested (a pile of output files
 is managed).
 The effect of $>\mid$ is also to redirect the output on the screen.

 An important example is the use of these commands for managing a log
file of name {\ttc simbad.log} through the macro
commands\index{log}\index{sendlog}: \\ 
\begin{tabular}{ll}
{\fpp log} &  keeps a log of the session in a file `simbad.log' \\
{\fpp sendlog}  {\fvv user@node.domain} & sends the log file through e-mail
         (Internet) \\ 
{\fpp sendlog} {\fvv  node::user} &  \qquad  (or  SPAN/Decnet) \\
\end{tabular}

The {\fpp sendlog} instruction closes the file, before sending it to
the mailer.


{\em Example:} How to record the information  available
for R Aquarii in a file named raqr.dat:
\begin{verbatim}
 /uif set fileoutput incre raqr.dat
 simbad search  R Aqr
 all 
  >|
\end{verbatim}

\item {\fpp inputfile}\index{inputfile} \qquad 
This parameter has two possible values {\fpp incre} and {\fpp decre} 
and requires an additional parameter,  ``{\fvv filename}".

 The command {\fpp /uif set inputfile incre file1.com} forces the commands 
to be read in the file {\ttc file1.com}. 
It can be emulated by $<$ {\fpp file1.com.}. 

The command {\fpp /uif set inputfile decre} stops the reading of the commands
in the last opened input file. It can be emulated by  $<\mid$ or forced by
the end of the input file.
These commands can be nested.
This command can be used for running a full set of
commands prepared in advance and stored in a file.


\item  {\fpp page}\index{page} \qquad
   This parameter has two possible values:

\begin{description}
 \item[{\fpp yes}]  (the default value)  generates an output
display page by page, with the question: \\
\prompt{Do you want to see more ?} \\ 
being prompted after 20 lines (to which you can answer: {\fpp y}es,
{\fpp n}o, or {\fpp c}\index{c} ---this last one generates the
continuous mode).    

\item[{\fpp no}]   generates a continuous display (recommended
when you are having a log file, see chapter~\ref{log}).
\end{description}

These commands are emulated by the following
macros\index{page}\index{cont}:\\ 
{\fpp /uif set page yes} by the macro {\fpp page},\\ 
{\fpp /uif set page no } by the macro {\fpp cont}.

{\em Example:}  here are three  ways to stop
the  page by page display; the first two are equivalent
and modify the environment, while the third one 
(in answer to the mentioned prompt) triggers a continuous
display only in the specified context:
\begin{verbatim}
 /uif set page no
 cont
 Do you want to see more ? c
\end{verbatim}


\end{itemize}

%=====================
\chapter{The user Agent}
%=====================
\label{user}\index{user|bold}

The user agent allows  handling  information related
to the user profile. The main usage is for storing
personal format of macro in the file {\tt user.cmd}.

\section{Modifying the user's profile}

We  describe in chapter~\ref{format} how to define a new
format and make it available to the session. But, while the
format file is kept from one session to another in your
directory, it will be replaced by the {\em default} formats each
time you begin a new session, unless you modify your personal 
{\em user command file}. 
This file contains commands which are executed at the
beginning of each session, before you receive the first prompt 
(it is equivalent to a {\ttc .login}
or {\ttc .profile} file on UNIX for instance).

You have access to this file, for editing, through 
the following command, where the name of
the agent is {\em your userid}:

\command{{\fvv userid}}{set}{cmdfile}\index{cmdfile}

 In the following
example we assume your userid is {\tt tv453ab} and
we show how to modify the default value of the equinox of
coordinates from 1950 to
2000\index{equinox}\footnote{The
`/' character used in the macro instruction sends a command to an
agent without making it the current agent}:

{\tt simbad search ->} {\fpp tv453ab set cmdfile} \\ 
{\tt tv453ab set ->} \\ 
\mbox{}\qquad {\em here,  enter the following text:}
\begin{verbatim}
#  The default equinox will be 2000
/env set COOEQUINOX = "2000.0"
equi1  2000.0
equi2  1950.0
\end{verbatim}  
\mbox{}\qquad {\em type [esc] then {\fpp :wq} for leaving the
                   editor} \\ 

{\tt tv453ab set ->} {\fpp bye} 

The same procedure can be used for storing customized
macro commands (see chapter~\ref{macro}).

\section{The user agent commands}

 The \agent{user} agent allows management and display of various
parameters associated with the user's personal
profile: full name, address, creation date,
 privileges, etc.
     It is possible for a user to interact  with his/her user agent
(whose name is the simbad {\em userid} of the user) with the following 
verbs: \verbe{display}, \verbe{modify}, \verbe{write}, \verbe{set}, 
\verbe{bye}.

\begin{itemlist}{2}{2}{.5}{0}

\item[\verbe{bye}]   has the standard effect (leaving the agent). 

\item[\verbe{display}] 
      displays all the information related to the user 
({\em up to now these fields are {\em not} used;
the data related to individual users are handled
in a different way}).
 
\item[\verbe{modify}] 
      This verb allows to modify data related to the user.\index{SPAN}\index{Internet}\index{Bitnet}
       It accepts the following parameters :
                U for username, 
                P for password, 
                S for Span address, 
                P for PSDN address, 
                E for Electronic mail Address, 
                A for postal address. 

These parameters are to be followed by the new value.
{\em Again: this information is currently not used. 
The user can change his/her password by invoking the command {\fpp
password} within SIMBAD}.


\item[\verbe{write}] 
        Saves the (eventually) modified user characteristics in the
 user file.

\item[\verbe{set}] 
       With this verb and the {\bf cmdfile}
parameter\index{cmdfile|bold}\index{user.cmd|bold}, you can edit and modify your
{\ttc user.cmd} file. This allows you to
store customized default formats and parameters.
An example was given in the previous section.

\end{itemlist}



%===================================
\chapter{The internal Mail facility}
%===================================
\label{mail}\index{mail|bold}\index{agent!mail}

    A \agent{mail} agent manages the messages between the CDS and
    the user. 
This comes as a complement to the standard way of sending a message
(through electronic mail to {\ttc question@simbad.u-strasbg.fr} or
{\ttc simbad::question}.
     For sending back files to or from your home computer see
chapters~\ref{idlist} and \ref{log}). 

The user can
interact with the \agent{mail} agent with the verbs:  \verbe{send},
\verbe{read}, \verbe{save}, \verbe{bye}.

\begin{itemlist}{2}{2}{.5}{0}

\item[\verbe{send}] 
     This verb allows the user to send a line of message to the CDS.
     After the first line, type \CarriageReturn\ for a
     second line and so on.
     To finish the input of the mail and send it effectively it is
     necessary to type {\bf bye}\index{bye} at the beginning of a line. 

\item[\verbe{read}] 
     This verb allows the user to read a message from the CDS
     or to be informed that there is no message. 

\item[\verbe{save}] 
     This verb allows the user to save the content of the message
     from the CDS in a file, the name of which can be chosen.

\item[\verbe{bye}] 
     This verb has the standard effect, except after \verbe{send} when
    it sends the mail effectively to the user, before producing the standard
     effect (i.e. leaving the mail agent).

\end{itemlist}

%========================
\chapter{Macro language}
%========================
\label{macro}\index{macro|bold}\index{agent!macro}

The macro language is a feature that allows expert users to define their own
commands in SIMBAD, generally by combining several basic commands.

It uses a simple mechanism of text substitution during command analysis. 
By this way, it is even possible to completely modify the standard mode 
of querying SIMBAD and interacting with the agents.

\section{Some definitions}

Every command is made of a succession of words separated by spaces.
During parsing of a command, the system looks for words
corresponding to a macro definition. If such a definition exists,
the word in the command is replaced by the definition of the
macro. Moreover, if the macro is defined with parameters, the
words following the macro name in the command are used as
parameters.

A macro is written like simple commands, eventually with
arguments (parameters):
parameters which will be given at execution time are replaced by
{\fpp \$}$n$, where $n$ represents the n$th$ argument (arguments
are words separated by one or several spaces) 
following the macro name at execution time. 
In the second example below, myformats is recognized as a macro 
name, \$1 is substituted by {\it myimmformat} and
\$2 is substituted by {\it mylistformat}.

The following special characters can be used:

\begin{itemlist}{2}{2}{.5}{0}

\item[{\fpp \$}]
{\fpp \$}$n$   substitutes the n$th$ argument (word) 
following the macro name;  {\fpp \$\$}$n$ substitutes
the whole string of arguments from the $n$th to the end.

\item[{\fpp ;}] 
The semi-colon ({\fpp ;})\index{;} is a command separator, 
allowing one to write several commands on the same line. 
It is recommended to use  quotes surrounding the complete 
definition of the macro in order to avoid the analyzer
taking this semi-colon into account during the macro definition. 

\item[{\fpp --}] 
The `--'\index{--} character at the end of a line is an
indication that the command continues on the next line.

\item[{\fpp /}] 
The `/'\index{/} at the beginning of a command sends the
command to an agent without making it the current agent,
thus avoiding to modify the current context.

\end{itemlist}

Macros are maintained by an agent called \agent{macro}. It
is of the  same agent class as the \agent{env} agent. So the same
actions are available: \verbe{display} for displaying the list of
existing macros and
\verbe{set} to modify an existing macro or create a new one.

\section{Some examples}

\begin{itemize}

\item
By defining:

\command{macro}{set}{stop = session exit}

you may modify the ordinary way of quitting a session: you can now
type \verbe{stop}, rather than typing the complete command
\command{session}{exit}{}

This is an example of macro without parameters.

\item
You want sometimes to modify both the list format and the
immediate format. This needs normally two commands:

\begin{verbatim}
env set FM-IMMEDIATE = myimmformat
env set FM-LIST = mylistformat
\end{verbatim}

You can simplify these commands by defining the following macro:

\begin{verbatim}
macro set myformats = "/env set FM-IMMEDIATE = $1 ; -
                        /env set FM-LIST = $2"
\end{verbatim}

and then use the command at any moment during a session:

\begin{verbatim}
myformats myimmformat mylistformat
\end{verbatim}

\item
You want to interrogate a certain number of objects, obtaining only
data given by the {\em immediate} format ---eventually your own
one---, but you would like to avoid having to type
\verbe{bye}\index{bye} after each interrogation to leave the
\agent{astronomical object} agent. You can do this by defining the
following macro:

\begin{verbatim}
macro set look = "$$1 ; bye"
\end{verbatim}

As defined here, this macro must be used in conjunction with the
\prompto{simbad search ->} prompt:

\prompto{simbad search ->}\reply{look SAO 234}
\hspace*{1cm}... data displayed ...\\
\prompto{simbad search ->}\reply{look SAO 248}
\hspace*{1cm}... 

\verb+$$1+ is used here, rather than \verb+$1+ to indicate that
all words typed after the command name must be used as
substitution. This is needed here, because we substitute an
identifier which consists of a variable number of fields separated
by spaces.

\end{itemize}

These three examples show you how powerful such macros can be. You can
of course build your own macros and have them permanently present in your 
sessions by putting them in your user command file
(see chapter~\ref{user}).

\section{The system--defined macro commands}

A certain number of macros are defined at the system level. You can see
them with the command \command{macro}{display}{}. You can also
replace them by your own definitions.

\prompto{macro display ->}\CarriageReturn
\small
\begin{verbatim}
basicdata = "/env set FM-IMMEDIATE=fm-immediate; /env set FM-LIST=fm-immediate"
bibliography = "/env set FM-IMMEDIATE=fm-refs; /env set FM-LIST=fm-refs"
bibyears = "/session define format BIBYEARS = $$1"
catalog = "session define format MESCAT = $1 ; format MESTYP = $2 ; bye ; data"
cont = "/uif set p n"
cooequi = "/env set COOEQUINOX = $1 ; /env set MAJEQUINOX = $1"
cooequinox = "/env set COOEQUINOX = $1 ; /env set MAJEQUINOX = $1"
coolist = "/session host prepcoolist $1 > coolist.tmp ; -
      /uif set i i coolist.tmp; /session host rm coolist.tmp"
cooradius = "/env set COORADIUS = $$1"
coord = "$$1 ; bye"
displayed = "/uif set s y"
equi = "/session define format EQUINOX1 = $1"
equi1 = "/session define format EQUINOX1 = $1"
equi2 = "/session define format EQUINOX2 = $1"
findgsc = "/session host /usr/local/bin/findgsc $$1"
full = "/uif set s u"
fullhelp = "full ; /hhelp display ; tty"
help = "/hhelp display"
ident = "simbad search $$1; bye"
idlist = "/session host prepidlist $1 > idlist.tmp ; - 
      /uif set i i idlist.tmp; /session host rm idlist.tmp"
info = "/session host infoless '$$1'"
infocat = "/session host grep -i \'$$1\' /usr1/dbsimbad/note_cat | more"
listdata = "/env set FM-IMMEDIATE=fm-list; /env set FM-LIST=fm-list"
log = "/uif set f i simbad.log"
lookbib = "macro off; /session host /xb3a/local/bin/simbib $$1; macro on; bye"
maxdata = "/env set FM-IMMEDIATE=fm-standard; /env set FM-LIST=fm-standard"
page = "/uif set p y"
pageno = "/uif set p N"
password = "/Session host passwd"
quit = "session exit"
reftext = "/simbad-reflist display"
selectid = "/session define format LISTID=$1"
sendlog = "/uif set f d ; /session host mail $1 < simbad.log "
stop = "session exit"
tty = "/uif set s s"
undisplayed = "/uif set s n" 
_email = "/session host /usr/local/bin/email"
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

%===============================
\chapter{Using the text editor}
%===============================
\label{vi}\index{vi|bold}\index{text editor|bold}

\def\viR{$(\star)$\ }
\def\viC{$\wr\cdots\wr$}		% Represents a Cursor Movement

Some functionalities in SIMBAD software make use of a text editor. 
This concerns mainly \agent{filter} and \agent{format} \verbe{set}, and the
access to the user initial command file.

