J/A+A/623/A44 CARMENES M-dwarfs activity indicators (Schoefer+, 2019)
The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs.
Activity indicators at visible and near-infrared wavelengths.
Schoefer P., Jeffers S.V., Reiners A., Shulyak D., Fuhrmeister B.,
Johnson E.N., Zechmeister M., Ribas I., Quirrenbach A., Amado P.J.,
Caballero J.A., Anglada-Escude G., Bauer F.F., Bejar V.J.S.,
Cortes-Contreras M., Dreizler S., Guenther E.W., Kaminski A., Kurster M.,
Lafarga M., Montes D., Morales J.C., Pedraz S., Tal-Or L.
<Astron. Astrophys. 623, A44 (2019)>
=2019A&A...623A..44S 2019A&A...623A..44S (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Stars, M-type ; Stars, dwarfs ; Equivalent widths
Keywords: stars: activity - stars: late-type - stars: low-mass
Abstract:
The Calar Alto high-Resolution search for M dwarfs with Exo-earths
with Near-infrared and optical Echelle Spectrographs (CARMENES) survey
is searching for Earth-like planets orbiting M dwarfs using the radial
velocity method. Studying the stellar activity of the target stars is
important to avoid false planet detections and to improve our
understanding of the atmospheres of late-type stars.
In this work we present measurements of activity indicators at visible
and near-infrared wavelengths for 331 M dwarfs observed with CARMENES.
Our aim is to identify the activity indicators that are most sensitive
and easiest to measure, and the correlations among these indicators.
We also wish to characterise their variability.
Using a spectral subtraction technique, we measured pseudo-equivalent
widths of the HeI D3, H-alpha, HeI 10833, and Pa-beta lines, the
NaI D doublet, and the CaII infrared triplet, which have a
chromospheric component in active M dwarfs. In addition, we measured
an index of the strength of two TiO and two VO bands, which are formed
in the photosphere. We also searched for periodicities in these
activity indicators for all sample stars using generalised
Lomb-Scargle periodograms.
We find that the most slowly rotating stars of each spectral subtype
have the strongest H-alpha absorption. H-alpha is correlated most
strongly with HeI D3, whereas NaI D and the CaII infrared triplet
are also correlated with H-alpha. HeI 10833 and Pa-beta show no clear
correlations with the other indicators. The TiO bands show an activity
effect that does not appear in the VO bands. We find that the relative
variations of H-alpha and HeI D3 are smaller for stars with higher
activity levels, while this anti-correlation is weaker for NaI D and
the CaII infrared triplet, and is absent for HeI 10833 and Pa-beta.
Periodic variation with the rotation period most commonly appears in
the TiO bands, H-alpha, and in the CaII infrared triplet.
Description:
Identification, common name, Gliese number, coordinates, spectral
type, rotational velocity, rotation period, and our activity
measurements for 331 stars of the CARMENES sample. We measured
pseudo-equivalent widths of chromospheric lines after subtraction of a
