J/A+A/645/A55 Catalogue of cold cores in Perseus (Pezzuto+, 2021)
Physical properties of the diffuse medium and of dense cores in the Perseus
star-forming region derived from Herschel Gould Belt Survey observations.
Pezzuto S., Benedettini M., Di Francesco J., Palmeirim P., Sadavoy S.,
Schisano E., Li Causi G., Andre P., Arzoumanian D., Bernard J.-P.,
Bontemps S., Elia D., Fiorellino E., Kirk J.M., Konyves V., Ladjelate B.,
Men'shchikov A., Motte F., Piccotti L., Schneider N., Spinoglio L.,
Ward-Thompson D., Wilson C.D.
<Astron. Astrophys. 645, A55 (2021)>
=2021A&A...645A..55P 2021A&A...645A..55P (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Molecular clouds ; Photometry, millimetric/submm
Keywords: star: formation - circumstellar matter - stars: protostars -
dust, extinction - submillimetre: ISM
Abstract:
The complex of star-forming regions in Perseus is one of the most
studied due to its proximity (about 300pc). In addition, its regions
show variation in star-formation activity and age, with formation of
low-mass and intermediate-mass stars. In this paper, we present
analyses of images taken with the Herschel ESA satellite from 70 um to
500 um. From these images, we first constructed column density and
dust temperature maps. We then identified compact cores in the maps at
each wavelength, and characterised the cores using modified blackbody
fits to their spectral energy distributions (SEDs): we identified 684
starless cores, of which 199 are bound and potential prestellar cores,
and 132 protostars. We also matched the Herschel-identified young
stars with GAIA sources to model distance variations across the
Perseus cloud. We measure a linear gradient function with right
ascension and declination for the entire cloud. This function is the
first quantitative attempt to derive the gradient in distance across
Perseus, from east to west, in an analytical form. We derived mass and
temperature of cores from the SED fits. The core mass function can be
modelled with a log-normal distribution that peaks at 0.82M☉
suggesting a star formation efficiency of 0.30 for a peak in the
system initial mass function of stars at 0.25M☉. The high-mass
tail can be modelled with a power law of slope ~-2.32, which is close
to the Salpeter's value. We also identify the filamentary structure of
Perseus and discuss the relation between filaments and star formation,
confirming that stars form preferentially in filaments. We find that
the majority of filaments with ongoing star formation are
transcritical against their own internal gravity because their linear
masses are below the critical limit of 16M☉/pc above which we
expect filaments to collapse. We find a possible explanation for this
result, showing that a filament with a linear mass as low as 8 Msun/pc
can already be unstable. We confirm a linear relationship between star
formation efficiency and the slope of dust probability density
function, and we find a similar relationship with the core formation
efficiency. We derive a lifetime for the prestellar core phase of
1.69±0.52Myr for the whole Perseus complex but different regions
have a wide range in prestellar core fractions, suggesting that star
formation began only recently in some clumps. We also derive a
free-fall time for prestellar cores of 0.16Myr.
Description:
We used the multi-scale, multi-wavelength getsources algorithm to
extract compact sources from the Herschel Gould Belt survey
observations of the Perseus star-forming regions. In total, we
identified 684 starless dense cores, out of which 199 are bound and
potential prestellar cores, and 132 protostars.
The observed properties of the identified sources are given in three,
similar-format tables. table1.dat contains the catalogue with
coordinates and the properties extracted from the Herschel images
(e.g., intensity, size, significance); table2.dat contains the derived
physical properties of the dense cores (e.g., dust temperature, mass,
stability); table3.dat contains ancillary data (e.g., bolometric and
SED-integrated luminosity, location).
Description:
Perseus was observed with Herschel (Pilbratt et al.
2010A&A...518L...1P 2010A&A...518L...1P) as part of the HGBS (Andre et al.
2010A&A...518L.102A 2010A&A...518L.102A) in two overlapping mosaics: the Western field
(mainly NGC1333, B1, L1448, L1455) and the Eastern field (L1468,
IC348, B5). Results from these observations were initially presented
in Sadavoy et al. (2012A&A...540A..10S 2012A&A...540A..10S, 2014ApJ...787L..18S 2014ApJ...787L..18S), Pezzuto
et al. (2012A&A...547A..54P 2012A&A...547A..54P), and Zari et al. (2016A&A...587A.106Z 2016A&A...587A.106Z,
Cat. J/A+A/587/A106).