Presently, the editor called by default is `{\em vi}';
{\em emacs} is also available. 
Your choice of the editor is defined through the environment 
variable  EDITOR\index{EDITOR}, with default value  {\em vi}.


{\em vi } is the standard editor delivered with every UNIX system.
You will not  find here a complete description of it, but rather a
subset sufficient for  its use in SIMBAD. More details can be
found in the UNIX literature.

\section{Basics}

The most important thing to know about {\em vi} is that it has two modes:
\begin{itemize}
\item a {\bf command mode}
in which each keystroke is related to an action to be executed;
\item an {\bf input mode}
in which a keystroke effectively inserts the corresponding character into your
text, at the cursor position.
\end{itemize}

The second important thing to know is that most of the commands are
made of {\it normal} characters (like \quad {\tt dd} \quad for
deleting a line) and that there is nothing that distinguishes
command mode from input mode. So, trying to move the cursor with
an action on an arrow key of your keyboard leads to curious
effects, since for most terminals such a keystroke generates an
{\em escape sequence} of several `normal' characters.

The third important feature to remember is how to enter  the
{\em input mode} --- generally with {\tt i} or {\tt A} keystrokes ---
and how to go back to the {\em command} mode --- always with the
\Esc\ key. If you can't find an escape key on your keyboard,
you may always use \Ctrl{[}.

Last, but not least, 
press the \Esc\ key if you don't exactly remember what you did just before:
it's always harmless. Notice also the existence of the
special command {\em undo} ({\tt u} key): it {\em is} useful!

\vfill

\section{Detailed Commands}

%{\em vi} commands were grouped into a few sections in order to make
%it use easier. 


\bigskip

\medarraystretch
\begin{tabular}{ r l }  
\hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{{\bf 
	Leaving the editor}} \\ \hline
{\tt :wq\meta{Return}}	& Save the file and Quit \\
{\tt :q!\meta{Return}}	& Quit without saving your modifications \\
{\tt :q\meta{Return}\ }	& Quit --- you'll be prompted if you 
	did not save your modifications \\[.5ex]
\hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{{\bf 
	Changing to input mode and back to command mode }} \\ \hline
{\tt i}		& Insert text {\em before} the cursor position \\
{\tt a}		& Insert text {\em after} the cursor position \\
{\tt A}		& Insert text {\em at the end} of the current line\\
{\tt o}		& Open a new line {\em after} the cursor position \\
{\tt O}		& Open a new line {\em before} the cursor position \\
\Esc		& Terminate the input mode \\[.5ex]
\hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{{\bf 
	Scrolling }} \\ \hline
\Ctrl{L}	& Repaint the Screen		\\
\Ctrl{D}	& Scroll {\em Down} a half screen	\\
\Ctrl{U}	& Scroll {\em Up} a half screen	\\
\Ctrl{F}	& Scroll {\em Forward} a full screen	\\
\Ctrl{B}	& Scroll {\em Backward} a full screen	\\
{\tt z.}	& Scroll to place the current line in the middle of the screen\\
\hline \end{tabular}

\vfill

\newpage
Basic cursor moves --- moving around your text ---
are especially important to remember, since
these are used as parameters in other operations (yank, delete ...).
In the following tables, the symbol {\bf \viC} stands for a
{\em Cursor moving sequence}.

There are several entities defined in a text: the characters,
the {\bf w}ords made of alphanumeric characters (and the underscore),
the {\bf W}ords separated by spaces, the lines, among others. For instance,
{\tt compo-site.word} is a single {\bf W}ord made of three {\bf
w}ords.

The \viR symbol in the list of keys means that the command may be preceded
by a repetition factor, {\em e.g.} {\tt 5W} to move over 5 {\bf
W}ords.

\vfill

\begin{tabular}{ r l }  
\hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{{\bf 
	Cursor Move \quad (\viC) }} \\ \hline
\viR {\tt h j k l} & Move the cursor $n$ position left / down / up / right \\
\viR \meta{space} & identical to {\tt l} (right)	\\
{\tt 0 \$}	& Move to the beginning ({\tt 0}) or end ({\tt \$}) of the line \\
\viR {\tt w W} 	& Move the to the next word (alphanumeric) or Word 
			(space-separated)	\\
\viR {\tt b B} 	& Move the to the previous word (alphanumeric) or Word \\
\viR \meta{Return} & Move to the next line	\\
\viR {\tt -} 	& Move to the previous line	\\
$n${\tt G}	& Move to line number $n$ ($1$ for beginning, default is 
			{\em last} line) \\
{\tt \%}	& Move to the matching bracket	\\
{\tt `{}$x$}	& Move to marker $x$ (a letter) previously defined by {\tt m}$x$
\\[.5ex]
\hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{{\bf 
	Search}} \\ \hline
{\tt /}{\em pattern}& Search for {\em pattern}  \\
{\tt n}		& Position cursor to next occurrence of {\em pattern}\\
{\tt N}		& Position cursor to previous occurrence of {\em pattern}\\
{\tt :set ic\meta{Return}}& ignore case in forthcoming pattern searchings\\[0.5ex]
\hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{{\bf 
	Special Commands }} \\ \hline
{\tt u}		& Undo the previous command \\
{\bf .}		& Repeat the last command	\\
\Ctrl{G}	& Display file name and current position \\
{\tt J}		& Join the current line with the next one \\
{\tt m}$x$	& Save in marker $x$ (a letter) the current cursor position \\
\hline \end{tabular}

\vfill

\newpage

Deleting, changing and yanking (copying) text can use any cursor
move (\viC) to specify the limit of the operation. 
The \viR\ symbol in the list means that the command may be preceded
by a repetition factor, {\em e.g.} {\tt 25dd} to delete 25 lines.

\vfill

\begin{tabular}{ r l }  
\hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{{\bf 
	Delete Text }} \\ \hline
\viR {\tt x} & Delete current character (at cursor position) \\
\viR {\tt X} & Delete previous character (left of cursor position) \\
\viR {\tt dd} & Delete current line	\\
     {\tt D} & Delete until end of line	(identical to {\tt d\$}) \\
{\tt d}\viC  & Delete until position defined by cursor move \viC, {\em e.g.} \\
	& {\tt d3W} \quad	delete three Words \\
	& {\tt dG\ } \quad	delete until end of file \\
	& {\tt dn\ } \quad	delete until next occurrence of {\em pattern} \\ [0.5ex]
\hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{{\bf 
	Yank (copy) Text }} \\ \hline
\viR {\tt yy}\viC  & Yank current line \\
{\tt y}\viC  & Yank until position defined by cursor motion \viC, {\em e.g.} \\
%	& {\tt y3l} \quad yank three characters \\
	& {\tt yG} \quad yank from cursor until end of file\\ [0.5ex]
\hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{{\bf 
	Put (paste) Deleted or Yanked Text }} \\ \hline
{\tt p} & Put deleted or yanked text {\em after} cursor \\
{\tt P} & Put deleted or yanked text {\em before} cursor \\ [0.5ex]
\hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{{\bf 
	Substitute (change) Text }} \\ \hline
{\tt r}$x$	& Replace letter at the cursor position by $x$ \\
{\tt cc}	& Change the current line with new text (until \Esc) \\
{\tt C}		& Change from cursor to end of line with new text (until \Esc) \\
{\tt c}\viC  & Change text until position defined by cursor motion \viC, {\em
e.g.} \\
	& {\tt c3l} \quad	change three characters \\
	& {\tt cn} \quad	change until next occurrence of {\em pattern} \\ [0.5ex]
\hline \end{tabular}

\vfill

\largearraystretch	% Default...

%***********************
%***********************


%***********************
%***********************

\part{REFERENCE MANUAL}

%***********************
%***********************


%==================================
\chapter{Agents and command table}
%==================================
\label{agent}\index{agent|bold}


\begin{classdescr}{Database}{A database like SIMBAD}
%---------------------------------------------------
{search}\index{search}&
      {\em identifier}& query the database by an identifier name. \\
     &{\em coordinates}& query the database by coordinates, finding all
                    objects in a circle around the given coordinates.
                    The radius of this circle is given by the environment
                    variable COORADIUS.\\
     & `{\em filtername}& creates a sample using the named filter.\\
     & {\em bibcode}    & displays the text of the reference.
               The reference code (bibcode) can be partial, with at least the 
                      first three characters, followed by an {\tt \&}.\\
\method{release}{}{To close the data base for this session. It will no longer
                    be available for searches, unless you call it again through the
                    command: ``session use database name''.}
\method{bye}{}{To stop dialogue with the database agent. It remains in
                the session and can be reused through a command like 
                ``database-name search ...''}
\end{classdescr}


\begin{classdescr}{Session}{Manages a session and all the agents}
%----------------------------------------------------------------
\method{exit}{}
            {exits SIMBAD software}
\method{use}{\em classname \quad  agentname}
            {requires access to a new agent belonging to the specified class.}
\method{define}{\em classname \quad VARIABLE=  value}
            {sets the value of an environment variable within a format of a
           filter and recompiles all the formats and filters.} 
\method{release}{\em agentname}{tells the agent to leave the session.}
\method{echo}{\em text}{writes the text directly to the standard output. This
                    is only useful in command files.}
\method{host}{\em text}{directs commands to the Unix shell.}
\method{fread}{\em filename}{reads an external file.}
\method{bye}{}{stops the interaction with the session agent.}
\end{classdescr}


\begin{classdescr}{astrobj}{An astronomical object}
%-------------------------------------------------------------
\method{display}{basic, id, data, bib, \em catalog\_name}
                {displays the data according to the current standard format.
                 The parameters designate format entries displaying a 
                 part of the data.}
\method{keep}{[{\em new-name}]}{keeps a copy of the astronomical object. The new
                 name  represents the same 
                 astronomical object, which can be re-used in the session.}
\method{bye}{}{leaves the agent. It remains in the session until a new
               astronomical object is requested.}
\end{classdescr}


\begin{classdescr}{reflist}{Contains the text of all displayed
                bibliographical references.}
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\method{display}{{\em y1,y2} / ?}{Displays the text of the bibliographical
                    references contained in the list. They can be limited by
                    years and `?' allows return of the number of
                    available references.}
\method{reset}{}{resets the list of references collected during
the current session.}
\method{bye}{}{Stops dialogue with this agent.}
\end{classdescr}


\begin{classdescr}{objlist}{A list of astronomical objects.}
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\method{display}{all, $n$, $+n$, $-n$}
                {displays the list of all (or only $n$) individual
                  objects in the list.}
\method{set}{\em comment text}{Allows a commentary to be written
           (which can later be displayed by the describe verb).}
\method{describe}{}{Gives details about number of objects, creation
                date, etc. of an object list.} 
\method{release}{}{Releases the object list from the session. After this
                  command, it is no longer present, but  can  be
                  recalled by ``session use objlist name''.} 
\method{delete}{}{Deletes a previously saved object list.} 
\method{bye}{}{Stops dialogue with this agent.}
\end{classdescr}


\begin{classdescr}{filter}{This agent controls sampling by keeping the list 
                           of criteria}
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
\method{display}{}{Lists all the sampling criteria of the filter}
\method{set}{[{\em filter criterion}]}{Defines the instructions for the filter. In
                batch mode, the
                filter will stay in memory and cannot be updated. In 
                conversational mode, the command alone invokes a text editor to 
                write or update the criteria list. Refer to the 
                chapters~\ref{sampling} and \ref{filter}
                for a full description of criteria.}
\method{clone}{\em newname}{Creates a new filter agent receiving the specified 
                        newname and the same set of criteria. This is
                        useful to create a new filter agent not from scratch,
                        but by modifying an existing one.}
\method{write}{[{\em name}]}{Writes on disk a memory filter, created through a 
                       batch file. This command is needed to be able to update
                       it. After this operation, the filter is permanent and
                       should not be kept in the batch file.}
\method{release}{}{Releases a filter from the session. After this command, it
                   is no longer available, but can of course be recalled by
                   ``session use filter name'', if it was previously saved.}
\method{bye}{}{Stops dialogue with the filter. It quits the current context,
               but remains available in the session.}
\end{classdescr}


\begin{classdescr}{format}{Controls the formatting of all outputs}
%-----------------------------------------------------------------
\method{display}{}{Lists all the instructions of the format}
\method{set}{[{\em format instruction}]}{Define the instructions for the format.
                In batch mode, the format will stay in memory and cannot be
                updated. In  conversational mode, the command alone enters a
                text editor to write or update the format. Refer to
                chapter~\ref{format} for a full
                description of formatting instructions.}
\method{clone}{\em newname}{Creates a new format agent receiving the specified 
                        newname and the same set of instructions. This is 
                        useful to create a new format agent not from scratch,
                        but by modifying an existing one.}
\method{write}{[{\em name}]}{Writes on disk a memory format, created through a 
                       batch file. This command is needed to be able to update
                       it. After this operation, the format is permanent and
                       should not be kept in the batch file.}
\method{release}{}{Releases a format from the session. After this command, it
                   is no longer available, but can of course be recalled by
                   ``session use format name'', if it was previously saved.}
\method{kill}{}{Deletes a format.}
\method{compil}{}{Compiles a format (to be used when  new values
                have been assigned to environment variables).}
\method{bye}{}{Stops dialogue with this format. It quits the current context,
               but remains available in the session, and can be an active
               format.}
\end{classdescr}


\begin{classdescr}{UIF}{User interface management. 
                        Screen and file output tuning.}
%------------------------------------------------------
\method{set}{screen, screenoutput, fileoutput, inputfile, 
page}{Allows one to tune the parameters of the screen output: tty or full
screen mode; displayed or undisplayed on screen; directed into a
file; inputs from a command file; or setting the page by page
mode.} 
\method{bye}{}{To stop dialogue with the \agent{user
interface} agent.} 
\end{classdescr}


\begin{classdescr}{macro}{Macro language facility}
%-------------------------------------------------
\method{set}{{\em macro-name}~= \em macro-def}{Defines a macro. If the
                definition contains some special characters, such
                as  `;', which
                would be interpreted by the command analyser, then 
                the definition should be enclosed between quotes. 
                Parameters
                are defined by \$$n$ for single words, and \$\$$n$ for all
                words from the n$th$.}
\method{display}{}{Displays all macro definitions managed by the \agent{macro}
                   agent.}
\method{on}{}{Switches macro substitution ON.}
\method{off}{}{Switches macro substitution OFF. It is recommended to switch
               macro substitution off before defining new macros.}
\method{test}{\em command}{Allows you to test macro definitions by writing a command.
               This command will not be executed, but substitutions will
               be displayed. To work properly, you need to switch 
               substitution off before testing the command. Substitution is
               automatically switched ON after the test.}
\method{bye}{}{To stop dialogue with the \agent{macro} agent.}
\end{classdescr}

\begin{classdescr}{user}{Manages user-related information}
%-------------------------------------------------------------
\method{display}{}{displays data related to the coordinates of the
           user and data related to usage statistics of the database
          ({\sl not yet implemented}.}
\method{modify}{U, P, S, P, E, A}{allows to modify the password and some
         other parameters ().} 
\method{set}{cmdfile}{opens the user command file {\ttc user.cmd}
          where
         permanents commands setting up the user environment can be stored.}
\method{write}{}{saves the user modified parameters.}
\method{bye}{}{leaves the agent.}
\end{classdescr}


\begin{classdescr}{mail}{Mail facility between a user and CDS staff.}
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\method{send}{}{Sends messages to CDS staff.}
\method{read}{}{Reads messages sent by CDS staff.}
\method{save}{}{Saves a mail message in a personal log file.}
\method{bye}{}{Leaves the \agent{mail} agent.}
\end{classdescr}


\begin{classdescr}{help}{On-line help (agent name: hhelp).}
%--------------------------------------------------------------------
\method{display}{}{Displays the root of the hierarchical help.}
\method{bye}{}{Leaves the \agent{help} agent.} 
\end{classdescr}



