J/A+A/593/A51 Debris discs around nearby FGK stars (Montesinos+, 2016)
Incidence of debris discs around FGK stars in the solar neighbourhood.
Montesinos B., Eiroa C., Krivov A.V., Marshall J.P., Pilbratt G.L.,
Liseau R., Mora A., Maldonado J., Wolf S., Ertel S., Bayo A.,
Augereau J.-C., Heras A.M., Fridlund M., Danchi W.C., Solano E.,
Kirchschlager F., Del Burgo C., Montes D.
<Astron. Astrophys., 593, A51 (2016)>
=2016A&A...593A..51M 2016A&A...593A..51M (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Stars, nearby ; Stars, late-type ; Photometry, infrared ;
Photometry, millimetric/submm
Keywords: stars: late-type - circumstellar matter - protoplanetary disks -
infrared: stars
Abstract:
Debris discs are a consequence of the planet formation process and
constitute the fingerprints of planetesimal systems. Their
counterparts in the solar system are the asteroid and Edgeworth-Kuiper
belts.
The aim of this paper is to provide robust numbers for the incidence
of debris discs around FGK stars in the solar neighbourhood.
The full sample of 177 FGK stars with d≥20pc proposed for the DUst
around NEarby Stars (DUNES) survey is presented. Herschel/PACS
observations at 100 and 160µm were obtained, and were complemented
in some cases with data at 70µm and at 250, 350, and 500µm SPIRE
photometry. The 123 objects observed by the DUNES collaboration were
presented in a previous paper. The remaining 54 stars, shared with the
Disc Emission via a Bias-free Reconnaissance in IR and Sub-mm (DEBRIS)
consortium and observed by them, and the combined full sample are
studied in this paper. The incidence of debris discs per spectral type
is analysed and put into context together with other parameters of the
sample, like metallicity, rotation and activity, and age.
The subsample of 105 stars with d≥15pc containing 23 F, 33 G, and 49
K stars is complete for F stars, almost complete for G stars, and
contains a substantial number of K stars from which we draw solid
conclusions on objects of this spectral type. The incidence rates of
debris discs per spectral type are 0.26+0.21-0.14 (6 objects with
excesses out of 23 F stars), 0.21+0.17-0.11 (7 out of 33 G stars),
and 0.200.14-0.09 (10 out of 49 K stars); the fraction for all
three spectral types together is 0.22+0.08-0.07 (23 out of 105
stars). The uncertainties correspond to a 95% confidence level. The
medians of the upper limits of Ldust/L* for each spectral type are
7.8x10-7 (F), 1.4x10-6 (G), and 2.2x10-6 (K); the lowest values
are around 4.0x10-7. The incidence of debris discs is similar for
active (young) and inactive (old) stars. The fractional luminosity
tends to drop with increasing age, as expected from collisional
erosion of the debris belts.
Description:
The stellar sample analysed in this work is the merger of the sample
studied in Eiora et al. (2013, J/A+A/555/A11, hereafter called
DUNES_DU) and a subsample of FGK stars observed by the DEBRIS team
(hereafter identified as DUNES_DB). The full DUNES sample is composed
of the merger of DUNES_DU and DUNES_DB. We concentrate our analysis on
the stars with d≤20pc, and when addressing the incidence rates of
debris discs, we pay special attention to the subset within 15 pc.