reference star spectrum (pEW') and indices of photospheric TiO and VO
bands. For each chromospheric line/ photospheric band, we provide the
pEW'/index, its absolute variation and three best-fit frequencies in
the generalised Lomb-Scargle periodograms.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
tablea1.dat 978 331 Basic data and activity measurements of 331 stars
refs.dat 105 26 References
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
J/A+A/612/A49 : 324 CARMENES M dwarfs velocities (Reiners+, 2018)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- Seq Sequential number (Seq)
5- 15 A11 --- ID ID (JHHMMm+DDmA) (ID)
17- 37 A21 --- Name Discovery or most common name (Name)
39- 45 A7 --- Gl/GJ Gliese or Gliese & Jahreiss star number
(Gl/GJ)
47- 48 I2 h RAh Right ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5
(RAh) (1)
50- 51 I2 min RAm Right ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5
(RAm) (1)
53- 57 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5
(RAs) (1)
59 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5
(DE-) (1)
60- 61 I2 deg DEd Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5
(DEd) (1)
63- 64 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5
(DEm) (1)
66- 69 F4.1 arcsec DEs Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5
(DEs) (1)
71- 73 F3.1 --- SpType Spectral subtype Mx. (SpType)
75- 80 A6 --- Ref1 Reference for SpType (Ref1)
82- 85 A4 --- Pop Stellar population (Pop) (2)
87 A1 --- l_vsini Limit flag on vsini (l_vsini)
88- 91 F4.1 km/s vsini ? Rotational velocity (vsini) (3)
93- 96 F4.1 km/s e_vsini ? vsini error (e_vsini) (3)
98-105 F8.4 d Prot ? Rotation period (P_rot)
107-112 F6.3 d e_Prot ? P_rot error (eProt)
114-119 A6 --- Ref2 Reference for P_rot (Ref2)
121-127 F7.4 --- logLHa/Lbol ? Normalised H-alpha luminosity
(logLHa/Lbol)
129-134 F6.4 --- e_logLHa/Lbol ? Normalised H-alpha luminosity error
(e_logLHa/Lbol)
136-142 F7.3 0.1nm pEWHa ? H-alpha pEW' (pEW_Halpha)
144-148 F5.3 0.1nm e_pEWHa ? H-alpha pEW' error (epEWHalpha)
150-155 F6.4 0.1nm varpEWHa ? Absolute H-alpha pEW' variation
(varpEWHalpha)
157-162 F6.4 0.1nm e_varpEWHa ? Absolute H-alpha pEW' variation error
(evarpEW_Halpha)
164-169 F6.4 1/d PHa-1 ? Best-fit frequency in H-alpha
(PHalpha1)
171-176 F6.4 1/d e_PHa-1 ? Best-fit frequency error in H-alpha
(ePHalpha_1)
178-183 F6.4 1/d PHa-2 ? Second-best-fit frequency in H-alpha
(PHalpha2)
185-190 F6.4 1/d e_PHa-2 ? Second-best-fit frequency error in
H-alpha (ePHalpha_2)
192-197 F6.4 1/d PHa-3 ? Third-best-fit frequency in H-alpha
(PHalpha3)
199-204 F6.4 1/d e_PHa-3 ? Third-best-fit frequency error in
H-alpha (ePHalpha_3)
206-211 F6.3 0.1nm pEWHeD3 ? HeI D3 pEW' (pEW_HeD3)
213-217 F5.3 0.1nm e_pEWHeD3 ? HeI D3 pEW' error (epEWHeD3)
219-225 F7.4 0.1nm varpEWHeD3 ? Absolute HeI D3 pEW' variation
(varpEWHeD3)
227-233 F7.4 0.1nm e_varpEWHeD3 ? Absolute HeI D3 pEW' variation error
(evarpEW_HeD3)