%=============================
 \chapter{Default formats}
%=============================
\label{default}\index{format!default}

Three default formats are pre--defined:

\begin{tabular}{lp{12cm}}
FM-IMMEDIATE& for the immediate format used when accessing an object\\
FM-STANDARD & for the standard format used by \\
            & \command{astrobj}{display}{}\\
FM-LIST     & for the format used to shortly display lists\\
\end{tabular}

These formats are listed below:

\small
\prompto{simbad search ->}\replyo{fm-immediate display}\index{fm-immediate} 
\begin{verbatim}
#++++++++++++++++
#.IDENTIFICATION fm-immed.fmt
#.ENVIRONMENT    Simbad database
#.KEYWORDS       Formats in Simbad
#.VERSION  1.0   11-Feb-1991
#.PURPOSE        Describes how to edit a named astronomical object
#.COMMENTS       This script tells which parameters of a found astronomical
#               are listed. The present script asks for:
#    - Fundamental data (with position 2 equinoxes + gal)
#    - All identifications (aliases)
#    - Number of existing references
#----------------
#
#       First line: type of object
#
TEXT "Type: "
OTYPE V4 | TEXT " ./."
SKIP 1
#
#       2nd line: position at equinox.1, and magnitudes
#
COO ("Coord EQUINOX1 = ") EQUINOX1 | TEXT "No coord."
MAG ("       mb, mv = ") (1,18)
SKIP 1
#
#       3rd line: position at equinox.2, and spectral (morphological) type
#
COO ("Coord EQUINOX2 = ") EQUINOX2 | TEXT "No coord"
SP ("    sp type = ") 20 | MT ("     morph. type = ") 20 | TEXT "     ./."
SKIP 1
#
#       4th line: Galactic position
#
COO ("           gal = ") G | TEXT " "
SKIP 1
#
#       5th line: proper motions (star) / dimensions (galaxy)
#
PM ("       pm = ") | DIM ("       dim = ") | TEXT "      ./."
SKIP 1
#
#       Write a separation line (filled with '-')
#
IC - 78
SKIP 1
#
#       Next part: all identifications (indicated by the A option),
#       followed by a separation line (filled with '-')
#
ID A
SKIP 1
IC - 78
SKIP 1
TEXT "Measurements:"
SKIP 1
MES (10) A N
IC - 78
SKIP 1
#
#       Last part: write out the number of references existing between limits,
#       followed by a separation line (filled with '-')
#
TEXT "References: "
REF # BIBYEARS
IC - 78
#
#       That's it, folks...
#
FIN
\end{verbatim}

\prompto{simbad search ->}\replyo{fm-standard display}
\index{fm-standard}
\begin{verbatim}
#++++++++++++++++
#.IDENTIFICATION fm-standard.fmt
#.ENVIRONMENT    Simbad database
#.KEYWORDS       Formats in Simbad
#.VERSION  1.1   22-Jan-1992
#.PURPOSE        Main format (interactive answers) in Simbad
#.COMMENTS       This format is made of several parts:
#	1) basic	(fundamental data)
#	2) id		(identifiers, or aliases)
#	3) data 	(available data)
#	4) bib    	(all references)
#	The list terminates normally here. Other possible requests:

#	-  ndata or nmes   (number of measurements)
#	-  catalogue name  (corresponding data)
#	-  all		(all measurements of all catalogues)
#	-  bibcode	(abbreviated bibliography)
#	-  bibtext	(all references) alias of bib
#	-  nref or nbib	(number of references)
#
#=========================
#	basic
#=========================
#
{ basic
SKIP 1
#			Type of object, option E (extended object name)
TEXT "==== "
OBJID
TEXT " ("
OTYPE V4 | TEXT "./."
TEXT ")"
SKIP 1
#			2nd line: position(1), magnitudes
COO ("Coord EQUINOX1 = ") EQUINOX1 | TEXT "No coord"
MAG ("     mb, mv = ")
SKIP 1
#			3rd line: position(2), Spectral or Morphological type
COO ("Coord EQUINOX2 = ") EQUINOX2 | TEXT "No coord"
SP ("    sp type = ") 20 | MT ("     morph. type = ") 20 | TEXT "     ./."
SKIP 1
#			4th line: galactic position
COO ("          gal = ") G | TEXT " "
SKIP 1
#			5th line: proper motion (stars) / dimensions (galaxies)
PM ("       pm = ",1,1) | DIM ("       dim = ") | TEXT "./."
SKIP 1
#			Separate from next line
IC - 78
}
#=========================
#	id (aliases)
#=========================
{ id
SKIP 1
#			All identifiers (option A), and separation line
ID A
SKIP 1
IC - 78
}
#=========================
#	data (measurements)
#=========================
# 	Note that 2 environment variables are used:
#		MESCAT  = the catalogue of data to display (A = all)
#		MESTYP  = which data (A=all, F=first, M=mean).
#		Use command  /env display 
#		to find out the meaning of these variables...
{ data
SKIP 1
MES  MESCAT MESTYP H
SKIP 1
IC - 78
}
#=========================
#	bib     
#=========================
#
#	Complete references (option T) are listed.
#	
{ bib
SKIP 1
REF T BIBYEARS
}
#
#>>>>>>> Normal END of format.
#	What follows can only be executed on request
#
FIN
#=========================================
#	bibcode (abbreviated list of references)
#=========================================
{ bibcode
SKIP 1
#
#	1st line = number of references
#
REF # BIBYEARS
TEXT " Reference(s) ( BIBYEARS ) :"
#		Other lines = references, 4/lines (option 4)
SKIP 1
REF 4 BIBYEARS
}
FIN
#=============================================
#	bibtext (list of bibliographical references)
#=============================================
{ bibtext
SKIP 1
REF T BIBYEARS
}
FIN
#============================
#	nbib (number of references)
#============================
{ nbib
SKIP 1
TEXT "Number of references ( BIBYEARS ) : "
REF # BIBYEARS
}
FIN
#=============================
#	nref (number of references)
#=============================
{ nref
SKIP 1
TEXT "Number of references ( BIBYEARS ) : "
REF # BIBYEARS
}
FIN
#======================================
#       ndata  (number of measurements)
#======================================
{ ndata
SKIP 1
TEXT "Measurements:"
SKIP 1
MES (10) A N
}
FIN
#=====================================
#       nmes  (number of measurements)
#=====================================
{ nmes
SKIP 1
TEXT "Measurements:"
SKIP 1
MES (10) A N
}
FIN
#=====================================
#	all   (all data from all catalogues)
#=====================================
{ all
MES A A H B
} 
FIN
#
#======================================
#  	catalogues names
#======================================
#
{ CEL
MES CEL MESTYP H
}
FIN
#
{ GCRV
MES GCRV MESTYP H
}
FIN
#
{ GEN
MES GEN MESTYP H
}
FIN
#
        ...  etc.   (all measurement types)  ...
#
{ z
MES Z MESTYP H
}
FIN
\end{verbatim}

\prompto{simbad search ->}\replyo{fm-list display}
\index{fm-list}
\begin{verbatim}
#++++++++++++++++
#.IDENTIFICATION fm-list.fmt
#.ENVIRONMENT    Simbad database
#.KEYWORDS       Formats in Simbad
#.VERSION  1.0   11-Feb-1991
#.VERSION  1.1   02-Jun-1993   Modif. for new object types
#                23-Jun-1993   Addition selectid
#.PURPOSE        Describes how to edit an astronomical object in a single line
#.COMMENTS       This script tells which parameters should be displayed
#                in a single line (typically the result of a sampling).
#----------------
#
#       List, as a table:
#  ...  sequence number
LLG 80
OBJID (4)
TEXT "|"
#  ...  Type of object (stellar / galaxy / other) in abbreviated form
OTYPE (3) S4
TEXT "|"
#  ...  Identifier: LISTID can be set to any catalogue name (or sequence
#       of catalogues separated by |); the option 1 tells to take
#       the first one in the list (quite a random choice...)
ID (19) LISTID | 1
TEXT "|"
#  ...  Position at equinox specified in the environment
#       To change the equinox, use the command :
#              equi1  value    (e.g.:   equi1 2000.0)
#       or      session define format EQUINOX1 = value
COO (25)  EQUINOX1
TEXT "|"
#  ...  Spectral or morphological type. Parameter is length.
SP (8) 8 | MT (8) 8
TEXT "|"
#  ...  Magnitudes B & V
MAG (11) (1,5," " 12,5)
TEXT "|"
#  ...  Number of references between limits
REF # BIBYEARS
#
#       That's it, folks...
#
FIN
fm-list display ->stop 
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

%=========================
\chapter{Special commands}
%=========================
\label{special}\index{command!special}\index{special command}

The following special commands, of one or two characters, allow
the displaying of some special information, or the setting of some
often used parameters (see also chapter~\ref{macro}):


\begin{tabular}{|p{1.3cm}p{12cm}|}     \hline
\multicolumn{2}{|l|}{{\sl System information display}:}\\ \hline
{\bf ?}\index{?} &invokes the context-sensitive help\\ 
{\bf \&}\index{\&} &displays the list of commands of the current agent\\ 
{\bf :}\index{:}  &displays the list of all existing agents in the session\\
{\bf !}\index{!}  &displays the stack of current agents\\    \hline \hline
\multicolumn{2}{|l|}{{\sl Prompt control}:}\\ \hline
{\bf .}\index{.}  &quits the last element in the current context\\
{\bf /}\index{/}  &to type a command that will not remain current
                                   (temporary command)\\    \hline \hline
\multicolumn{2}{|l|}{{\sl File redirection (and batch mode)}:}\\ \hline
{\bf {\tt >}}\index{">@{\tt >}}  &{\fvv filename}\\
         &redirects output to the specified file\\
{\bf {\tt >|}}\index{">>@{\tt >"|}} &stops redirection of output file\\
{\bf {\tt <}}\index{"<@{\tt <}} &{\fvv filename}\\
         &redirects input from the specified file (procedure or batch mode)\\
{\bf {\tt <|}}\index{"<<@{\tt <"|}} &stops redirection from the input file\\   \hline
\end{tabular}


%------------------------------------------------------------------

\part{Appendices}
\appendix

%---------------- Appendices to SIMBAD User's Guide


%================================
\chapter{Greek letters coding}
%================================
\label{greek}\index{Greek letter}
 
  Greek letters must be written using the following three letter abbreviations:
 
$$\begin{tabular}{|cl|cl|cl|}
\hline
  $\alpha$& alf       & $\iota$& iot      & $\rho$& rho\\
  $\beta$& bet        & $\kappa$& kap     & $\sigma$& sig\\
  $\gamma$& gam       & $\lambda$& lam    & $\tau$& tau\\
  $\delta$& del       & $\mu$& mu.        & $\upsilon$& ups\\
$\varepsilon$& eps    & $\nu$& nu.        & $\phi$& phi\\
$\zeta$& zet          & $\xi$& ksi        & $\chi$& khi\\
$\eta$& eta           & $o      $& omi   & $\psi$& psi\\
$\theta$& tet         & $\pi$& pi.        & $\omega$& ome\\
\hline
\end{tabular}$$


%================================
\chapter{Constellation names}
%================================
\label{constellation}\index{constellation}
 
  Constellation names (used for Bayer and Flamsteed designations of bright
stars: {\ttc alf Lyr}, for variable stars: {\ttc RS CVn}, for novae:
{\ttc Nova Her 1991}, etc.) must be
written using the following abbreviations:
 
$$\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline
 And & Ant & Aps & Aqr & Aql & Ara & Ari & Aur & Boo & Cae & Cam & Cnc \\
 CVn & CMa & CMi & Cap & Car & Cas & Cen & Cep & Cet & Cha & Cir & Col \\
 Com & CrA & CrB & Crv & Crt & Cru & Cyg & Del & Dor & Dra & Equ & Eri \\
 For & Gem & Gru & Her & Hor & Hya & Hyi & Ind & Lac & Leo & LMi & Lep \\
 Lib & Lup & Lyn & Lyr & Men & Mic & Mon & Mus & Nor & Oct & Oph & Ori \\
 Pav & Peg & Per & Phe & Pic & Psc & PsA & Pup & Pyx & Ret & Sge & Sgr \\
 Sco & Scl & Sct & Ser & Sex & Tau & Tel & Tri & TrA & Tuc & UMa & UMi \\
 Vel & Vir & Vol & Vul &     & LMC & SMC &     &     &     &     &     \\
\hline
\end{tabular}$$


%==================================== 
 \chapter{Clusters and Cluster stars}
 %=================================== 
\label{cluster}\index{cluster}

%===============
\medarraystretch
%===============

Clusters (and cluster stars) which have no NGC or IC number
are called under the generic appellation  {\ttc Cl} or {\ttc Cl*}  
followed by the cluster names and numbers as described below.
 The table on the next page lists most of the possible names associated
to star clusters --- with the exception of NGC and IC.