Below, we give details of the DUNES_DU and DUNES_DB subsamples.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
tablec1.dat 118 54 Subsamples of DUNES_DB stars with d≤15pc and
15pc<d≤20pc
tablec2.dat 72 54 Parameters of the DUNES_DB stars with
d≤15pc and 15pc<d≤20pc
tablec3.dat 152 38 Multiplicity and planetary companions of the
DUNES_DB stars with d≤20pc
tablec4.dat 71 54 DUNES_DB stars with d≤20pc: Johnson V, B-V,
Cousins V-I, and Stroemgren photometry
tablec5.dat 109 55 DUNES_DB stars with d≤20pc: 2MASS JHKs and
ancillary Johnson JHKLL'M photometry
tablec6.dat 70 55 DUNES_DB stars with d≤20pc: AKARI 9 and 18um
fluxes and WISE W1, W3, and W4 photometry
tablec7.dat 58 54 DUNES_DB stars with d≤20pc: IRAS 12, 25, 60um
and Spitzer/MIPS 24 and 70um fluxes
tablec8.dat 52 55 OBSIDs for the DUNES_DB stars with d≤20pc
tablec9.dat 91 55 PACS flux densities for the DUNES_DB stars with
d≤15pc and 15pc<d≤20pc
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
J/A+A/555/A11 : DUNES survey observational results (Eiroa+, 2013)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablec1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Samp [ab] Distance sample (G1)
3- 8 I6 --- HIP HIP number
11- 16 I6 --- HD HD number
17 A1 --- n_HD [J] Multiplicity index on HD
19- 33 A15 --- Other Other name
35- 41 A7 --- SpType Spectral type, from Hipparcos
43- 69 A27 --- SpTrange Spectral type range
71- 72 I2 h RAh Right ascension ICRS (J2000)
74- 75 I2 min RAm Right ascension ICRS (J2000)
77- 82 F6.3 s RAs Right ascension ICRS (J2000)
84 A1 --- DE- Declination sign ICRS (J2000)
85- 86 I2 deg DEd Declination ICRS (J2000)
88- 89 I2 arcmin DEm Declination ICRS (J2000)
91- 95 F5.2 arcsec DEs Declination ICRS (J2000)
97-102 F6.2 mas plx Parallax
104-107 F4.2 mas e_plx rms uncertainty on plx
109-113 F5.2 pc Dist Distance
115-118 F4.2 pc e_Dist rms uncertainty on Dist
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablec2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Samp [ab] Distance sample (G1)
3- 8 I6 --- HIP HIP number
10- 13 I4 K Teff Effective temperature (1)
15- 18 F4.2 [cm/s2] logg Surface gravity (1)
20- 24 F5.2 [-] [Fe/H] Metallicity (1)
26 A1 --- Flag [SP] Note on parameter determination (1)
28- 32 F5.3 Lsun Lbol Bolometric luminosity
34- 39 F6.3 --- logR'HK Chromospheric activity index
42 I1 --- r_logR'HK Reference for logR'HK (2)
45 A1 --- l_Prot Lower limit on Prot
46- 50 F5.2 d Prot ? Rotational period (3)
52- 55 F4.2 d e_Prot ? rms uncertainty on Prot
56 A1 --- n_Prot [*] Note on Prot (4)
57- 61 F5.2 km/s vsini ? When a lower limit of the period is given,
value of vsini used to estimate it
63 A1 --- l_tGyro Limit flag on tGyro
64- 67 F4.2 Gyr tGyro ? Gyrochronology age (5)
69- 72 F4.2 Gyr tHK ? Chromospheric age (6)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Teff, logg, and [Fe/H] are averages from
Fuhrmann (2008MNRAS.384..173F 2008MNRAS.384..173F), Gray et al. (2003, Cat. J/AJ/126/2048),
Gray et al. (2006, Cat. J/AJ/132/161), Holmberg et al. (2009A&A...501..941H 2009A&A...501..941H,
Cat. V/130), Santos et al. (2004, Cat. J/A+A/415/1153),
Sousa et al. (2008, Cat. J/A+A/487/373), Takeda et al. (2005,
Cat. J/PASJ/57/27), and Valenti & Fischer (2005, Cat. J/ApJS/159/141).
"S" and "P" mean that the determination is spectroscopic or photometric.
logg for HIP 104858 assigned according to its spectral type.
Note (2): Reference as follows:
1 = Gray et al. (2006, Cat. J/AJ/132/161)
2 = Baliunas et al. (1996, Cat. J/ApJ/457/L99)
3 = Martinez-Arnaiz et al. (2010, Cat. J/A+A/520/A79)
4 = Duncan et al. (1991ApJS...76..383D 1991ApJS...76..383D, Cat. III/159)
5 = Hall et al. (2007AJ....133..862H 2007AJ....133..862H)
6 = R'HK computed from ROSAT X-ray data using Eq. (A1) from
Mamajek & Hillenbrand (2008ApJ...687.1264M 2008ApJ...687.1264M, Cat. J/ApJ/687/1264)
7 = Saffe et al. (2005A&A...443..609S 2005A&A...443..609S)
8 = Gray et al. (2003, Cat. J/AJ/126/2048)
9 = Wright et al. (2004, Cat. J/ApJS/152/261)
Note (3): Determination of Prot from the Rossby number and valid if
0.4<B-V<1.4 and -5.1<logR'HK←4.3 (Noyes et al., 1984ApJ...279..763N 1984ApJ...279..763N).
Note (4): The (B-V) value is slightly outside the valid range of the
Noyes et al. (1984ApJ...279..763N 1984ApJ...279..763N) calibration for Prot.
Note (5): Gyrochronology age calibration valid if B-V>0.5
(Mamajek & Hillenbrand, 2008ApJ...687.1264M 2008ApJ...687.1264M, Cat. J/ApJ/687/126).