235-240 F6.4 1/d PHeD3-1 ? Best-fit frequency in HeI D3 (PHeD31)
242-247 F6.4 1/d e_PHeD3-1 ? Best-fit frequency error in HeI D3
(ePHeD3_1)
249-254 F6.4 1/d PHeD3-2 ? Second-best-fit frequency in HeI D3
(PHeD32)
256-261 F6.4 1/d e_PHeD3-2 ? Second-best-fit frequency error in
HeI D3 (ePHeD3_2)
263-268 F6.4 1/d PHeD3-3 ? Third-best-fit frequency in HeI D3
(PHeD33)
270-275 F6.4 1/d e_PHeD3-3 ? Third-best-fit frequency error in
HeI D3 (ePHeD3_3)
277-282 F6.3 0.1nm pEWNaD ? NaI D pEW' (pEW_NaD)
284-288 F5.3 0.1nm e_pEWNaD ? NaI D pEW' error (epEWNaD)
290-295 F6.3 0.1nm varpEWNaD ? Absolute NaI D pEW' variation
(varpEWNaD)
297-301 F5.3 0.1nm e_varpEWNaD ? Absolute NaI D pEW' variation error
(evarpEW_NaD)
303-308 F6.4 1/d PNaD-1 ? Best-fit frequency in NaI D (PNaD1)
310-315 F6.4 1/d e_PNaD-1 ? Best-fit frequency error in NaI D
(ePNaD_1)
317-322 F6.4 1/d PNaD-2 ? Second-best-fit frequency in NaI D
(PNaD2)
324-329 F6.4 1/d e_PNaD-2 ? Second-best-fit frequency error in
NaI D (ePNaD_2)
331-336 F6.4 1/d PNaD-3 ? Third-best-fit frequency in NaI D
(PNaD3)
338-343 F6.4 1/d e_PNaD-3 ? Third-best-fit frequency error in NaI D
(ePNaD_3)
345-351 F7.4 0.1nm pEWCaIRTa CaII IRT-a pEW' (pEW_CaIRTa)
353-358 F6.4 0.1nm e_pEWCaIRTa ? CaII IRT-a pEW' error (epEWCaIRTa)
360-365 F6.4 0.1nm varpEWCaIRTa Absolute CaII IRT-a pEW' variation
(varpEWCaIRTa)
367-372 F6.4 0.1nm e_varpEWCaIRTa Absolute CaII IRT-a pEW' variation error
(evarpEW_CaIRTa)
374-379 F6.4 1/d PCaIRTa-1 Best-fit frequency in Ca IRT-a
(PCaIRTa1)
381-386 F6.4 1/d e_PCaIRTa-1 Best-fit frequency error in Ca IRT-a
(ePCaIRTa_1)
388-393 F6.4 1/d PCaIRTa-2 Second-best-fit frequency in Ca IRT-a
(PCaIRTa2)
395-400 F6.4 1/d e_PCaIRTa-2 Second-best-fit frequency error in
Ca IRT-a (ePCaIRTa_2)
402-407 F6.4 1/d PCaIRTa-3 Third-best-fit frequency in Ca IRT-a
(PCaIRTa3)
409-414 F6.4 1/d e_PCaIRTa-3 Third-best-fit frequency error in Ca IRT-a
(ePCaIRTa_3)
416-422 F7.4 0.1nm pEWCaIRTb CaII IRT-b pEW' (pEW_CaIRTb)
424-429 F6.4 0.1nm e_pEWCaIRTb ? CaII IRT-b pEW' error (epEWCaIRTb)
431-436 F6.4 0.1nm varpEWCaIRTb Absolute CaII IRT-b pEW' variation
(varpEWCaIRTb)
438-443 F6.4 0.1nm e_varpEWCaIRTb Absolute CaII IRT-b pEW' variation error
(evarpEW_CaIRTb)
445-450 F6.4 1/d PCaIRTb-1 Best-fit frequency in Ca IRT-b
(PCaIRTb1)
452-457 F6.4 1/d e_PCaIRTb-1 Best-fit frequency error in Ca IRT-b
(ePCaIRTb_1)
459-464 F6.4 1/d PCaIRTb-2 Second-best-fit frequency in Ca IRT-b
(PCaIRTb2)
466-471 F6.4 1/d e_PCaIRTb-2 Second-best-fit frequency error in
Ca IRT-b (ePCaIRTb_2)
473-478 F6.4 1/d PCaIRTb-3 Third-best-fit frequency in Ca IRT-b
(PCaIRTb3)
480-485 F6.4 1/d e_PCaIRTb-3 Third-best-fit frequency error in
Ca IRT-b (ePCaIRTb_3)
487-493 F7.4 0.1nm pEWCaIRTc CaII IRT-c pEW' (pEW_CaIRTc)
495-500 F6.4 0.1nm e_pEWCaIRTc ? CaII IRT-c pEW' error (epEWCaIRTc)
502-507 F6.4 0.1nm varpEWCaIRTc Absolute CaII IRT-c pEW' variation
(varpEWCaIRTc)
509-514 F6.4 0.1nm e_varpEWCaIRTc Absolute CaII IRT-c pEW' variation error
(evarpEW_CaIRTc)