The following syntax is to be used\index{Cl}:

\begin{enumerate}
\item A cluster is named  {\ttc Cl} followed by 
the cluster name and number (e.g. {\ttc Cl Blanco 1})
\item The designation of a cluster star in the main member list of a cluster
is: the cluster name preceded by {\ttc Cl} and followed by a running number 
(Example: {\ttc Cl Blanco 1 8} is star {\#}8 in the open cluster Blanco 1).
\item When several lists of member stars exist, the designation is:
the cluster name preceded by {\ttc Cl*}  followed by an abbreviation of the 
list and the running number of the star in the list
(Example: {\ttc Cl* Melotte 25 VA 13} is star {\#}13 in the list by
Van Altena for Melotte 25 ---the Hyades cluster).
\end{enumerate}


Examples of designations of stars in Clusters: \\
\begin{tabular}{ll}
	{\ttc NGC 2264}    & (an NGC cluster) \\ 
 {\ttc NGC 2264 2}    & (a star in NGC 2264) \\ 
	{\ttc Cl Melotte 25}    & (Melotte 25: the Hyades cluster) \\ 
	{\ttc Cl Melotte 25 1}  & (1st star in the main list by Van Bueren) \\
  {\ttc Cl* Melotte 25 VA 13} &   (13th star in a list
by Van Altena). \\ 
\end{tabular}

	More details about nomenclature can be obtained by the commands\index{info} 
	
{\fpp info cati }{\fvv name} \qquad or \\
{\fpp info {\fvv -l} cati }{\fvv name} \quad 

the latter being used for a long description,
including the authors and full bibliographical references.

{\bf Note:} a similar system of designation  is used for the planetary 
nebulae (PN), using a prefix {\ttc PN}. For instance,

\begin{quote}
{\ttc PN Hb 1}\qquad   represents the 1st star in the list by
Hubble. 
\end{quote}

A complete list of all such PN lists can be found by the command \\
{\fpp info cati PN}

 
\section*{ Partial List of cluster names}

%*********
\smallarraystretch 
%*********
\begin{center}

\begin{tabular}{lll}
\begin{tabular}[t]{l}
    Apriamaswili     \\ 
    Arp              \\ 
    Barhatova        \\ 
    Basel            \\ 
    Berkeley         \\ 
    Biurakan         \\ 
    Blanco           \\ 
    Bochum           \\ 
    Collinder        \\ 
    Czernik         \\ 
    Deje             \\ 
    Dolidze          \\ 
    Dolidze-Dzim     \\ 
    Dufay            \\ 
    Feinstein        \\ 
    Graff            \\ 
    Haffner          \\ 
    Harvard          \\ 
    Haute-Provence   \\ 
    Hogg          \\     
    Iskurzdajan   \\     
\end{tabular}
&
\begin{tabular}[t]{l}
  King          \\     
  Kron           \\
  Lindsay         \\     
  Lynga         \\     
  Melotte       \\      
  Mrk (Markarjan)     \\     
  Palomar  (Pal)       \\      
  Pismis        \\     
  Roslund       \\  
  Ruprecht      \\     
  Sher          \\     
  Sahlbajan     \\     
  Stephenson    \\     
  Stock         \\     
  Terzan        \\     
  Tombaugh      \\     
  Trumpler      \\     
  Upgren        \\     
  VDB (Van den Bergh) \\   
  Westerlund    \\	
\end{tabular}
                &	
\begin{tabular}[t]{l}
{\em Notes:}  \\ 
           \\
      NGC\ \ 869      = h Per \\
      NGC\ \ 884      = $\chi$ Per \\
      NGC 2632        = Praesepe\\
      Cl Blanco 1     = $\zeta$ Scl\\
      Cl Melotte\ 20  = $\alpha$ Per\\
      Cl Melotte\ 22  = Pleiades\\
      Cl Melotte\ 25  = Hyades  \\
      Cl Melotte\ 111 = Coma Ber\\
\end{tabular}  
\end{tabular}

\end{center}

 

 
%============================== 
\chapter{Spectral type coding}
%==============================
\label{spectral}\index{spectral type}

%*********
\medarraystretch 
%*********

   The spectral type of a star consists of 4 parts:
 
\begin{itemize}
   \item A temperature class, with the following order:
 
        \begin{enumerate}
     \item Stars with subtypes: from O3 to M9
 
     \item White dwarfs: DC to DM
 
     \item Stars without subtypes: from O to M, and R, N, S, C
 
     \item Composite stars.
        \end{enumerate}
 
   \item A luminosity class.
     The possible values are listed below:
 
\begin{verbatim}
        unknown   Ia        Iab-b     II        III/IV    V
        Ia-O      Ia/ab     Ib        II/III    IV        V/VI
        Ia-O/Ia   Iab       Ib-II     III       IV/V      VI
\end{verbatim}
 
   \item Precisions:
 
        \begin{itemize}
     \item Inaccuracy on temperature or luminosity class:
       colon ({\tt :}) written just after the concerned field.
      \item Indication related to the spectrum:
         \begin{itemize}
     \item Overlap :               {\tt X}    
     \item Particular source   :   {\tt *}    
     \item Quality :              0 - 7   
       \end{itemize}
          \end{itemize}
 
   \item Peculiarities:
 
     Each of them is represented by one or more letters  placed  after
     temperature and luminosity classes:
 
        \begin{tabular}{rc}
     variable spectrum                &  $v$\\
     spectrum with emission lines     &  $e$\\
     spectrum interpreted like a
       shell star                   &    $sh$\\
     peculiar spectrum                &  $p$\\
         \\
     spectrum with peculiar profile:   &        \\
                           sharp       &   $s$\\
                        nebulous       &   $n$\\
                   very nebulous       &   $nn$\\
           \\
     spectrum with peculiar elements: & \\
                     peculiar CN       &   $CN$\\
                       weak line       &   $w$\\
                  metallic lines       &   $m$\\
        \end{tabular}
\end{itemize}
 
%================================== 
\chapter{Morphological type coding}
%================================== 
\label{morphological}\index{morphological type}

   It consists of 4 parts:
 
\begin{tabular}{lrc}
    The class:   & elliptic          &     E  \\ 
                 &  spiral           &     S  \\
                 &  irregular        &     I  \\
                 &  dwarf            &     D  \\
                 &  peculiar         &     P  \\
                 &  with uncertainty &     :  \\
   \\
     The type:   &  normal           &     /  \\
                 &  barred           &     B  \\
                 &  uncertain bar    &     :  \\
    \\
    The stage:   &  ecliptical gal.  &     from 0 to 9  \\
                 &  gal. S, I or P    
                 &     O, Oa, a, ab, b, bc, c, cd, d, dm, m \\
   \\
   Peculiarities: &                  r  \\
                    &                     s   \\
                    &                     p   \\
\end{tabular}
 
   Moreover, two complete types can be coded if the author found  that
the type of a galaxy is between two standard types.

 
%============================== 
\chapter{Object type coding}
%==============================
\label{otype}\index{object type}

%*********
\medarraystretch 
%*********

The Object Type in SIMBAD is defined as a hierarchical
classification, using up to four levels of definition. 
A presentation of the system can be found in the paper by
    F. Ochsenbein and P. Dubois (1992), in 
   `{\sl Astronomy from Large Databases II}',
    A. Heck \& F. Murtagh (Eds.), pp 405-410.

Note that SIMBAD emphasizes the physical nature of the object rather than
    a peculiar emission in some region of the electromagnetic spectrum or
    the location in peculiar clusters or external galaxies. Therefore objects
    are classified as peculiar emitters (classes 01. to 07.) only if nothing
    more about the nature of the object is known, i.e. it cannot be decided
    whether the object is a star, a multiple system, a nebula or a galaxy.

Each class has normally a standard designation, a condensed one (used in
    tables) and an extended explanation.

The list below is subject to evolution: you can check the current
list at any time with the {\fpp info otype} command.
\small
\begin{verbatim}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Numeric     Standard name      Cond.   Extended Explanation
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 00.00.00.0: Unknown            ?       Object of unknown nature
 01.00.00.0:  Radio             Rad     Radio-source
 01.02.00.0:    Radio(m)        mR      metric Radio-source
 01.04.00.0:    Radio(cm)       cm      centimetric Radio-source
 01.06.00.0:    Radio(mm)       mm      millimetric Radio-source
 01.14.00.0:    Maser           Mas     Maser
 02.00.00.0:  IR                IR      Infra-Red source
 02.02.00.0:    IR>10mu         IR1     IR source at lambda > 10 microns
 02.04.00.0:    IR<10mu         IR0     IR source at lambda < 10 microns
 03.00.00.0:  Red               red     Very red source
 04.00.00.0:  Blue              blu     Blue object
 05.00.00.0:  UV                UV      UV-emission source
 06.00.00.0:  X                 X       X-ray source
 07.00.00.0:  gamma             gam     gamma-ray source
 07.03.00.0:    gammaBurst      gB      gamma-ray Burster
 09.00.00.0:  Gravitation       grv     Gravitational Source
 09.03.00.0:    LensingEv       Lev     (Micro)Lensing Event
 12.00.00.0:  multiple_object   mul     Composite object
 12.01.00.0:    Region          reg     Region defined in the sky
 12.01.05.0:      Void          vid     Underdense region of the Universe
 12.02.00.0:    SuperClG        SCG     Supercluster of Galaxies
 12.03.00.0:    ClG                     Cluster of Galaxies
 12.04.00.0:    GroupG          GrG     Group of Galaxies
 12.04.05.0:      Compact_Gr_G  CGG     Compact Group of Galaxies
 12.05.00.0:    PairG           PaG     Pair of Galaxies
 12.10.00.0:    GlCl?           Gl?     Possible Globular Cluster
 12.11.00.0:    Cl*             Cl*     Cluster of Stars
 12.11.01.0:      GlCl          GlC     Globular Cluster
 12.11.02.0:      OpCl          OpC     Open (galactic) Cluster
 12.12.00.0:    Assoc*          As*     Association of Stars
 12.13.00.0:    **                      Double or multiple star
 12.13.01.0:      EB*           EB*     Eclipsing binary
 12.13.01.1:        EB*Algol    Al*     Eclipsing binary of Algol type
 12.13.01.2:        EB*betLyr   bL*     Eclipsing binary of beta Lyr type
 12.13.01.3:        EB*WUMa     WU*     Eclipsing binary of W UMa type
 12.13.02.0:      SB            SB*     Spectrocopic binary
 12.13.11.0:      CataclyV*     CV*     Cataclysmic Variable Star
 12.13.11.2:        DQHer       DQ*     Cataclysmic Var. DQ Her type
 12.13.11.3:        AMHer       AM*     Cataclysmic Var. AM Her type
 12.13.11.5:        Nova-like   NL*     Nova-like Star
 12.13.11.6:        Nova        No*     Nova
 12.13.11.7:        DwarfNova   DN*     Dwarf Nova
 12.13.12.0:      XB            XB*     X-ray Binary
 12.13.12.2:        LMXB        LXB     Low Mass X-ray Binary
 12.13.12.3:        HMXB        HXB     High Mass X-ray Binary
 13.00.00.0:  Neb               Neb     Nebula of unknown nature
 13.01.00.0:    PartofCloud     PoC     Part of Cloud
 13.02.00.0:    PN?             PN?     Possible Planetary Nebula
 13.03.00.0:    ComGlob         CGb     Cometary Globule
 13.06.00.0:    EmObj           EmO     Emission Object
 13.07.00.0:    HH              HH      Herbig-Haro Object
 13.08.00.0:    Cloud           Cld     Cloud of unknown nature
 13.08.03.0:      GalNeb        GNe     Galactic Nebula
 13.08.04.0:      BrNeb         BNe     Bright Nebula
 13.08.06.0:      DkNeb         DNe     Dark Nebula
 13.08.07.0:      RfNeb         RNe     Reflection Nebula
 13.08.11.0:      HI            HI      HI (neutral) region
 13.08.12.0:      MolCld        MoC     Molecular Cloud
 13.08.13.0:      HVCld         HVC     High-velocity Cloud
 13.09.00.0:    HII             HII     HII (ionized) region
 13.10.00.0:    PN              PN      Planetary Nebula
 13.11.00.0:    HIshell         sh      HI shell
 13.12.00.0:    SNR?            SR?     SuperNova Remnant Candidate
 13.13.00.0:    SNR             SNR     SuperNova Remnant
 14.00.00.0:  Star              *       Star
 14.01.00.0:    *inCl           *iC     Star in Cluster
 14.02.00.0:    *inNeb          *iN     Star in Nebula
 14.03.00.0:    *inAssoc        *iA     Star in Association
 14.04.00.0:    *in**           *i*     Star in double system
 14.05.00.0:    V*?             V*?     Star suspected of Variability
 14.06.00.0:    Pec*            Pe*     Peculiar Star
 14.06.01.0:      HB*           HB*     Horizontal Branch Star
 14.06.05.0:      Em*           Em*     Emission-line Star
 14.06.05.3:      Be*                   Be Star
 14.06.16.0:      WD*           WD*     White Dwarf
 14.06.16.1:        WD*ZZCet    ZZ*     Variable White Dwarf of ZZ Cet type
 14.06.20.0:      C*            C*      Carbon Star
 14.06.21.0:      S*            S*      S Star
 14.06.23.0:      OH/IR         OH*     Star with envelope of OH/IR type
 14.06.24.0:      CH            CH*     Star with envelope of CH type
 14.06.25.0:      pMS*          pr*     Pre-main sequence Star
 14.06.25.3:      TTau*         TT*     T Tau-type Star
 14.06.30.0:      WR*           WR*     Wolf-Rayet Star
 14.07.00.0:    PM*             PM*     High proper-motion Star
 14.08.00.0:    HV*             HV*     High-velocity Star
 14.09.00.0:    V*              V*      Variable Star
 14.09.01.0:      Irregular_V*  Ir*     Variable Star of irregular type
 14.09.01.1:        Orion_V*    Or*     Variable Star in Orion Nebula
 14.09.01.2:        Rapid_Irreg_V* RI*  Variable Star with rapid variations
 14.09.03.0:      Eruptive*     Er*     Eruptive variable Star
 14.09.03.1:        Flare*      Fl*     Flare Star
 14.09.03.2:        FUOr        FU*     Variable Star of FU Ori type
 14.09.03.4:        Erupt*RCrB  RC*     Variable Star of R CrB type
 14.09.04.0:      RotV*         Ro*     Rotationally variable Star
 14.09.04.1:        RotV*alf2CVn a2*    Variable Star of alpha2 CVn type
 14.09.04.2:        RotV*Ell    El*     Elliptical variable Star
 14.09.04.3:        Pulsar      Psr     Pulsars
 14.09.04.4:        BYDra       BY*     Variable of BY Dra type
 14.09.04.5:        RSCVn       RS*     Variable of RS CVn type
 14.09.05.0:      PulsV*        Pu*     Pulsating variable Star
 14.09.05.1:        Mira        Mi*     Variable Star of Mira Cet type
 14.09.05.2:        RRLyr       RR*     Variable Star of RR Lyr type
 14.09.05.3:        Cepheid     Ce*     Classical Cepheid variable Star
 14.09.05.4:        PulsV*semi-reg sr*  Semi-regular pulsating Star
 14.09.05.5:        PulsV*delSct dS*    Variable Star of delta Sct type
 14.09.05.6:        PulsV*RVTau RV*     Variable Star of RV Tau type
 14.09.05.7:        PulsV*WVir  WV*     Variable Star of W Vir type
 14.09.08.0:        SN          SN*     SuperNova
 14.09.09.0:        Symbiotic*  Sy*     Symbiotic Star
 15.00.00.0:  Galaxy            G
 15.01.00.0:    PartofG         PoG     Part of a Galaxy
 15.02.00.0:    GinCl           GiC     Galaxy in Cluster of Galaxies
 15.03.00.0:    GinGroup        GiG     Galaxy in Group of Galaxies
 15.04.00.0:    GinPair         GiP     Galaxy in Pair of Galaxies
 15.05.00.0:    High_z_G        HzG     Galaxy with high redshift
 15.06.00.0:    AbsLineSystem   ALS     Absorption Line system
 15.06.01.0:      Ly-alpha_ALS  LyA     Ly alpha Absorption Line system
 15.06.02.0:      DLy-alpha_ALS DLy     Dumped Ly alpha Absorption Line system
 15.06.03.0:      metal_ALS     mAL     metallic Absorption Line system
 15.07.00.0:    RadioG          rG      Radio Galaxy
 15.08.00.0:    HII_G           H2G     HII Galaxy
 15.10.00.0:    QSO_Candidate   Q?      Possible Quasar
 15.11.00.0:    EmG             EmG     Emission-line galaxy
 15.12.00.0:    StarburstG      SBG     Starburst Galaxy
 15.13.00.0:    BlueCompG       BCG     Blue compact Galaxy
 15.14.00.0:    LensedImage     LeI     Gravitationnaly Lensed Image
 15.14.01.0:      LensedG       LeG     Gravitationnaly Lensed Image of a Galaxy
 15.14.07.0:      LensedQ       LeQ     Gravitationnaly Lensed Image of a Quasar
 15.15.00.0:    AGN             AGN     Active Galaxy Nucleus
 15.15.01.0:      LINER         LIN     LINER-type Active Galaxy Nucleus
 15.15.02.0:      Seyfert       SyG     Seyfert Galaxy
 15.15.02.1:        Seyfert_1   Sy1     Seyfert 1 Galaxy
 15.15.02.2:        Seyfert_2   Sy2     Seyfert 2 Galaxy
 15.15.03.0:      Blazar        Bla
 15.15.03.1:        BLLac       BLL     BL Lac - type object
 15.15.03.2:        OVV         OVV     Optically Violently Variable object
 15.15.04.0:      QSO           QSO     Quasar
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