Note (6): Chromospheric age calibration valid in the interval
-5.0<logR'HK←4.3 (Mamajek & Hillenbrand, 2008ApJ...687.1264M 2008ApJ...687.1264M,
Cat. J/ApJ/687/126).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablec3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Samp [ab] Distance sample (G1)
3- 8 I6 --- HIP HIP number
10- 56 A47 --- Mult Multiplicity and details
58- 68 A11 --- Name Component name
70- 75 A6 --- SpType Component spectral type
77- 82 F6.3 mag Vmag ? Component V magnitude
84- 87 A4 --- --- [CCDM]
89-101 A13 --- CCDM CCDM identification
103-104 I2 h RAh ? Component right ascension ICRS (J2000)
106-107 I2 min RAm ? Component right ascension ICRS (J2000)
109-116 F8.5 s RAs ? Component right ascension ICRS (J2000)
118 A1 --- DE- Component declination sign ICRS (J2000)
119-120 I2 deg DEd ? Component declination ICRS (J2000)
122-123 I2 arcmin DEm ? Component declination ICRS (J2000)
125-131 F7.4 arcsec DEs ? Component declination ICRS (J2000)
132-138 F7.2 mas/yr pmRA ? Component proper motion along RA, pmRA*cosDE
140-146 F7.2 mas/yr pmDE ? Component proper motion along DE
148-152 F5.2 arcsec Sep ? Separation between components
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table3: Planetary companions of the DUNES_DB stars with d≤20pc
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HIP Comment CCDM identification Planets
M/MJup a (UA)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15510 High proper-motion star b 0.009 0.12
15510 c 0.008 0.20
15510 d 0.015 0.35
57443 High proper-motion star CCDM J11465-4030A b 0.05 0.46
64924 High proper-motion star CCDM J13185-1818A b 0.016 0.05
64924 c 0.057 0.22
64924 d 0.072 0.48
93017 Spectroscopic binary b 1.5 1.76
99825 Variable star b 0.053 0.32
99825 c 0.076 1.18
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes. All planets were discovered by the radial velocity (RV) method except
HIP 93017b (astrometry); therefore, masses for the RV exoplanets are lower
limits. Data from http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/data.html
except for HIP 93017b, which are taken from http://exoplanet.eu
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablec4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Samp [ab] Distance sample (G1)
3- 8 I6 --- HIP HIP number
10- 13 F4.2 mag Vmag Johnson V magnitude (1)
15- 19 F5.3 mag B-V Johnson B-V colour index (1)
21- 25 F5.3 mag e_B-V rms uncertainty on B-V
27- 30 F4.2 mag V-I Johnson-Cousins V-I colour index (1)
32- 35 F4.2 mag e_V-I rms uncertainty on V-I
37- 41 F5.3 mag b-y Stroemgren b-y colour index (2)
43- 47 F5.3 mag e_b-y ? rms uncertainty on b-y
49- 53 F5.3 mag m1 Stroemgren m1 index (2)
55- 59 F5.3 mag e_m1 ? rms uncertainty on m1
61- 65 F5.3 mag c1 Stroemgren c1 index (2)
67- 71 F5.3 mag e_c1 ? rms uncertainty on c1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Johnson BV and Cousins I magnitudes are from the Hipparcos catalogue
(1997HIP...C......0E 1997HIP...C......0E, Cat. I/239); the calibration from magnitudes to fluxes
is carried out using the zero points by Bessell (1979PASP...91..589B 1979PASP...91..589B).
Note (2): Stroemgren b-y, m1, and c1 are taken from Hauck & Mermilliod
(1998A&AS..129..431H 1998A&AS..129..431H, Cat. II/215) and Hauck & Mermilliod
(1998A&AS..129..431H 1998A&AS..129..431H, Cat. II/215); these indices were converted into uvby
magnitudes, and then into fluxes using the zero points by
Gray (1998AJ....116..482G 1998AJ....116..482G).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablec5.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Samp [ab] Distance sample (G1)
3- 8 I6 --- HIP HIP number
9 A1 --- m_HIP [AB] Multiplicity index on HIP
10- 15 F6.3 mag J2mag ?=- 2MASS J magnitude (1)
17- 21 F5.3 mag e_J2mag ? rms uncertainty on J2mag
23- 28 F6.3 mag H2mag ?=- 2MASS H magnitude (1)
30- 34 F5.3 mag e_H2mag ? rms uncertainty on H2mag
36- 41 F6.3 mag Ks2mag 2MASS Ks magnitude (1)
43- 47 F5.3 mag e_Ks2mag rms uncertainty on Ks2mag
50- 52 A3 --- Qflag 2MASS quality flags
54- 59 F6.3 mag Jmag ? Johnson J magnitude
61- 66 F6.3 mag Hmag ? Johnson H magnitude
68- 73 F6.3 mag Kmag ? Johnson K magnitude
75- 80 F6.3 mag Lmag ? Johnson L magnitude
83- 87 F5.3 mag L'mag ? Johnson L' magnitude
89- 94 F6.3 mag Mmag ? Johnson M magnitude
96-109 A14 --- Ref References for JHKLL'M photometry (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): 2MASS JHKs are from the 2MASS Point Source Catalogue (Cat. II/246).