516-521 F6.4 1/d PCaIRTc-1 Best-fit frequency in Ca IRT-c
(PCaIRTc1)
523-528 F6.4 1/d e_PCaIRTc-1 Best-fit frequency error in Ca IRT-c
(ePCaIRTc_1)
530-535 F6.4 1/d PCaIRTc-2 Second-best-fit frequency in Ca IRT-c
(PCaIRTc2)
537-542 F6.4 1/d e_PCaIRTc-2 Second-best-fit frequency error in
Ca IRT-c (ePCaIRTc_2)
544-549 F6.4 1/d PCaIRTc-3 Third-best-fit frequency in Ca IRT-c
(PCaIRTc3)
551-556 F6.4 1/d e_PCaIRTc-3 Third-best-fit frequency error in Ca IRT-c
(ePCaIRTc_3)
558-564 F7.4 0.1nm pEWHe1083 ? HeI 10833 pEW' (pEW_He1083)
566-571 F6.4 0.1nm e_pEWHe1083 ? HeI 10833 pEW' error (epEWHe1083)
573-578 F6.4 0.1nm varpEWHe1083 ? Absolute HeI 10833 pEW' variation
(varpEWHe1083)
580-585 F6.4 0.1nm e_varpEWHe1083 ? Absolute HeI 10833 pEW' variation error
(evarpEW_He1083)
587-592 F6.4 1/d PHe1083-1 ? Best-fit frequency in He 10833
(PHe10831)
594-599 F6.4 1/d e_PHe1083-1 ? Best-fit frequency error in He 10833
(ePHe1083_1)
601-606 F6.4 1/d PHe1083-2 ? Second-best-fit frequency in He 10833
(PHe10832)
608-613 F6.4 1/d e_PHe1083-2 ? Second-best-fit frequency error in
He 10833 (ePHe1083_2)
615-620 F6.4 1/d PHe1083-3 ? Third-best-fit frequency in He 10833
(PHe10833)
622-627 F6.4 1/d e_PHe1083-3 ? Third-best-fit frequency error in
He 10833 (ePHe1083_3)
629-635 F7.4 0.1nm pEWPabeta ? Pa-beta pEW' (pEW_Pabeta)
637-642 F6.4 0.1nm e_pEWPabeta ? Pa-beta pEW' error (epEWPabeta)
644-649 F6.4 0.1nm varpEWPabeta ? Absolute Pa-beta pEW' variation
(varpEWPabeta)
651-656 F6.4 0.1nm e_varpEWPabeta ? Absolute Pa-beta pEW' variation error
(evarpEW_Pabeta)
658-663 F6.4 1/d PPabeta-1 ? Best-fit frequency in Pa-beta
(PPabeta1)
665-670 F6.4 1/d e_PPabeta-1 ? Best-fit frequency error in Pa-beta
(ePPabeta_1)
672-677 F6.4 1/d PPabeta-2 ? Second-best-fit frequency in Pa-beta
(PPabeta2)
679-684 F6.4 1/d e_PPabeta-2 ? Second-best-fit frequency error in
Pa-beta (ePPabeta_2)
686-691 F6.4 1/d PPabeta-3 ? Third-best-fit frequency in Pa-beta
(PPabeta3)
693-698 F6.4 1/d e_PPabeta-3 ? Third-best-fit frequency error in
Pa-beta (ePPabeta_3)
700-705 F6.4 0.1nm TiO705 TiO 7050 index (TiO705)
707-712 F6.4 0.1nm e_TiO705 TiO 7050 index (e_TiO705)
714-719 F6.4 0.1nm varpEWTiO705 Absolute TiO 7050 index variation
(varpEWTiO705)
721-726 F6.4 0.1nm e_varpEWTiO705 Absolute TiO 7050 index variation error
(evarpEW_TiO705)
728-733 F6.4 1/d PTiO705-1 Best-fit frequency in TiO 7050
(PTiO7051)
735-740 F6.4 1/d e_PTiO705-1 Best-fit frequency error in TiO 7050
(ePTiO705_1)
742-747 F6.4 1/d PTiO705-2 Second-best-fit frequency in TiO 7050
(PTiO7052)
749-754 F6.4 1/d e_PTiO705-2 Second-best-fit frequency error in
TiO 7050 (ePTiO705_2)
756-761 F6.4 1/d PTiO705-3 Third-best-fit frequency in TiO 7050
(PTiO7053)
763-768 F6.4 1/d e_PTiO705-3 Third-best-fit frequency error in TiO 7050
(ePTiO705_3)
770-775 F6.4 0.1nm TiO843 TiO 8430 index (TiO843)
777-782 F6.4 0.1nm e_TiO843 TiO 8430 index (e_TiO843)
784-789 F6.4 0.1nm varpEWTiO843 Absolute TiO 8430 index variation
(varpEWTiO843)
791-796 F6.4 0.1nm e_varpEWTiO843 Absolute TiO 8430 index variation error
