J/A+A/569/A20 Massive stars in two giant molecular clouds (Messineo+, 2014)
Massive stars in the giant molecular cloud G23.3-0.3 and W41.
Messineo M., Menten K.M., Figer D.F., Davies B., Simon C.J., Ivanov V.D.,
Kudritzki R.-P., Michael R.R., MacKenty J.W., Trombley C.
<Astron. Astrophys., 569, A20-20 (2014)>
=2014A&A...569A..20M 2014A&A...569A..20M
ADC_Keywords: Molecular clouds ; Stars, giant ; Photometry, infrared
Keywords: supergiants - ISM: supernova remnants -
open clusters and associations: general - ISM: clouds
Abstract:
Young massive stars and stellar clusters continuously form in the
Galactic disk, generating new HII regions within their natal giant
molecular clouds and subsequently enriching the interstellar medium
via their winds and supernovae. Massive stars are among the brightest
infrared stars in such regions; their identification permits the
characterisation of the star formation history of the associated cloud
as well as constraining the location of stellar aggregates and hence
their occurrence as a function of global environment. We present a
stellar spectroscopic survey in the direction of the giant molecular
cloud G23.3-0.3. This complex is located at a distance of ∼4-5kpc, and
consists of several HII regions and supernova remnants. We discovered
11 OfK+ stars, one candidate luminous blue variable, several OB
stars, and candidate red supergiants. Stars with K-band extinction
from ∼1.3-1.9mag appear to be associated with the GMC G23.3-0.3; O and
B-types satisfying this criterion have spectrophotometric distances
consistent with that of the giant molecular cloud. Combining near-IR
spectroscopic and photometric data allowed us to characterize the
multiple sites of star formation within it. The O-type stars have
masses from ∼25-45M☉, and ages of 5-8Myr. Two new red
supergiants were detected with interstellar extinction typical of the
cloud; along with the two RSGs within the cluster GLIMPSE9, they trace
an older burst with an age of 20-30Myr. Massive stars were also
detected in the core of three supernova remnants - W41, G22.7-0.2, and
G22.7583-0.4917. A large population of massive stars appears
associated with the GMC G23.3-0.3, with the properties inferred for
them indicative of an extended history of stars formation.
Description:
The observations were made with the Spectrograph for INtegral Field
Observations in the Near Infrared (SINFONIal) on the Yepun Very Large
Telescope, under the ESO programs 084.D-0769 and 085.D-0192 (P.I.
Messineo). We observed ∼100 stars with 0.6<H-Ks<1.4mag and 11<Ks<6mag
from selected fields.
An additional 47 objects were detected with the Son of Isaac (SofI)
spectrograph on the ESO New Technology Telescope (NTT) on La Silla
during the ESO program 087.D-09609 (P.I. Messineo), on the nights of
June 10, 11, and 12, 2011.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 91 41 List of detected early-type stars
table3.dat 95 14 *Spectra of late-type stars that are potential red
supergiants (L>4x104L☉)
table4a.dat 217 41 Infrared measurements the early-type stars
table4b.dat 217 14 Infrared measurements of the supergiants
tablec1.dat 78 103 *List of observed giant stars (L<4x104L☉
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Note on table3.dat, tablec1.dat: at a distance of 4.6kpc
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 12 A12 --- ID Star identification (1)
14- 15 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000)
17- 18 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000)
20- 24 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (J2000)
26 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
27- 28 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000)
30- 31 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000)
33- 36 F4.1 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000)
38- 44 A7 --- Inst Instrument: SINFONI(R=4400) or SofI(R=1900)
46- 54 A9 --- Sp Spectrum type (2)
56- 60 I5 K Teff ?=- Estimated effective temperature (2)
62- 65 I4 K e_Teff ? rms uncertainty on Teff (2)
67- 71 F5.2 mag (J-Ks)0 Intrinsic J-Ks colour index (2)
73- 77 F5.2 mag (H-Ks)0 Intrinsic H-Ks colour index (2)
79- 90 A12 --- AName Other identification of the star
91 A1 --- r_AName [ab] Reference of AName (3)
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Note (1): Identification number, No 1-38. Two B supergiants detected by
Messineo et al. (2010ApJ...708.1241M 2010ApJ...708.1241M), and a WR discovered by Mauerhan et
al. (2011AJ....142...40M 2011AJ....142...40M) are appended to the table.