Zero points for calibration from magnitudes to fluxes are from
Cohen et al. (2003AJ....126.1090C 2003AJ....126.1090C).
Nomenclature: HIP 7751A = HD 10360 = p Eri A, HIP 7751B = HD 10361 = p Eri B.
Note (2): References for the JHKLL'M photometry as follows:
1 = Carter (1990MNRAS.242....1C 1990MNRAS.242....1C), SAAO infrared standards:
http://www.saao.ac.za/fileadmin/files/links/IRstd.txt
2 = Gezari et al. (1999, Cat. II/225), http://ircatalog.gsfc.nasa.gov/
(only magnitudes flagged "M")
3 = Koornneef (1983A&AS...51..489K 1983A&AS...51..489K)
4 = CVF standards
http://www.iac.es/telescopes/pages/es/inicio/utilidades.php#CVF
5 = Aumann & Probst (1991ApJ...368..264A 1991ApJ...368..264A)
6 = UKIRT very bright standards
http://www.jach.hawaii.edu/UKIRT/astronomy/calib/phot_cal/bright_stds.html
7 = Selby et al. (1988A&AS...74..127S 1988A&AS...74..127S)
8 = Glass (1975MNRAS.171...19G 1975MNRAS.171...19G)
9 = Old, bright, UKIRT standards
http://www.jach.hawaii.edu/UKIRT/astronomy/calib/phot_cal/ukirt_stds.html
10 = Elias et al. (1982AJ.....87.1029E 1982AJ.....87.1029E)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablec6.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Samp [ab] Distance sample (G1)
3- 8 I6 --- HIP HIP number
9 A1 --- m_HIP [B] Multiplicity index on HIP
10- 15 I6 mJy F9um ? AKARI 9um flux (1)
17- 20 I4 mJy e_F9um ? rms uncertainty on F9um
23- 27 I5 mJy F18um ? AKARI 18um flux (1)
29- 31 I3 mJy e_F18um ? rms uncertainty on F18um
34- 38 F5.3 mag FW1 ? WISE 3.35um (W1) magnitude (2)
40- 44 F5.3 mag e_FW1 ? rms uncertainty on FW1
46- 51 F6.3 mag FW3 ? WISE 11.56um (W3) magnitude (2)
53- 57 F5.3 mag e_FW3 ? rms uncertainty on FW3
59- 64 F6.3 mag FW4 ? WISE 22.09um (W4) magnitude (2)
66- 70 F5.3 mag e_FW4 ? rms uncertainty on FW4
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Note (1): AKARI 9 and 18um fluxes and uncertainties are from the AKARI/IRC
mid-IR all-sky Survey (ISAS/ JAXA, 2010, Cat. II/297).
Note (2): WISE data are from the AllWISE Data Release (Cutri et al., 2013, Cat.
II/328), except for HIP 14879, HIP 27072, HIP 70497, and HIP 72659, which are
from the WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri et al., 2012, Cat. II/311).
Zero points for calibration are from Wright et al. (2010AJ....140.1868W 2010AJ....140.1868W).
Nomenclature: HIP 7751 = HD 10360+HD 10361 = p Eri A+p Eri B,
HIP 7751B = HD 10361 = p Eri B.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablec7.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Samp [ab] Distance sample (G1)
3- 8 I6 --- HIP HIP number
10- 16 E7.4 mJy F12um ? IRAS 12um flux (1)
18- 19 I2 % eF12um ? Percentage error on F12um
21- 27 E7.4 mJy F25um ? IRAS 25um flux (1)
29- 30 I2 % eF25um ? Percentage error on F25um
32- 38 E7.3 mJy F60um ? IRAS 60um flux (2)
40- 41 I2 % eF60um ? Percentage error on F60um
43- 46 I4 mJy F24um ? MIPS 24um flux (2)
48- 50 I3 % eF24um ? Percentage error on F24um
52- 54 I3 mJy F70um ? MIPS 70um flux (2)
56- 58 I3 % eF70um ? Percentage error on F70um
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): All IRAS fluxes are from the Faint Source Catalogue (Cat. II/156)
except for HIP 3765, which is from the IRAS Catalogue of Point Sources
(II/125). Upper limits to the fluxes are not given.