(evarpEW_TiO843)
798-803 F6.4 1/d PTiO843-1 Best-fit frequency in TiO 8430
(PTiO8431)
805-810 F6.4 1/d e_PTiO843-1 Best-fit frequency error in TiO 8430
(ePTiO843_1)
812-817 F6.4 1/d PTiO843-2 Second-best-fit frequency in TiO 8430
(PTiO8432)
819-824 F6.4 1/d e_PTiO843-2 Second-best-fit frequency error in
TiO 8430 (ePTiO843_2)
826-831 F6.4 1/d PTiO843-3 Third-best-fit frequency in TiO 8430
(PTiO8433)
833-838 F6.4 1/d e_PTiO843-3 Third-best-fit frequency error in TiO 8430
(ePTiO843_3)
840-845 F6.4 0.1nm VO7436 VO 7436 index (VO7436)
847-852 F6.4 0.1nm e_VO7436 VO 7436 index (e_VO7436)
854-859 F6.4 0.1nm varpEWVO7436 Absolute VO 7436 index variation
(varpEWVO7436)
861-866 F6.4 0.1nm e_varpEWVO7436 Absolute VO 7436 index variation error
(evarpEW_VO7436)
868-873 F6.4 1/d PVO7436-1 Best-fit frequency in VO 7436 (PVO74361)
875-880 F6.4 1/d e_PVO7436-1 Best-fit frequency error in VO 7436
(ePVO7436_1)
882-887 F6.4 1/d PVO7436-2 Second-best-fit frequency in VO 7436
(PVO74362)
889-894 F6.4 1/d e_PVO7436-2 Second-best-fit frequency error in VO 7436
(ePVO7436_2)
896-901 F6.4 1/d PVO7436-3 Third-best-fit frequency in VO 7436
(PVO74363)
903-908 F6.4 1/d e_PVO7436-3 Third-best-fit frequency error in VO 7436
(ePVO7436_3)
910-915 F6.4 0.1nm VO7942 VO 7942 index (VO7942)
917-922 F6.4 0.1nm e_VO7942 VO 7942 index error (e_VO7942)
924-929 F6.4 0.1nm varpEWVO7942 Absolute VO 7942 index variation
(varpEWVO7942)
931-936 F6.4 0.1nm e_varpEWVO7942 Absolute VO 7942 index variation error
(evarpEW_VO7942)
938-943 F6.4 1/d PVO7942-1 Best-fit frequency in VO 7942 (PVO79421)
945-950 F6.4 1/d e_PVO7942-1 Best-fit frequency error in VO 7942
(ePVO7942_1)
952-957 F6.4 1/d PVO7942-2 Second-best-fit frequency in VO 7942
(PVO79422)
959-964 F6.4 1/d e_PVO7942-2 Second-best-fit frequency error in VO 7942
(ePVO7942_2)
966-971 F6.4 1/d PVO7942-3 Third-best-fit frequency in VO 7942
(PVO79423)
973-978 F6.4 1/d e_PVO7942-3 Third-best-fit frequency error in VO 7942
(ePVO7942_3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Equatorial coordinates (IRCS at Ep=2015.5) from Gaia DR2,
(Gaia Collaboration et al., 2018, Cat. I/345). For a few stars not included
in Gaia DR2, we corrected the 2MASS (Cat. II/246) equatorial coordinates to
the Gaia DR2 epoch with proper motions from the literature.
Note (2): Stellar populations adopted from Cortes-Contreras (2016) and
abbreviated as follows:
YD = young disc
D = thin disc
TD-D = transition between thin and thick disc
TD = thick disc
Note (3): Adopted from Reiners et al. (2018, Cat. J/A+A/612/A49).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 6 A6 --- Ref Reference code
8- 26 A19 --- BibCode BibCode
28- 50 A23 --- Aut Author's name
52-105 A54 --- Com Comments
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acknowledgements:
Patrick Schoefer, schoefer(at)astro.physik.uni-goettingen.de
Inst. fuer Astrophysik Goettingen
(End) P. Schoefer [Inst. fuer Astrop. Goettingen], P. Vannier [CDS] 04-Feb-2019