Both fields were observed with PACS (Poglitsch et al.,
2010A&A...518L...2P 2010A&A...518L...2P) at 70um (blue) and 160um (red), and with SPIRE
(Griffin et al. 2010), at 250um (PSW), 350um (PMW) and 500um (PLW),in
parallel mode with the telescope scanning at a speed of 60"/s.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
tablea1.dat 768 816 Catalogue with coordinates and the properties
extracted from the Herschel images
(corrected version, 23-Dec-2022)
tablea2.dat 202 816 Derived physical properties of the dense cores
(corrected version, 23-Dec-2022)
tablea3.dat 68 816 Ancillary data
(corrected version, 23-Dec-2022)
tablee1.dat 143 170 Catalogue of additional sources excluded from
the main catalogue for 70um and 160um
tablee2.dat 114 170 Catalogue of additional sources excluded from
the main catalogue fot 250um and 350um
tablee3.dat 101 170 Catalogue of additional sources excluded from
the main catalogue for 500um and
high-resolution column density map
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
http://gouldbelt-herschel.cea.fr/archives : Herschel Gould Belt Home Page
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3- 5 I3 --- runNo [1/816] Core running number
9- 23 A15 --- CoreName Core name, HHMMSS.s-DDMMSS,
to be added after HGBS-J
27- 28 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000.0)
30- 31 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000.0)
33- 37 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (J2000.0)
41 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000.0)
42- 43 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000.0)
45- 46 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000.0)
48- 51 F4.1 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000.0)
56- 61 F6.1 --- Signi070 Detection significance at 70um (1)
65- 73 E9.2 Jy/beam Speak070 Peak flux density at 70um
76- 82 E7.1 Jy/beam e_Speak070 Uncertainty on peak flux density
at 70um
89- 94 F6.2 --- Speak070/Bg Contrast over local background at 70um
101-109 E9.2 Jy/beam Sconv500-070 Peak flux density at 70um measured
after smoothing data to 36.3" beam
(in Jy/beam500)
114-122 E9.2 Jy Stot070 Integrated flux density at 70um
125-131 E7.1 Jy e_Stot070 Uncertainty on integrated flux density
at 70um
137-139 I3 arcsec FWHMa070 Major FWHM diameter at 70um
147-149 I3 arcsec FWHMb070 Minor FWHM diameter at 70um
156-158 I3 deg PA070 [-90/90] Position angle at 70um (2)
163-169 F7.1 --- Signi160 Detection significance at 160um (1)
173-181 E9.2 Jy/beam Speak160 Peak flux density at 160um
184-190 E7.1 Jy/beam e_Speak160 Uncertainty on peak flux density
at 160um
197-202 F6.2 --- Speak160/Bg Contrast over local background at 160um
209-217 E9.2 Jy/beam Sconv500-160 Peak flux density at 160um measured
after smoothing data to 36.3" beam
(in Jy/beam500)
222-230 E9.2 Jy Stot160 Integrated flux density at 160um
233-239 E7.1 Jy e_Stot160 Uncertainty on integrated flux density
at 160um
245-247 I3 arcsec FWHMa160 Major FWHM diameter at 160um
255-257 I3 arcsec FWHMb160 Minor FWHM diameter at 160um
264-266 I3 deg PA160 [-90/90] Position angle at 160um (2)
271-277 F7.1 --- Signi250 Detection significance at 250um (1)
281-289 E9.2 Jy/beam Speak250 Peak flux density at 250um
292-298 E7.1 Jy/beam e_Speak250 Uncertainty on peak flux density
at 250um
305-310 F6.2 --- Speak250/Bg Contrast over local background at 250um
317-325 E9.2 Jy/beam Sconv500-250 Peak flux density at 250um measured
after smoothing data to 36.3" beam
(in Jy/beam500)
330-338 E9.2 Jy Stot250 Integrated flux density at 250um
341-347 E7.1 Jy e_Stot250 Uncertainty on integrated flux density
at 250um
353-355 I3 arcsec FWHMa250 Major FWHM diameter at 250um
363-365 I3 arcsec FWHMb250 Minor FWHM diameter at 250um
372-374 I3 deg PA250 [-90/90] Position angle at 250um (2)
379-385 F7.1 --- Signi350 Detection significance at 350um (1)
389-397 E9.2 Jy/beam Speak350 Peak flux density at 350um
400-406 E7.1 Jy/beam e_Speak350 Uncertainty on peak flux density
at 350um
413-418 F6.2 --- Speak350/Bg Contrast over local background at 350um
425-433 E9.2 Jy/beam Sconv500-350 Peak flux density at 350um measured
after smoothing data to 36.3" beam
(in Jy/beam500)
438-446 E9.2 Jy Stot350 Integrated flux density at 350um