%========================================== 
\chapter{Description of measurement types}
%==========================================
\label{measurement}\index{measurement}\index{catalogue} 

%*********
\smallarraystretch 
%*********

\def\secref#1{section~\ref{sec:#1}}
\def\seclab#1{\label{sec:#1}}
\def\BeginMesTable#1{
	\begin{center}
	\smallarraystretch
	\begin{tabular}{|r @{\hspace{1.5em}}#1|} \hline
	{\em Header} & {\em Meaning} \\ \hline \hline
}
\def\EndMesTable{%
	\hline\end{tabular}
	\end{center}
}

\section{Overview}

Each type of data listed as a result of a SIMBAD interrogation
is normally preceded by a {\em header} which provides a very short title
to each listed parameter. This chapter explains the meaning of
each of these titles.

{\bf Note:}  the character \~{ } in a field stands for 
{\em no corresponding value} (unknown value).

There are generally several measurements for each data type;
a {\bf m} following the data type, like in the following set of 
MK classifications:
\begin{verbatim}
MK  |ds/mss Spectral type                       |     reference     |           
---------------------------------------------------------------------           
MK m|  /    F4III                               |1975AJ.....80..637M|           
MK  |MS/+ 2 F6(M) PEC                           |1975$HOUK.C01.....H|           
MK  |  /    F4 III SB                           |1962$MSOM...4.....B|           
\end{verbatim}
means that the corresponding value ({\tt F4III}) is the ``best'' one,
i.e. is recommended for non-specialists (in general, when applicable, a mean
value).


The following measurement types are presently included in SIMBAD:

\begin{tabular}{ll}
 \hline
{\tt CEL}   &Ultraviolet photometry from {\em Celescope}  \\
{\tt Cl.G}  &Cluster of Galaxies  (Abell \& Corwin)\\
{\tt Einstein} &The Einstein Observatory Soft X-ray Source List\\
{\tt GCRV}  &Stellar Radial velocities\\
{\tt GEN}   &$U B V B_1 B_2 V_1 G$ photometry in Geneva photometric system\\
{\tt GJ}    &Absolute magnitudes and spatial velocities of nearby stars.  \\
{\tt Hbet}  &$H_\beta$ index (used in connection with Str\"omgren's uvby
                 photometry)\\ 
{\tt HGAM}  &$H_\gamma$ equivalent width \\
{\tt IRAS}  &IRAS Point Source Catalog \\
{\tt IRC}   &KI photometry from {\em Two Micron Sky Survey}\\
{\tt IUE}   &International Ultraviolet Explorer (Observation Log) \\
{\tt JP11}  &$UBVRIJKLMNH$ 11-colour Johnson's photometry\\
{\tt MK}    &Stellar spectral classification in Morgan-Keenan system  \\
{\tt PLX}   &Trigonometric parallaxes \\
{\tt pm}    &Proper motions (in 1950 equatorial frame)\\
%{\tt PPM}   &Positions and Proper Motions catalogue \\
{\tt pos}   &Equatorial positions \\
{\tt ROT}   &Rotational velocities ($V . \sin i$) \\
{\tt RVEL}  &Radial velocities of extragalactic objects (quasars and galaxies)\\
{\tt SAO}   &Positions and proper motions from SAO catalogue. \\
{\tt TD1}   &Ultraviolet magnitudes from {\em TD1} experiment\\
{\tt UBV}   & $UBV$ photometry in Johnson's photometric system\\
{\tt uvby}  &Photometry in Str\"omgren's photometric system\\
{\tt V*}    &Data related to variable stars\\
{\tt z}     &Redshifts (of distant galaxies and quasars)	\\
\hline 
\end{tabular}

The next sections provide more details about each data type included
 in SIMBAD.
Some details concerning the photometric systems were taken from {\em
Introduction to Astronomical Photometry\/} by Golay, M., 1974,  {\em
Astrophysics and Space Science Library} 41, R. Reidel Publ.


\section{CEL measurements}
\index{CEL}
Celescope catalog of ultra-violet photometry, by Davis et al., {\em 
SAO Special Report 350}, 1973. 
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456
CEL  |  U1 : m.e|  U2 : m.e|  U3 : m.e|  U4 : m.e|peculiarities|
       reference   |
------------------------------------------------------------------
CEL m|12.45:   ~|12.61: .30|    ~:   ~|    ~:   ~|P,CA,NA      |
1973$CEL..C.......D|
\end{verbatim}

\BeginMesTable{l} \hline
{\tt U1 : m.e}    & 
	magnitude in $U_1$ filter ($\lambda\lambda$ 210-320 {\em nm}), 
	and $\sigma(U_1)$ \\
{\tt U2 : m.e}    & 
	magnitude in $U_2$ filter ($\lambda\lambda$  155-320 {\em nm}), 
	and $\sigma(U_2)$\\
{\tt U3 : m.e}    & 
	magnitude in $U_3$ filter ($\lambda\lambda$  135-215 {\em nm}), 
	and $\sigma(U_3)$\\
{\tt U4 : m.e}    & 
	magnitude in $U_4$ filter ($\lambda\lambda$  105-215 {\em nm}), 
	and $\sigma(U_4)$\\[0.5ex]
{\tt peculiarities} & Set of peculiarities, as:\\
	   &     \begin{tabular}{ll} \hline
		   {\tt     N} & non-stellar object\\
	           {\tt R}    & radiosource\\
                   {\tt V}    & variable\\
                   {\tt P}    & peculiar spectrum\\
                   {\tt E}    & emission lines\\
                   {\tt M}    & metallic lines\\
                   {\tt Sh}   & shell star\\
                   {\tt Ca}   & interstellar lines H \& K from Calcium\\
                   {\tt Na}   & interstellar lines D from Sodium\\
                   {\tt A }   & interstellar absorption at 443 {\em nm}\\
                   \hline\end{tabular} \\
\EndMesTable


\section{Cl.G measurements}
\index{Cl.G}
Cluster of Galaxies: Abell \& Corwin, {\sl Astrophys. J. Suppl.},
70, 1 (1989).
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
Cl.G  |D R|Nga |Acl|BMclass|  m1 |  m3 | m10 |m10a | Reference         |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cl.G  |5 2|112 |   |   III |   ~ |   ~ |   ~ |17.2 |1989ApJS...70....1A|
\end{verbatim}

\BeginMesTable{l} \hline
{\tt D}    & 
 Distance class \\
{\tt R}    & 
	Richness class \\
{\tt N}    & 
	number of cluster members between $m3$ and $m3+2$ \\
{\tt A}    & 
	Cluster classification in Abell's system \\
{\tt BM}    & 
	Cluster classification in the Bautz-Morgan system \\
{\tt m1}    & 
	Weighted mean total $V$ magnitude estimate for the
   fist-ranked cluster member \\
{\tt m3}    & 
	Weighted mean total $V$ magnitude estimate for the
   third-ranked cluster member \\
{\tt m10}    & 
	Weighted mean total $V$ magnitude estimate for the
   tenth-ranked cluster member \\
{\tt m10a}    & 
	Weighted mean total $V$ magnitude estimate for the
   tenth-ranked cluster member (xxx) \\
\EndMesTable

\section{Einstein measurements}
\index{Einstein}
The Einstein Observatory Soft X-ray Source List
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
Einstein  |  RA  (1950)  Dec    : Err| Count r.:  Err  | Hard.:  err+  err-|
    Reference      |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------
Einstein  |05 31 31.2 +21 59 04 :  31|431.10000:2.00000|     ~:    ~    ~  |
1994HEAO2.C.......M|
\end{verbatim}

\BeginMesTable{p{13cm}}  \hline
{\tt RA Dec}        &  X-ray position, 1950   \\
{\tt Err}           &  error on position in  seconds of arc \\
 \\
{\tt Count}         &  count rate in counts/second, 
                       in the total Einstein energy band (0.16 to 3.5 keV) \\
  \\
{\tt Err}           &   error on count rate  \\
  \\
{\tt Hard.}        &   hardness ratio, with error in + and minus  
                       (e.g. .457: .154 .157 means 0.457+.154-.157). 
                       This quantity is between -1 and +1. It
is the ratio of counts(hard)-counts(soft)/(counts(hard)+counts(soft))
'hard' is the energy band 0.81 to 3.5 keV
'soft' is the energy band 0.16 to 0.81 keV  \\
\EndMesTable

More documentation can be found on WWW at   \\
{\tt http://hea-www.harvard.edu:80/einstein/eoscat1/doc/unix}, 
and more generally  \\
{\tt http://hea-www.harvard.edu/einstein/Ein\_home/ein\_welcome.html} .