Note (2): We used the collection of infrared colors and temperatures per
spectral types as listed in the Appendix of Messineo et al.
(2011ApJ...733...41M 2011ApJ...733...41M). For every star (for example a O6-7 star), we assumed
the mean temperature of the range considered, and as error half range.
Note (3): Notes as follows:
a = Messineo et al. (2010ApJ...708.1241M 2010ApJ...708.1241M)
b = Mauerhan et al. (2011AJ....142...40M 2011AJ....142...40M)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 12 A12 --- ID Supergiant identification (1)
14- 15 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000)
17- 18 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000)
20- 24 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (J2000)
26 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
27- 28 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000)
30- 31 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000)
33- 36 F4.1 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000)
38- 44 A7 --- Inst Instrument: SINFONI(R=4400) or SofI(R=1900)
46- 47 I2 0.1nm EW(CO) ?=- CO Equivalent width (2.29µm)
49- 50 A2 --- Sp.g Spectral type obtained using the relation
for red giants
52- 55 I4 K Te.g ?=- Effective temperature obtained using the
relation for red giants (2)
57- 59 I3 K e_Te.g ? rms uncertainty on Te.g
61- 64 A4 --- Sp.c Spectral type obtained using the relation for
supergiants
66- 69 I4 K Te.c ?=- Effective temperature obtained using the
relation for supergiants (2)
71- 73 I3 K e_Te.c ? rms uncertainty on Te.c
75- 77 I3 % H2O ?=- H2O index (3)
79- 93 A15 --- AName Other identification of the star
95 A1 --- r_AName [abc] Reference or note (4)
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Note (1): Identification number, No. 39-48. We appended to the table
RSG [MFD2010] 5 (Messineo et al., 2010ApJ...708.1241M 2010ApJ...708.1241M), RSG BD-08 4645,
BD-08 4635, and BD-08 4639 (Skiff, 2013, Cat. B/mk).
Note (2): Temperature errors account for accuracy in spectral types of ±2.
Note (3): The H2O index iis derived from the 2.02-2.10µm part if the
spextrum, it depends on the correction for the absorption AAKs:
a variation of 10% in AKs typically affects the H2O index by 20%.
Note (4): Notes as follows:
a = BG: object in the background of the cloud
b = Messineo et al. (2010ApJ...708.1241M 2010ApJ...708.1241M)
c = Skiff (2013, Cat. B/mk)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4*.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 12 A12 --- ID Identification, as in tables 2 and 3
13 A1 --- ph [cde] Note on the photometry (5)
15- 19 F5.2 mag J2mag ?=- 2MASS J magnitude (6)
21- 25 F5.2 mag H2mag ?=- 2MASS H magnitude (6)
27- 31 F5.2 mag Ks2mag ?=- 2MASS Ks magnitude (6)
33- 37 F5.2 mag Imag ?=- DENIS I magnitude
39- 43 F5.2 mag Jmag ?=- DENIS H magnitude
45- 49 F5.2 mag Ksmag ?=- DENIS Ks magnitude
51- 55 F5.2 mag JUmag ?=- UKIDSS J magnitude (7)
57- 61 F5.2 mag HUmag ?=- UKIDSS H magnitude (7)
63- 67 F5.2 mag KsUmag ?=- UKIDSS Ks magnitude (7)
69- 73 F5.2 mag [3.6] ?=- GLIMPSE 3.6um magnitude
75- 79 F5.2 mag [4.5] ?=- GLIMPSE 4.5um magnitude
81- 85 F5.2 mag [5.8] ?=- GLIMPSE 5.8um magnitude
87- 91 F5.2 mag [8.0] ?=- GLIMPSE 8.0um magnitude
93- 96 F4.2 mag Amag ?=- MSX A magnitude (6.8-10.8µm)
98-102 F5.2 mag W1mag ?=- WISE W1 magnitude