449-455 E7.1 Jy e_Stot350 Uncertainty on integrated flux density
at 350um
461-463 I3 arcsec FWHMa350 Major FWHM diameter at 350um
471-473 I3 arcsec FWHMb350 Minor FWHM diameter at 350um
480-482 I3 deg PA350 [-90/90] Position angle at 350um (2)
487-493 F7.1 --- Signi500 Detection significance at 500um (1)
497-505 E9.2 Jy/beam Speak500 Peak flux density at 500um
508-514 E7.1 Jy/beam e_Speak500 Uncertainty on peak flux density
at 500um
521-526 F6.2 --- Speak500/Bg Contrast over local background at 500um
533-541 E9.2 Jy Stot500 Integrated flux density at 500um
544-550 E7.1 Jy e_Stot500 Uncertainty on integrated flux density
at 500um
556-558 I3 arcsec FWHMa500 Major FWHM diameter at 500um
566-568 I3 arcsec FWHMb500 Minor FWHM diameter at 500um
575-577 I3 deg PA500 [-90/90] Position angle at 500um (2)
582-588 F7.1 --- SigniNH2 Detection significance at
high-resolution column density,
N(H2) (1)
593-598 F6.2 10+21cm-2 NpeakNH2 Peak N(H2) at 18.2" resolution
606-610 F5.2 --- NpeakNH2/Nbg Contrast over local background in N(H2)
619-624 F6.3 10+21cm-2 Nconv500NH2 Peak N(H2) at 36.3" resolution
630-635 F6.3 10+21cm-2 NbgNH2 Local background in H2 column density
643-645 I3 arcsec FWHMaNH2 Major FWHM diameter in N(H2)
653-655 I3 arcsec FWHMbNH2 Minor FWHM diameter in N(H2)
662-664 I3 deg PANH2 [-90/90] Position angle in N(H2) (2)
670 I1 --- NumberSED [1/5] Number of significant Herschel
bands
676 I1 --- CuTEx [0-2] Association with CuTEx
counterpart (3)
681-692 A12 --- CoreType Core type
697-723 A27 --- SIMBAD Counterparts in SIMBAD
730-748 A19 --- Spitzer Counterpart in Spitzer (4)
754-768 A15 --- Comments Additional comment (5)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Detection significance, derived by getsources
(Men'shchikov et al., 2012A&A...542A..81M 2012A&A...542A..81M), is 0.0 if the core is not
visible in clean single scales
Note (2): Position angle of the core major axis, measured east of north
Note (3): CuTEx flag as follows:
2 = if the source has a counterpart detected by CuTEx
(Molinari et al., 2011A&A...530A.133M 2011A&A...530A.133M) at 250um whose peak
position falls inside the ellipses defined by FWHMa_NH2 and FWHMb_NH2
1 = if the peak position of the CuTEx source is not more than 6 arcsec
from the getsources position
0 = no counterpart found with CuTEx
Note (4): Possible counterpart in Evans et al., 2009ApJS..181..321E 2009ApJS..181..321E,
Cat. J/ApJS/181/321
Note (5): Comments: no SED fit, tentative bound, or blank
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3- 5 I3 --- runNo [1/816] Core running number
9- 23 A15 --- CoreName Core name, HHMMSS.s-DDMMSS,
to be added after HGBS-J
27- 28 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000.0)
30- 31 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000.0)
33- 37 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (J2000.0)
41 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000.0)
42- 43 I2 deg DEd Declination sign (J2000.0)
45- 46 I2 arcmin DEm Declination sign (J2000.0)
48- 51 F4.1 arcsec DEs Declination sign (J2000.0)
55- 61 E7.1 pc rCore Deconvolved core radius (1)
63- 69 E7.1 pc rObs Observed core radius (2)
74- 79 F6.3 Msun Mcore Estimated core mass
81- 85 F5.3 Msun e_Mcore Uncertainty in the core mass
90- 93 F4.1 K Tdust Dust temperature from SED fitting
95- 98 F4.1 K e_Tdust Uncertainty in the dust temperature
106-110 F5.1 10+21cm-2 Nh2peak Peak H2 column density measured in the
maps at 36.3" resolution
117-122 F6.1 10+21cm-2 Nh2aveD Average N(H2) derived using R_core
126-130 F5.1 10+21cm-2 Nh2aveO Average N(H2) derived using R_obs
137-141 F5.1 10+4cm-3 nh2peak Beam-averaged peak volume density (3)
148-153 F6.1 10+4cm-3 nh2aveD Average core volume density from R_core
156-160 F5.1 10+4cm-3 nh2aveO Average volume density from R_obs
164-169 F6.2 --- alphaBE Ratio between the Bonnor-Ebert critical
mass of the core and the observed mass
173-184 A12 --- CoreType Core type
188-202 A15 --- Comments Additional comments (4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Geometrical average of major and minor FWHM sizes of the core as
measured in the high-resolution column density map after
deconvolution with the 18.2" HPBW resolution of the map.