\section{GCRV measurements}
\index{GCRV}\index{radial velocity}
Stellar Radial Velocities. 
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
GCRV  |  rvel. Q  (nmes)|rem. |dis|     reference     |
-------------------------------------------------------
GCRV m|  -16.8 A  (  72)|     |   |1953$CIWP.6017....W|
\end{verbatim}

\BeginMesTable{ l } 
{\tt rvel.}	& Radial velocity ({\em km/s})	\\
{\tt Q}		& Quality from $A=$\ {\em good} to $D=$\ {\em poor}	\\
{\tt nmes} 	& number of plates \\
{\tt rem.} 	& Remarks concerning the radial velocity: \\
		& \begin{tabular}{ll} \hline
		           {\tt E}  &   emission line \\
                           {\tt D} &     double line\\
                           {\tt 3} &     triple line\\
                           {\tt V} &     variable\\
                           {\tt V?}&   suspected variable \\
                           {\tt O} &    orbit\\
                           {\tt S} &    standard\\
                           {\tt +} &    fainter companion\\
                   \hline \end{tabular}\\
{\tt dis}	&  dispersion in $\AA/mm$ at $H_\gamma$ (approximative)\\
{\tt reference} & source of the radial velocity \\
\EndMesTable


\section {GEN measurements}
\seclab{sec:GEN}\index{GEN}\index{Geneva photometry}
Details about the Geneva Photometric System may {\em e.g.} be found in
 A{\&}A Sup.  26, 275 (1976). 
The passbands are characterized by the  two parameters $\lambda_0$
and $\mu$ defined by:
$$ \lambda_0 = \int \lambda \, \varphi(\lambda) \, d\lambda \
		\int \varphi(\lambda) \, d\lambda $$
$$ \mu^2 =     \int (\lambda-\lambda_0)^2 \, \varphi(\lambda) \, d\lambda /
		\int \varphi(\lambda) \, d\lambda $$ 

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{| l | r r r r r r r |} \hline
	&  U	& B	& V	& B1	& B2	& V1 	& G 	\\ \hline
$\lambda_0$  ($nm$) &
	  345.6	& 424.5 & 550.0	& 402.4	& 448.0	& 540.5	& 580.5	\\
$\mu$ 	  ($nm$) &
	  17.0	& 28.3	& 29.6	& 19.6	&  16.3	& 20.1	& 20.4	\\
\hline \end{tabular}
\end{center}
\small
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
GEN  | U-B  | V-B  | B1-B | B2-B | V1-B | G-B  |Wt : m.e | Vmag |Wt : m.e | 
 Remarks   |     reference     |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GEN m| 1.902|  .052| 1.142| 1.274|  .806| 1.067|  2: .092| 4.070|  2: .250|
      VR   |1975A&AS.1976..275R|
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize
 
\BeginMesTable{l} \hline
{\tt U-B}	& color index $U-B$\\
{\tt V-B}	& color index $V-B$\\
{\tt B1-B}	& color index $B_1-B$\\
{\tt B2-B}	& color index $B_2-B$\\
{\tt V1-B}	& color index $V_1-B$\\
{\tt G-B}	& color index $G-B$\\
{\tt Wt : m.e} 	& weight and $\sigma$ on color indices \\
{\tt Vmag}    	& $V$ magnitude \\
{\tt Wt : m.e} 	&  weight and $\sigma$ on {\tt Vmag}\\
{\tt Remarks}  	& Remark flags: \\
	&	\begin{tabular}{ll} \hline
		{\tt V} &  variable\\
		{\tt D} &    multiple\\
		{\tt B} &    spectroscopic binary\\
		$\star$ &    remark in the original catalogue\\
		\hline \end{tabular} \\
{\tt reference} & source of the photometric data	\\
\EndMesTable

\section{GJ measurements}
\index{GJ}\index{Gliese}\index{nearby star}\index{Jahreiss}
These are data related to {\em nearby stars}
(Catalog of stars within 20 parsecs of the Sun by {\ Gliese} 
	({\em Ver\"offlichungen Heidelberg Nr 22}), and continuations
by Gliese and Jahreiss). 
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
GJ  |  plx :p.e| Mabs  Q|  U |  V |  W |     reference     |
------------------------------------------------------------
GJ m|  .124:005|  .50  B| -17|  -6|  -8|1969GLIES.C.......G|
\end{verbatim}

\BeginMesTable{ l } \hline
{\tt plx : p.e} & resulting parallax and probable error\\
{\tt Mabs}	& absolute magnitude ($M_v$ or $M_{pg}$) \\
{\tt Q}		& Quality on {\tt Mabs} from {\tt A} (very good) 
		to {\tt F} (very poor); \\
		& {\tt P} means that {\tt Mabs} represents $M_{pg}$ \\
{\tt U}		& component of velocity directed to ($b=0\d,\,\ell=0\d$)\\
{\tt V}		& component of velocity directed to ($b=0\d,\,\ell=+90\d$)\\
{\tt W}		& component of velocity directed to ($b=+90\d$)\\
{\tt Ref}	& reference\\
\EndMesTable


\section{Hbet measurements}
\index{Hbeta}\index{hbet}
The $H_\beta$ photometric system (Crawford and Mander, 1966,  Astron. 
J.  7, 114) is the flux difference between
two filters centered on $H_\beta$ ($4861\AA$) 
with widths of $150$ and $30$ $\AA$ respectively. 
The data are currently compiled
by Institut d'Astronomie de Lausanne, at Geneva Observatory (Hauck, B. and
Mermilliod, M., 1985, A{\&}A Sup. 60, 61). 
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890
hbet  | H-bet|Rnmes|     reference     |
----------------------------------------
hbet m| 2.903|     |1980A&AS...40....1H|
\end{verbatim}
\BeginMesTable{ l } \hline

{\tt H-bet}	& value of $H_\beta$ index (in magnitudes)\\
{\tt Rnmes}	& Number of measurements, preceded by the remark \\
	&	\begin{tabular}{ll} \hline
		{\tt S}& for standard values.\\
		{\tt ?}& for unknown number of measurements.\\
		{\tt >}& for lower bound of the number of measurements.\\
                \hline \end{tabular} \\
{\tt reference} & source of the $H_\beta$ value \\
\EndMesTable

\section {HGAM measurements}
\index{HGAM}
Values of the equivalent width of the $H_\gamma$ line,
from Petrie et al.,  Publ. Dominion Astrophys. Obs.
 14, 151, 1973, and continuations.  
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
HGAM  |  width (mes) |     reference     |
------------------------------------------
HGAM  |    2.0 (  2) |1973PDAOV..14..151P|
\end{verbatim}

\BeginMesTable{p{12cm}} \hline
{\tt width (mes)} &  equivalent width of $H_\gamma$ line ($\AA$),
	and number of measurements within brackets\\
{\tt reference} & source of the $H_\gamma$ value \\
\EndMesTable

\section {IRC measurements}
\index{IRC}\index{Two micron sky survey}
Infra-red measurements from the {\em Two micron sky survey},
by Neugebauer and Leighton, Calif. Institute of Technology, NASA, 1969. 
\small
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
IRC  | K-mag(mes) m.e:chi-2| I-mag(mes) m.e:chi-2|     reference      R|
------------------------------------------------------------------------
IRC m|  2.36(  3) .06: 1.78|E  3.45(  3) .06:14.34|1969$TMSS.C.......N |
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

\BeginMesTable{p{11.5cm}} \hline
{\tt K-mag (mes)}& 
		$K$ magnitude (2.2 $\mu m$), eventually preceded by a
		remark \\
	& 	\begin{tabular}{ll} \hline
		{\tt *} &   magnitude out of scale\\
		{\tt E} & $\chi^2$ is too large\\
		\hline \end{tabular}\\
	&	and followed by the number of observations 
		within brackets \\
{\tt m.e:chi-2}	 & $\sigma(K)$ and $\chi^2(K)$ \\
{\tt I-mag (mes)}& 
		$I$ magnitude, eventually preceded by the
		same remark as for $K$ magnitude, 
		and followed by the number of observations 
		within brackets \\
{\tt m.e:chi-2}	 & $\sigma(I)$ and $\chi^2(I)$ \\
{\tt reference R} & bibliographic reference, followed by a general remark\\
		& \begin{tabular}{ll} \hline
		{\tt R} &   remark in the original catalogue \\
		{\tt ?} & question mark in the original catalogue \\
		\end{tabular}\\
\EndMesTable

\section{IUE measurements}
\index{IUE}

(not yet available)

\section{JP11 measurements}
\index{JP11}\index{Johnson}
$UBVRIJKLMNH$ Johnson's photometry. Each magnitude measurement
is followed by the number of measurements within brackets, or
the ``special values'' \\
\begin{tabular}{cl}
({\tt S}) &	for standard stars \\
({\tt ?}) &	when the number of observations is unknown \\
\end{tabular}

\small
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
JP11  | U:360 (nmes )| B:450    (nmes )| V:555    (nmes )| R:670    (nmes )|
I:87 0    (nmes )| J:1200   (nmes )| K:2200   (nmes )| L:3500   (nmes )|
M:5000   (nm es )| N:9000   (nmes )| H:1620   (nmes )|     reference     |
JP11  |   .03 (    9)|   .03    (    9)|   .03    (    9)|   .07    (    5)|
    .10    (    5)|   .02    (    9)|   .02    (    9)|   -.02    (?     )|
        ~  (     )|      ~   (     )|      ~   (     )|1966$CLPL...4...99J|
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

\BeginMesTable{ l } \hline
{\tt U (nmes)}  & magnitude at $\lambda_{eff} =  360$  $nm$
	\\
{\tt B (nmes)}  & magnitude at $\lambda_{eff} =  450$  $nm$
	\\
{\tt V (nmes)}  & magnitude at $\lambda_{eff} =  555$  $nm$
	\\
{\tt R (nmes)}  & magnitude at $\lambda_{eff} =  670$  $nm$
	\\
{\tt I (nmes)}  & magnitude at $\lambda_{eff} =  870$  $nm$
	\\
{\tt J (nmes)}  & magnitude at $\lambda_{eff} =  1.2$  $\mu m$
	\\
{\tt K (nmes)}  & magnitude at $\lambda_{eff} =  2.2$  $\mu m$
	\\
{\tt L (nmes)}  & magnitude at $\lambda_{eff} =  3.5$  $\mu m$
	\\
{\tt M (nmes)}  & magnitude at $\lambda_{eff} =  5.0$  $\mu m$
	\\
{\tt N (nmes)}  & magnitude at $\lambda_{eff} =  9.0$  $\mu m$
	\\
{\tt H (nmes)}  & magnitude at $\lambda_{eff} = 1.62$  $\mu m$
	\\
{\tt reference} & source of the photometric data \\
\EndMesTable

 
\section{MK measurements}
\index{MK}\index{MSS}
This section includes MK classifications in the Morgan-Keenan system from
bibliographical surveys (e.g. by Jaschek M.), as well as the
Michigan Catalogues of Two-Dimensional Spectral Types for the HD stars (Houk N.,
1975, and seq.). \begin{verbatim}
Example:
123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
MK  |ds/mss Spectral type                       |     reference     |
---------------------------------------------------------------------
MK m|  /    G2Ibvar                             |1954ApJS....1..175B|
\end{verbatim}

\BeginMesTable{p{11.5cm}} \hline
{\tt ds/mss} & Brief description of the dispersive system used:\\
		& \begin{tabular}{rl} \hline
		{\tt P} &   prism \\
		{\tt G} &   grating \\
		{\tt S} &   slit spectrograph \\
		{\tt OP} &   objective prism \\
		{\tt MS} &   Michigan Spectral Survey \\
		\hline \end{tabular}\\
	& For {\tt MS} data, a {\em quality} index is included ,
		in the range $[1\cdots 4]$ from good to poor,
		and further notes: \\
		& \begin{tabular}{ll} \hline
        	{\tt +} & the spectral type was found in the literature\\
		{\tt X} & overlapping spectra \\
		{\tt A} & averaged spectral classification \\
		\hline \end{tabular}\\
{\tt Spectral type} & Spectral classification in the MK system\\
{\tt reference}     & source of the spectral classification \\
\EndMesTable
 
\section {PLX measurements}
\index{PLX}\index{parallax}
This section groups measurements of {\em trigonometric parallaxes}. 
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
1234567890123456789012345678901234567
PLX  | plx  :p.e|     reference     |
-------------------------------------
PLX  |  .005:004|1952$YUO.1952.....J|
\end{verbatim}

\BeginMesTable{ l } \hline
{\tt plx : p.e}  & Trigonometric parallax $\pi$ ($''$),
		and probable error (in  ${10^{-3}} ''$)\\
{\tt reference} & source of the parallax \\
\EndMesTable
 
\section {PM measurements}
\index{PM}\index{proper motion}
This section groups all measurements of {\em stellar proper motions},
with the exception of SAO catalogue, listed separately. These data are 
presently given at equinox and epoch 1950, in the FK4 system. 
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
PM  | pm-ra [ m.e ]| pm-de [ m.e ]|     reference     |
-------------------------------------------------------
PM  |  -.026[ .015]|  +.025[ .012]|1971$AGK3.C.......L|
\end{verbatim}

\BeginMesTable{ l } \hline
{\tt pm-ra [m.e.]}   & $\mu_\alpha . \cos \delta$ in $''/yr$, and $\sigma$
		within square bracket \\
{\tt pm-dec[m.e.]}   & $\mu_\delta$ in $''/yr,$ and $\sigma$
		within square bracket \\
{\tt reference}	     & source of the proper motions \\
\EndMesTable
 
\section {pos measurements}
\index{pos}\index{position}
This section groups all measurements of {\em stellar positions},
with the exception of SAO data.  
\small
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
pos  |    alpha        delta    |me.al me.de|equi  epoch |     reference     |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pos  |22 27 18.484 +58 09 31.78 | .37   .29 |1950 1956.70|1971$AGK3.C.......L|
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

\BeginMesTable{ l } \hline
{\tt alpha delta} & $\alpha$ and $\delta$ in frame at equinox {\tt equi}, 
		at {\tt epoch} \\
{\tt me.al me.de} & standard errors \quad $\sigma(\alpha \cos\delta)$ and
                          $\sigma(\delta)$ (in $''$)\\
{\tt equi epoch}  & equinox of the frame, and epoch of the observation \\
{\tt reference}	  & source of the position \\
\EndMesTable
 
\section{ROT measurements}
\index{ROT}\index{Vsini}
Stellar Rotational Velocities.  
\begin{verbatim}
12345678901234567890123456789012345678
ROT  |Vsini (mes)|    reference      |
--------------------------------------
ROT  | 9    (   )|1970$KwKy.189.....U|
\end{verbatim}