104-108 F5.2 mag W2mag ?=- WISE W2 magnitude
110-113 F4.2 mag W3mag ?=- WISE W3 magnitude
115-118 F4.2 mag W4mag ?=- WISE W4 magnitude
120-124 F5.2 mag Rmag ?=- NOMAD R magnitude
126-129 F4.2 mag e_J2mag ?=- rms uncertainty on J2mag
131-134 F4.2 mag e_H2mag ?=- rms uncertainty on H2mag
136-139 F4.2 mag e_Ks2mag ?=- rms uncertainty on Ks2mag
141-144 F4.2 mag e_Imag ?=- rms uncertainty on Imag
146-149 F4.2 mag e_Jmag ?=- rms uncertainty on Hmag
151-154 F4.2 mag e_Ksmag ?=- rms uncertainty on Ksmag
156-160 F5.3 mag e_JUmag ?=- rms uncertainty on JUmag
162-166 F5.3 mag e_HUmag ?=- rms uncertainty on HUmag
168-172 F5.3 mag e_KsUmag ?=- rms uncertainty on KsUmag
174-177 F4.2 mag e_[3.6] ?=- rms uncertainty on [3.6]
179-182 F4.2 mag e_[4.5] ?=- rms uncertainty on [4.5]
184-187 F4.2 mag e_[5.8] ?=- rms uncertainty on [5.8]
189-192 F4.2 mag e_[8.0] ?=- rms uncertainty on [8.0]
194-197 F4.2 mag e_Amag ?=- rms uncertainty on Amag
199-202 F4.2 mag e_W1mag ?=- rms uncertainty on W1mag
204-207 F4.2 mag e_W2mag ?=- rms uncertainty on W2mag
209-212 F4.2 mag e_W3mag ?=- rms uncertainty on W3mag
214-217 F4.2 mag e_W4mag ?=- rms uncertainty on W4mag
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Note (5): Notes as follows:
c = UKIDSS values were used
d = Ks was estimated from the SINFONI data-cube
e = H and Ks were taken from Messineo et al. (2010ApJ...708.1241M 2010ApJ...708.1241M)
Note (6): 2MASS upper limits and confused stars were removed all, but star #4.
Note (7): Small corrections (J~+0.1mag, H~-0.1mag, K∼0.0mag) were applied to
match the 2MASS photometric system.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablec1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 3 I3 --- ID [49/151] Identification number
5- 6 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000)
8- 9 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000)
11- 15 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (J2000)
17 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
18- 19 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000)
21- 22 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000)
24- 27 F4.1 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000)
29- 35 A7 --- Inst Instrument
37- 38 I2 0.1nm EW(CO) CO Equivalent width
40- 42 A3 --- Sp.g Spectral type obtained using the relation
for giants
44 A1 --- l_Te.g Limit flag on TeffG
45- 48 I4 K Te.g ?=- Effective temperature obtained using the
relation for giants (1)
50- 52 I3 K e_Te.g ? rms uncertainty on T.g
54- 56 I3 % H2O ?=- H2O index
58- 76 A19 --- Rem Remarks (alternative designations and notes)
78 A1 --- r_Rem Reference (2)
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Note (1): Temperature errors account for accuracy in spectral types of ±2.
Note (2): Notes as follows:
a = This Asymptotic giant branch stars (AGB) coincides with the maser
OH22.77-0.26 (Blommaert et al. 1994A&A...287..479B 1994A&A...287..479B).
The stellar velocity (LSR) is 93.1km/s.
b = Messineo et al. (2010ApJ...708.1241M 2010ApJ...708.1241M).
c = XMM point source number 5 in Table 1 of Mukherjee et al.
(2009ApJ...691.1707M 2009ApJ...691.1707M)
d = BG: object in the background of the cloud.
e = XMM point source number 15 in Table 1 of Mukherjee et al.
(2009ApJ...691.1707M 2009ApJ...691.1707M)
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 13-Nov-2014