Note (2): Geometrical average of major and minor FWHM sizes of the core as
measured in the high-resolution column density map before deconvolution with
the 18.2" HPBW resolution of the map.
Note (3): Derived from the peak column density (Nh2_peak) assuming a Gaussian
spherical distribution.
Note (4): Comments: no SED fit, tentative bound, or blank
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3- 5 I3 --- runNo [1/816] Core running number
11- 16 F6.3 Lsun Lbol(ana) Bolometric luminosity from analytical
integration of a modified blackbody (1)
22- 27 F6.3 Lsun LSED Bolometric luminosity from numerical
integration of the observed SED
32- 38 F7.3 mu lambda0 Wavelength above which the model is
optically thin (1)
44- 46 I3 mu lambda* Wavelength above which the model must be
optically thin for Lbol(ana) to be valid (1)
55 I1 --- CoreType [0/3]? Core type (2)
61 I1 --- SEDfi [0/1]? SED reliable/unreliable (3)
67- 68 I2 --- Region [0/16]? Cloud where the source is found (4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Lbol(ana), lambda0 and lambda* entries are evaluated from fitting a
modified blackbody to the SED. This is possible only if the SED is reliable
(see SEDfi). Values set to 0 otherwise
Note (2): Core type code as follows:
0 = unbound starless
1 = bound starless (prestellar)
2 = protostellar core
3 = tentative bound core
Note (3): SED reliable/unreliable as follows:
0 = unreliable SED (no fit)
1 = reliable SED (modified blackbody fit to the SED)
Note (4): Region code as follows:
1 = L1451
2 = L1448
3 = L1455
4 = NGC1333
5 = Perseus6 ([LMG94] Per 6 in Simbad)
6 = B1 (Barnard 1 in Simbad)
7 = B1E ([SDA2012] Perseus B1-E in Simbad)
8 = L1468
9 = IC348
10 = B5 (Barnard 5 in Simbad)
11 = HPZ1, RA=51.37, DE=+31.40
12 = HPZ2, RA=52.98, DE=+30.01
13 = HPZ3, RA=53.89, DE=+31.40
14 = HPZ4, RA=54.54, DE=+31.34
15 = HPZ5, RA=54.72, DE=+30.66
16 = HPZ6, RA=56.32, DE=+32.08
0 = no region
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablee1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- No [1/170] Source running number
5- 9 A5 --- Type Type (1)
11- 18 F8.5 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000.0)
20- 27 F8.5 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000.0)
29- 35 F7.3 --- Signi070 ?=- Detection significance at 70um
37- 44 E8.3 Jy/beam Speak070 ?=- Peak flux density at 70um
46- 51 E6.2 Jy/beam e_Speak070 ?=- Uncertainty on peak flux density at 70um
53- 60 E8.3 Jy/beam Stot070 ?=- Integrated flux density at 70um
62- 67 E6.2 Jy/beam e_Stot070 ?=- Uncertainty on integrated flux density
at 70um
69- 73 F5.1 arcsec FWHMa070 ?=- Major FWHM diameter at 70um
75- 79 F5.1 arcsec FWHMb070 ?=- Minor FWHM diameter at 70um
81- 85 F5.1 deg PA070 ?=- Position angle at 70um
87- 93 F7.3 --- Signi160 Detection significance at 160um
95-102 E8.3 Jy/beam Speak160 Peak flux density at 160um
104-109 E6.2 Jy/beam e_Speak160 Uncertainty on peak flux density at 160um
111-118 E8.2 Jy/beam Stot160 Integrated flux density at 160um