\BeginMesTable{ l } \hline
{\tt Vsini}    & projected rotational velocity \quad $v \sin i$ ($km/s$) \\
{\tt (mes)}	& number of measurements\\
{\tt reference}	& source of the rotational velocity \\
\EndMesTable
 
\section{RVEL measurements}
\index{RVEL}\index{radial velocity}
This section deals with radial velocities of {\em galaxies}. 
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
RVEL   | Rvel   (nmes)| rem |dis|     reference     | 
-----------------------------------------------------
RVEL m|   +5100 (    )|     |   |1973UGC...C.......N|
\end{verbatim}

\BeginMesTable{ l } \hline
{\tt Rvel (nmes)}   & radial velocity ($km/s$), 
	and number of measurements \\
{\tt reference} & bibliographic reference \\
\EndMesTable
 
\section {SAO measurements}
\index{SAO}
Data extracted from the SAO catalogue
({\em Star catalog of 258997 stars for the epoch and equinox 1950.0}, 1966)
are:  
\begin{verbatim}
123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
SAO  |   alpha          delta    : m.e| pm-ra :m.e| pm-de :m.e|
 reference         |
---------------------------------------------------------------
SAO m|22 27 18.529 +58 09 31.77  : .04|  +.012:001|  +.005:001|
1966$SAO..C.......S|
\end{verbatim}

\BeginMesTable{ l } \hline
{\tt alpha delta } & $\alpha_{1950}$ and $\delta_{1950}$ for 
		epoch 1950.0 (FK4 system) \\
{\tt m.e}	& $\sigma$ of 1950 position ($''$)\\
{\tt pm-ra :m.e} & proper motion $\mu_\alpha \cos\delta$ 
		in $''/yr$, and $\sigma$\\
{\tt pm-de :m.e} & proper motion $\mu_\delta$ 
		in $''/yr$, and $\sigma$\\
\EndMesTable

 
\section {TD1 measurements}
\index{TD1}
UV fluxes from TD1 satellite, by Thompson et al. ({\em Scientific 
Research Council}, 1978);
magnitudes and standard errors are derived from absolute fluxes by
means of the calibration by Hayes \& Latham 
( A.~J. 197, 593, 1975).  
\small
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234
TD1  |m2740 : s.e|m2365 : s.e|m1965 : s.e|m1565 : s.e|     reference     |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
TD1 m| 5.42 : .13| 5.52 : .36| 5.17 : .53| 4.69 : .31|1978$TD1..C.......T|
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize
 
\BeginMesTable{ l } \hline
{\tt m2740 : s.e.}   & magnitude at $274.0$ {\em nm} (effective width $310\AA$),
		with $\sigma$ \\
{\tt m2365 : s.e.}   & magnitude at $236.5$ {\em nm} (effective width $330\AA$),
		with $\sigma$ \\
{\tt m1965 : s.e.}   & magnitude at $196.5$ {\em nm} (effective width $330\AA$),
		with $\sigma$ \\
{\tt m1565 : s.e.}   & magnitude at $156.5$ {\em nm} (effective width $330\AA$),
		with $\sigma$ \\
\EndMesTable
 
\section {UBV measurements}
\index{UBV}\index{Johnson}\index{Mermilliod}
This section includes UBV data in {\em Johnson's UBV} system
(see {\em e.g.} Johnson, H.L., 1963, in K.A.A. Strand (ed), {\em Basic 
Astronomical Data}, Univ. of Chicago Press, 204)  compiled by
J.-Cl. Mermilliod from Institut d'Astronomie de Lausanne
(Mermilliod, J.-C., 1987,  A{\&}A Sup. 71, 413).  
\small
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901
UBV  |      V      B-V     U-B  |Q/nbm|  remarks  |     reference     |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
UBV  |(*)  3.519   +.432       ~|?  1 |V          |1980ApJS...44..427M|
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

\BeginMesTable{ l } \hline
{\tt }		& The Photometric System is described by the following notes:\\
		& \begin{tabular}{ll} \hline
		{\tt (C)}  & Cape $U_cBV$ system \\
		{\tt (E)}  & Eggen's	\\
		{\tt (J)}  & Johnson's 11-colour \\
		{\tt (*)}  & Other non-standard system \\
		\hline \end{tabular} \\
{\tt V}       & $V$ magnitude \\
{\tt B-V}	& $(B-V)$ index \\
{\tt U-B}	& $(U-B)$ index \\
{\tt Q/nbm}	& Qualities on magnitudes, from {\tt A} (very good) to {\tt D} 
		(poor), \\
		& or 	number of measurements\\
{\tt remarks} & The possible remarks are: \\
	&	\begin{tabular}{ll} \hline
		{\tt V}  &	variable\\
		{\tt V?} &     suspected variable \\
		{\tt D}  &     double\\
		{\tt S}  &     standard\\
		\hline \end{tabular} \\
{\tt reference} & Source of the $UBV$ data \\
\EndMesTable
 
\section {uvby measurements}
\index{uvby}\index{Stroemgren}
The Str\"omgren $uvby$ photometric system ( see {\em e.g.} 
Str\"omgren B., 1966,  Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys.  4, 433)
is an intermediate passband photometry. The data are currently compiled
by Institut d'Astronomie de Lausanne, at Geneva Observatory (Hauck, B. and
Mermilliod, M., 1985, A\&A Sup. 60, 61). 
The filters are characterized by the 
following values:

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{| l | r r r r |} \hline
	&  $u$	& $v$	& $b$	& $y$	\\ \hline
%$\lambda_0$  ($nm$) &
Central $\lambda$ ($nm$) &
	  350	& 410 & 470	& 550	\\
%$\mu$ 	  ($nm$) &
Half-width	  ($nm$) &
	  38	& 20	& 10 	& 20	\\
\hline \end{tabular}
\end{center}
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234
uvby  | b-y  |  m1  |  c1  |nbmes|     reference     |
------------------------------------------------------
UVBY m|  .004|  .157| 1.089|     |1980A&AS...40....1H|
\end{verbatim}
 
\BeginMesTable{ l } \hline
{\tt (b-y)}        & color index $b-y$ \\
{\tt m1}           & index $m_1 = (v-b) - (b-y)$ \quad (Balmer discontinuity)\\
{\tt c1}           & index $c_1 = (u-v) - (v-b)$ \quad (line blocking)\\
{\tt Nmes}         & number of measurements for color indices. Remarks as: \\
	&	\begin{tabular}{ll} \hline
             	{\tt S} & standard values.\\
             	{\tt ?} & unknown number of measurements.\\
		{\tt >} & lower bound of the number of measurements.\\
		\hline \end{tabular} \\
{\tt reference} & source of photometric data \\
\EndMesTable
 
\section {V* measurements}
\index{V*}\index{VAR}\index{variable star}\index{Kukarkin}
Parameters concerning the variable stars were extracted
mainly from the
{\em General Catalog of Variable Stars} by 
Kukarkin et al. {\em USSR Academy of Sciences}
($3^{rd}$ edition in 1969, and continuations).
\small
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345
V*  |vartyp| Vmax   p   Vmin | period (d)  |  epoch (JD)  |D/rt%|     
Reference          |
-----------------------------------------------------------------
V* m|Cd    |  3.90  B   5.09 |     5.3663  | 2427628.86   |30.0 |
1969$GCVS.C03.....K|
\end{verbatim} 
\normalsize

\BeginMesTable{p{12cm}} \hline
{\tt Typ}       & Type of variability, summarized below\\
{\tt Max, p, min} & Maximum and minimum of brightness; 
		{\tt p} specifies the type of magnitudes\\
{\tt P(d)}      & period (in days)\\
{\tt Ep(JD)}    & epoch (in Julian Days), which corresponds to: \\
	& \begin{tabular}{cp{9cm}}
		$\bullet$ & {\bf maximum} light for pulsating 
		variables (excluding RV Tau stars), $\alpha$ CVn stars, 
		novae \\
	  $\bullet$ & {\bf minimum} light for eclipsing and ellipsoidal variables
		RV Tau stars \\
          \end{tabular} \\
{\tt D/rt(\%)}   & Duration of eclipse for Algol type stars, \\
		 & Raising time for all other variable types\\
{\tt Reference} & source of data \\
\EndMesTable
 
The classification defined in the {\bf 3rd} Edition is:

\begin{tabular}{| r l | r l |}
 \hline
{\tt ACV   }& $\alpha^2$ CVn  & 
 			{\tt IS } &  Rapid Irregular	\\
{\tt  BCEP  }&  $\beta$ Cep &  
 			{\tt L  }&   slow irregular  \\
{\tt  BLLAC } &  BL Lac  &  
 			{\tt LB }&   slow late-type irregular\\
{\tt  BY } &  BY Dra 	&  
 			{\tt M  } &  Mira\\
{\tt  CEP} &  Long-period Cepheid&  
 			{\tt N  } &  Nova\\
{\tt  CST }&  constant &  
 			{\tt NL } &  nova--like\\
{\tt  CW  }&  W Vir &  
 			{\tt QSO} &  Quasar  \\
{\tt DCEP } &  $\delta$ Cep (Classical Cepheid)&  
			{\tt RCB} &  R CrB  \\
{\tt  DSCT}&  $\delta$ Sct&  
 			{\tt RR } &  RR Lyr \\
{\tt  E   }&  Eclipsing binary &  
 			{\tt RRC} &  RR Lyr, $P \simeq 0.3d$ \\
{\tt  EA  }&  Algol-type eclipsing binary&  
 			{\tt RV } &  RV Tau (supergiants)\\
{\tt  EB  }&  $\beta$ Lyr--type eclipsing bin.&  
 			{\tt S  } &  rapid variable  \\
{\tt  ELL }&  ellipsoidal &
			{\tt SDOR}&  S Dor  \\
{\tt   EW } &  W UMa--type eclipsing binary     &  
  			{\tt SR  }&  semi-regular\\
{\tt  GCAS}&  $\gamma$ Cas&  
 			{\tt SN  }&  Supernova\\
{\tt  I   }&  Irregular&  
 			{\tt UG  }&  U Gem  \\
{\tt  IA  }&  Irregular of early type&  
 			{\tt UV  }&  UV Cet (flare) \\
{\tt  IN  }&  Irregular in nebula&  
 			{\tt UVN }&  UV Cet in nebula\\
{\tt  INS }&  Rapid irregular in nebula&  
 			{\tt ZAND}&  Z And  symbiotic star\\
{\tt  INT }&  T Tau irregular  &  
 			{\tt ZCAM}&  Z Cam  \\
     &     & 		{\tt ZZC }&  ZZ Cet \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\section {z measurements}
\index{z}\index{redshift}
Redshift data for extragalactic sources:  
\begin{verbatim}
Example:
12345678901234567890123456789012345
Z  |redshift R|     Reference     |
-----------------------------------
Z  |  .0658   |1989ApJS...70....1A|
\end{verbatim}

\BeginMesTable{ l } \hline
{\tt z}         & Redshift $z = \sqrt{\frac{1+\beta}{1-\beta}} -1$  
		\quad where $\beta = \frac{v}{c}$\\
{\tt Ref}       & Redshift source \\
\EndMesTable
 
 
 
%==============================================
\chapter{Journals scanned for the bibliography}
%==============================================
\label{journal}\index{journal}\index{bibliography}

\smallarraystretch


The following journals and periodicals  are currently scanned
for the bibliography. A number of additional publications, 
including colloquia
and symposia are scanned or have been scanned, 
but not in a systematic way.

More details are available on the World-Wide Web, at
\begin{center}
{\tt http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/refcode.html}
\end{center}

\noindent
\begin{tabular}[t]{| l  p{12cm} |}
\hline
 SIMBAD Code         &  Title         \\
\hline 
{\tt A\&A..} & Astronomy \& Astrophysics \\
{\tt A\&AS.} & Astronomy \& Astrophysics Suppl. Ser. \\
{\tt A\&ARv} & Astronomy and Astrophysics Review \\
{\tt AcA..} & Acta Astronomica \\
{\tt AcASn} & Acta Astronomica Sinica \\
{\tt AcApS} & Acta Astrophysica Sinica \\
{\tt ACiCh} & Astronomical Circular (Nankin) \\
{\tt Afz..} & Astrofizika \\
{\tt AGAb.} & Astron. Gesellschaft Abstract Ser. \\
{\tt AISof} & Astrophysical Investigations - Sofia \\
{\tt AJ...} & Astronomical Journal \\
{\tt AN...} & Astronomische Nachrichten \\
{\tt APh..} & Astroparticle Physics \\
{\tt ApJ..} & Astrophysical Journal \\
{\tt ApJS.} & Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. \\
{\tt ApL..} & Astrophysical Letters and communications \\
{\tt Ap\&SS} & Astrophys. \& Space Science \\
{\tt Aster} & Aster \\
{\tt Ast..} & Astronomy \\
{\tt ATsir} & Astron. Tsirk.  \\
{\tt AuJPh} & Australian J. Phys. \\
{\tt AZh..} & Astronomicheskij Zhurnal \\
{\tt BAAS.} & Bull. American Astron. Soc. \\
{\tt BaltA} & Baltic Astronomy \\
{\tt BCFHT} & Bull. CFHT \\
{\tt BICDS} & Bull. Inf. Centre Donn\'ees Strasbourg \\
{\tt BOBeo}  & Bull. Obs. Astron. Beograd \\
{\tt C\&E..} & Ciel et Espace \\
{\tt ChA\&A} & Chinese Astron. \& Astrophys.\\
{\tt C\&T..} & Ciel et Terre \\
{\tt ComAp}  & Comments on Astrophysics and space physics \\
{\tt CoSka} & Cont. Astron. Obs. Skalnate Pleso \\
{\tt CR2..} & Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Ser. II \\
{\tt EL...} & Europhysics Letters \\
{\tt EM\&P.} & Earth, Moon, and Planets \\
{\tt FCPh.} & Fundamentals of Cosmic Physics \\
{\tt FoPh.} & Foundations of Physics \\
{\tt Gemin} & GEMINI Newsletter (RGO) \\
\hline
\end{tabular}