Note (2): Spitzer/MIPS fluxes at 24 and 70um were extracted by members of the
DUNES team.
See http://sdc.cab.inta-csic.es/dunes/HELP/DUNES_Archive_ReadMe.jsp or
http://sdc.cab.inta-csic.es/dunes/HELP/DUNES_Archive_ReadMe.pdf for details.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablec8.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Samp [ab] Distance sample (G1)
3- 8 I6 --- HIP ? HIP number
11- 16 I6 --- HD HD number
17 A1 --- m_HD [J] Multuplicity index on HD
19- 25 A7 --- PACS PACS wavelengths (100/160)
27- 36 I10 --- Scan Scan identification number
38- 47 I10 --- XScan X-Scan identification number
49- 52 I4 s OTime On-source time
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablec9.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 A1 --- Samp [ab] Distance sample (G1)
3- 8 I6 --- HIP ? HIP number
9 A1 --- n_HIP [*] * denotes that the source is extended
11- 16 I6 --- HD HD number
17 A1 --- m_HIP [J] Multiplicity index on HD
19- 24 F6.2 mJy F100um PACS100 flux (2)
26- 30 F5.2 mJy e_F100um rms uncertainty on F100um (1)
33- 38 F6.2 mJy S100um PACS flux density at 100um
40- 43 F4.2 mJy e_S100um rms uncertainty on S1000
45- 49 F5.2 --- chi100 chi2 value for 100um data
51 A1 --- l_F160um Limit flag on F160um
52- 57 F6.2 mJy F160um PACS160 flux (2)
59- 63 F5.2 mJy e_F160um ? rms uncertainty on F160um (1)
65- 70 F6.2 mJy S160um ? PACS flux density at 160um
72- 75 F4.2 mJy e_S160um ? rms uncertainty on S1600
77- 81 F5.2 --- chi160 ? chi2 value for 160um data
83- 91 A9 --- Status Status
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): The uncertainties σ(PACSλ(λ)) for PACS100 and
PACS160 are the statistical plus systematic, combined quadratically;
values of 5% of the fluxes for the systematic uncertainties (calibration)
were considered at both wavelengths
(Balog et al., 2014, Exp. Astron., 37, 129).
Note (2): PACS fluxes for HIP 61174 are from Duchene et al.
(2014ApJ...784..148D 2014ApJ...784..148D).
PACS fluxes for HIP 88745 are from Kennedy et al. (2012MNRAS.421.2264K 2012MNRAS.421.2264K).
HIP 7751 has been treated as a single source in the statistical analysis of
the sample.
HIP 72659 is a binary (G7-8V+K5V); however, the SED is best fitted with the
G8 photosphere only.
HIP 73695 is a W UMa eclipsing binary (F5V+G9V); however, the SED is best
fitted with the G9 photosphere only.
S100 and S160 values for HIP 88745 (F7V+K4V) are from a composite model so as
to include both components of the binary.
PACS70 fluxes for HIP 15510 (100.0±5.0mJy, Kennedy et al.,
2012MNRAS.421.2264K 2012MNRAS.421.2264K),
HIP 61174 (230.0±13.0mJy, Duchene et al., 2014ApJ...784..148D 2014ApJ...784..148D),
HIP 64924 (198.0±3.0mJy, Wyatt et al., 2012MNRAS.424.1206W 2012MNRAS.424.1206W), and
HIP 88745 (93.0±10.0mJy, Kennedy et al., 2012MNRAS.421.2264K 2012MNRAS.421.2264K)
have also been used in this work.
In addition to the PACS data, SPIRE flux densities have been included in the
SEDs of these sources:
HIP 61174: 100.0±10.0 (250um), <100.0 (350um), <10.0mJy (500um)
(Duchene et al., 2014ApJ...784..148D 2014ApJ...784..148D).
HIP 64294: 129.0±21.0 (250um), 55.0±17.0 (350um),
20.0±12.0mJy (500um) (Wyatt et al., 2012MNRAS.424.1206W 2012MNRAS.424.1206W).
HIP 88745: 44.0±6.0 (250um), 22.0±7.0 (350um)
(Kennedy et al., 2012MNRAS.421.2264K 2012MNRAS.421.2264K).
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Global notes:
Note (G1): Note as follows:
a = FGK stars (d≤15pc)
b = FGK stars (15pc<d≤20pc)
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 10-Nov-2016