\noindent
\begin{tabular}[t]{| l  p{12cm} |}
\hline
 SIMBAD Code         &  Title         \\
\hline 
{\tt GriO.} & Griffith Obs. \\
{\tt IAUC.} & IAU Circular \\
{\tt IBVS.} & IAU Inform. Bull. Variable Stars \\
{\tt Icar.} & Icarus \\
{\tt IrAJ.} & Irish Astron. J. \\
{\tt ISKZ.} & Investigations of the Sun and Red Stars \\
{\tt IzKry} & Izv. Krym. Astrofiz. Obs.  \\
{\tt JApA.} & Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy \\
{\tt JAF..} & J. Astronomes Francais \\
{\tt JAVSO} & J. American Assoc. Variable Star Obs. \\
{\tt JBAA.} & J. British Astron. Ass. \\
{\tt JBIS.} & J. British Interplanetary Society \\
{\tt JHA..} & Journal for the History of Astronomy \\
{\tt JRASC} & J. Royal Astron. Soc. Canada \\
{\tt KFNT.} & Kinematika Fizika Nebesnykh Tel. (Kiev) \\
{\tt KoIs.} & Kosmic. Issl. (Cosmic research) \\
{\tt LAstr} & L'Astronomie \\
{\tt Mercu} & Mercury \\
{\tt Msngr} & The Messenger \\
{\tt MitAG} & Mitt. Astron. Gesellschaft \\
{\tt MitVS} & Mitt. Verand. Sterne \\
{\tt MNRAS} & Mon. Not. Royal Astron. Soc. \\
{\tt MNSSA} & Mon. Not. Astron. Soc. South Africa \\
{\tt MmSAI} & Mem. Soc. Astron. Ital. \\
{\tt Natur} & Nature \\
{\tt NewSc} & New Scientist \\
{\tt Obs..} & The Observatory \\
{\tt PASAu} & Proc. Astron. Soc. Australia \\
{\tt PASJ.} & Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan \\
{\tt PASP.} & Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific \\
{\tt PAZh.} & Pis'ma Astron. Zh. \\
{\tt PBeiO} & Publ. Beijing Astron. Obs. \\
{\tt PhR..} & Physics Reports \\
{\tt PhRvA} & Physical Review A \\
{\tt PhRvD} & Physical Review D \\
{\tt PhRvL} & Physical Review Letters \\
{\tt PhS..} & Physica Scripta \\
\hline
\end{tabular}


\noindent
\begin{tabular}[t]{| l  p{12cm} |}
\hline
 SIMBAD Code         &  Title         \\
\hline 
{\tt PhT..} & Physics Today \\
{\tt PNAOJ} & Publ. Nat. Astron. Obs. Japan \\
{\tt POBeo} & Publ. Obs. Astron. Beograd \\
{\tt PPMtO} & Publ. Purple Mountain Obs. \\
{\tt P\&SS.} & Planetary and Space Sciences \\
{\tt PTRSL} & Philosophical Transactions R. Soc. London \\
{\tt PZ...} & Peremennye Zvezdy (variable stars) \\
{\tt QJRAS} & Quart. J. Royal Astron. Soc. \\
{\tt Rech.} & La Recherche \\
{\tt RMxAA} & Rev. Mexicana Astron. Astrofis. \\
{\tt RoAJ.} & Romanian Astronomical Journal \\
{\tt RPPh.} & Reports on Progress in Physics \\
{\tt RvPD.} & Revue du Palais de la D\'ecouverte \\
{\tt SAAOC} & South African Astron. Obs. Circ. \\
{\tt SoByu} & Soobshch. Byurakan Obs. \\
{\tt Sci..} & Science \\
{\tt SciAm} & Scientific American \\
{\tt SciN.} & Science News \\
{\tt SSRev} & Space Science Reviews \\
{\tt S\&T..} & Sky \& Telescope \\
{\tt S\&W..} & Sterne und Weltraum \\
{\tt VA...} & Vistas in Astronomy \\
\hline
\end{tabular}


\begin{theindex}

  \item --, 119
  \item ., 142
  \item /, 99, 113, 119, 142
  \item :, 142
  \item ;, 118
  \item {\tt <}, 142
  \item {\tt <|}, 142
  \item {\tt >}, 142
  \item {\tt >|}, 142
  \item ?, 65, 142
  \item \#, 102
  \item \&, 35, 72, 142

  \indexspace

  \item abstract, 50, 80, 82
  \item access to SIMBAD, \bold{5}
  \item ADS, 51
  \item agent, 71, \bold{129}
    \subitem astrobj, 84, \bold{130}
    \subitem Database, \bold{129}
    \subitem filter, 86, \bold{131}
    \subitem format, 97, \bold{132}
    \subitem help, 65, \bold{134}
    \subitem macro, 118, \bold{133}
    \subitem mail, 117, \bold{134}
    \subitem objlist, 93, \bold{131}
    \subitem reflist, \bold{130}
    \subitem Session, \bold{130}
    \subitem session, 111
    \subitem UIF, 64, \bold{132}
    \subitem uif, 112
    \subitem user, \bold{133}
  \item all, 36, 85
  \item astronomical object, \bold{84}
  \item Astronomisches Rechen Institut, 9
  \item Astronomy and Astrophysics, 50

  \indexspace

  \item B-V, 89
  \item basic, 36, 74, 85
  \item basic data, 12, 74
  \item basicdata, 57, 61
  \item BIB, 91
  \item bib, 36, 85
  \item bibcode, 36, 58, 66, 80, 85
  \item bibliographical index, 49
  \item bibliography, 12, 48, 57, 61, \bold{79}, 171
  \item bibtext, 36
  \item BIBYEARS, 110
  \item bibyears, 37, 85
  \item Bitnet, 5, 60, 61, 116
  \item bye, 26, 30, 36, 40, 45, 46, 67, 72, 85, 113, 117, 119, 
		129--134

  \indexspace

  \item c, 114
  \item CAT, 91
  \item catalog, 36
  \item catalogue, 85, 156
  \item categories, 72
  \item CCDM, 13
  \item CDS, 10
  \item CEL, 157
  \item charges, 14
  \item CIRCLE, 88
  \item Cl, 147
  \item Cl.G, 158
  \item classification, 75
  \item clone, 98, 131, 132
  \item cluster, 147
  \item cmdfile, 99, 115, \bold{116}
  \item code, 80
  \item COM, 102
  \item command, 25, 33, 71, \bold{72}
    \subitem special, 142
  \item comment, 82
  \item compil, 111, 132
  \item connection, 10
  \item constellation, 146
  \item cont, 64, 114
  \item contents, 74
  \item context, 65, 72
  \item COO, 104
  \item COOEQUINOX, 110
  \item cooequinox, 43
  \item coolist, \bold{57}, 60
  \item COORADIUS, 110
  \item cooradius, 44
  \item coordinates, 43
  \item criteria, 53
  \item cross identification, 12, 78
  \item CSI, 10
  \item current context, 72

  \indexspace

  \item DATA, 91
  \item data, 36, 85
  \item database
    \subitem network access, 5
    \subitem password, 6
    \subitem username, 6
  \item DEC, 89
  \item DECNET, 10
  \item define, 130
  \item delete, 131
  \item describe, 131
  \item dictionary, 82
  \item DIM, 88, 105
  \item dimension, 77
  \item display, 85, 130--134
  \item displayed, 64
  \item double system, 76

  \indexspace

  \item echo, 130
  \item EDITOR, 110, 122
  \item Einstein, 158
  \item electronic file, 82
  \item electronic mail, 60
  \item env, 61, \bold{109}
  \item environment, 57
  \item environment variable, 98, 109, \bold{111}
  \item epoch, 44, 75
  \item equi1, 37
  \item equi2, 37
  \item EQUINOX, 89
  \item equinox, 43, 75, 88, 115
  \item EQUINOX1, 110
  \item EQUINOX2, 110
  \item exit, 130
  \item exit a session, 67

  \indexspace

  \item FIELD, 88
  \item file copy, 57
  \item fileoutput, 113
  \item filter, 53, \bold{53}, \bold{86}
  \item FIN, 102
  \item findgsc, 47
  \item FM-IMMEDIATE, 98, 110
  \item fm-immediate, 135
  \item FM-LIST, 98, 110
  \item fm-list, 140
  \item FM-STANDARD, 98, 110
  \item fm-standard, 110, 137
  \item format, 11, 61, \bold{97}
    \subitem default, 135
  \item fread, 130
  \item ftp, 57
  \item full, 113
  \item full screen mode, 112

  \indexspace

  \item GCRV, 159
  \item GEN, 160
  \item Geneva photometry, 160
  \item GJ, 161
  \item Gliese, 161
  \item Greek letter, 145
  \item GSC, 47
  \item Guide Star Catalog, 47

  \indexspace

  \item hbet, 161
  \item Hbeta, 161
  \item help, \bold{65}
  \item HGAM, 162
  \item Hipparcos, 13
  \item home page, 66
  \item host, 130

  \indexspace

  \item IAP, 9, 12, 81
  \item IC, 102
  \item ID, 103
  \item id, 36, 85
  \item identification, 78
  \item identifier syntax, 33
  \item idlist, \bold{57}, 60
  \item immediate format, 97
  \item info, 65, 147
  \item inputfile, 114
  \item INSU, 10
  \item Internet, 5, 6, 10, 61, 116
  \item IRC, 162
  \item IUE, 13, 163

  \indexspace

  \item Jahreiss, 161
  \item Johnson, 163, 167
  \item journal, 66, 171
  \item JP11, 163

  \indexspace

  \item keep, 84, 130
  \item kill, 132
  \item Kukarkin, 169

  \indexspace

  \item Lausanne, 9
  \item list, 57
  \item list format, 97
  \item list identifier, 94
  \item LLG, 102
  \item log, \bold{64}, 113
  \item login, 6
  \item lookbib, 49
  \item Lortet, 78

  \indexspace

  \item macro, \bold{118}
  \item MAG, 104
  \item magnitude, 76
  \item mail, \bold{117}
  \item maxdata, 57, 61
  \item MB, 89
  \item measurement, 12, 78, 156
  \item Mermilliod, 167
  \item MES, 106
  \item MESCAT, 106, 110, 111
  \item MESTYP, 106, 110, 111
  \item Minitel, 6
  \item MK, 164
  \item modify, 133
  \item morphological type, 77, 151
  \item MSS, 164
  \item MT, 105
  \item MV, 89

  \indexspace

  \item NASA/STI, 51
  \item nbib, 36, 85
  \item ndata, 36, 85
  \item near name, 40, 44
  \item nearby star, 161
  \item NED, 9, 80
  \item network, 10
    \subitem Internet, 5
    \subitem SPAN, 5
    \subitem X.25, 5
  \item nomenclature, 12

  \indexspace

  \item OBJECT, 90, 105
  \item object list, 44, 84, \bold{93}
  \item object type, 75, 85, 91, 105, 152
  \item OBJID, 102
  \item Observatoire de Bordeaux, 9, 12, 81
  \item Observatoire de Gen\`eve, 9
  \item Observatoire de Lyon, 9
  \item Observatoire de Paris, 9, 12, 78, 81
  \item off, 133
  \item on, 133
  \item OTYPE, 105

  \indexspace

  \item page, 64, 114
  \item parallax, 165
  \item parameter, 71
  \item parameter (of a command), 72
  \item PASP, 50
  \item Password, 5
  \item password, 5, 6
  \item PLX, 165
  \item PM, 77, 90, 104, 165
  \item pos, 75, 165
  \item position, 165
  \item PPM, 13
  \item precision, 75
  \item proper motion, 44, 75, 77, 165
  \item Proteus/Termwindows, 112
  \item public network, 5, 10

  \indexspace

  \item Query by coordinates, \bold{43}
  \item quit the database, 67

  \indexspace

  \item RA, 89
  \item radial velocity, 159, 166
  \item RADIUS, 88
  \item radius, 44
  \item read, 134
  \item record length, 102
  \item redshift, 170
  \item REF, 107
  \item reference code, 25, \bold{79}, 80
  \item reftext, 23, 58
  \item release, 129--132
  \item reset, 130
  \item ROT, 166
  \item RVEL, 166

  \indexspace

  \item sampling, \bold{53}
  \item SAO, 5, 75, 77, 166
  \item save, 134
  \item screen, 113
  \item screenoutput, 113
  \item search, 129
  \item selectid, 59, 94
  \item send, 134
  \item sendlog, \bold{64}, 113
  \item session, 67, \bold{111}
    \subitem define, 110, 111
  \item set, 131--133
  \item simple, 113
  \item SKIP, 101
  \item smbmail, \bold{60}
  \item SORT, 91
  \item SP, 90, 105
  \item SPAN, 5, 6, 10, 61, 116
  \item special command, 142
  \item spectral type, 77, 149
  \item SPL, 90
  \item SPT, 90
  \item standard format, 97
  \item stop, 30, 67
  \item Stroemgren, 168

  \indexspace

  \item TD1, 167
  \item Teletel, 6
  \item test, 133
  \item TEXT, 101
  \item text editor, \bold{122}
  \item tty, 113
  \item tty mode, 112
  \item Two micron sky survey, 162

  \indexspace

  \item UBV, 167
  \item uif, \bold{112}
  \item ULP, 10
  \item undisplayed, 64
  \item updating, 12, 81
  \item use, 130
  \item user, \bold{115}
  \item user interface, 11, 13, 112
  \item user.cmd, \bold{116}
  \item Userid, 5
  \item usual, 113
  \item uvby, 168

  \indexspace

  \item V*, 169
  \item VAR, 169
  \item variable star, 76, 169
  \item verb, 71
  \item vi, \bold{122}
  \item Vsini, 166

  \indexspace

  \item World-Wide Web, 5, 6, 15, 24, 50, 63, 66, 80--82
  \item write, 131--133

  \indexspace

  \item XSimbad, 5, 13, 112

  \indexspace

  \item z, 170

\end{theindex}
\end{document}