120-125 E6.2 Jy/beam e_Stot160 Uncertainty on integrated flux density
at 160um
127-131 F5.1 arcsec FWHMa160 Major FWHM diameter at 160um
133-137 F5.1 arcsec FWHMb160 Minor FWHM diameter at 160um
139-143 F5.1 deg PA160 Position angle at 160um
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Type as follows:
2 = counterpart in 2MASS
DS = source in [DS95] (Danilov & Seleznev, 1995AZh....72..333D 1995AZh....72..333D)
G = galaxy
HH = Herbig-Haro object
HL = candidate YSO from [HL2013] (Hsieh & Lai, 2013ApJS..205....5H 2013ApJS..205....5H)
IRAS = counterpart in IRAS
LRL = source in Cl* IC 348 LRL
M = star from catalogue MBO (Wilking et al., 2004AJ....127.1131W 2004AJ....127.1131W)
NTC = source in Cl* IC 348 NTC
PSZ = source in [PSZ2003] (Preibisch et al., 2003A&A...409..147P 2003A&A...409..147P)
U = W UMa star
W = counterpart in WISE
c2d = source in SSTc2d
delta = delta Scuti star
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablee2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- No [1/170] Source running number
5- 12 F8.3 --- Signi250 ?=- Detection significance at 250um
14- 20 E7.3 Jy/beam Speak250 ?=- Peak flux density at 250um
22- 28 E7.3 Jy/beam e_Speak250 ?=- Uncertainty on peak flux density at 250um
29- 36 E8.3 Jy/beam Stot250 ?=- Integrated flux density at 250um
38- 44 E7.3 Jy/beam e_Stot250 ?=- Uncertainty on integrated flux density
at 250um
45- 48 F4.1 arcsec FWHMa250 ?=- Major FWHM diameter at 250um
50- 53 F4.1 arcsec FWHMb250 ?=- Minor FWHM diameter at 250um
55- 59 F5.1 deg PA250 ?=- Position angle at 250um
61- 67 F7.3 --- Signi350 ?=- Detection significance at 350um
69- 75 E7.3 Jy/beam Speak350 ?=- Peak flux density at 350um
77- 83 E7.3 Jy/beam e_Speak350 ?=- Uncertainty on peak flux density at 350um
84- 91 E8.3 Jy/beam Stot350 ?=- Integrated flux density at 350um
93- 99 E7.3 Jy/beam e_Stot350 ?=- Uncertainty on integrated flux density
at 350um
100-103 F4.1 arcsec FWHMa350 ?=- Major FWHM diameter at 350um
105-108 F4.1 arcsec FWHMb350 ?=- Minor FWHM diameter at 350um
110-114 F5.1 deg PA350 ?=- Position angle at 350um
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablee3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- No [1/170] Source running number
5- 11 F7.3 --- Signi500 ?=- Detection significance at 500um
13- 20 E8.3 Jy/beam Speak500 ?=- Peak flux density at 500um
22- 28 E7.3 Jy/beam e_Speak500 ?=- Uncertainty on peak flux density
at 500um
29- 36 E8.3 Jy/beam Stot500 ?=- Integrated flux density at 500um
38- 44 E7.3 Jy/beam e_Stot500 ?=- Uncertainty on integrated flux density
at 500um
45- 48 F4.1 arcsec FWHMa500 ?=- Major FWHM diameter at 500um
50- 53 F4.1 arcsec FWHMb500 ?=- Minor FWHM diameter at 500um
55- 59 F5.1 deg PA500 ?=- Position angle at 500um
61- 68 F8.3 --- SigniNH2 ?=- Detection significance at
high-resolution column density, N(H2)
70- 77 E8.3 10+20cm-2 NpeakNH2 ?=- Peak N(H2) at 18.2" resolution
79- 85 E7.3 10+20cm-2 e_NpeakNH2 ?=- Uncertainty on peak N(H2) at 18.2"
resolution
86- 90 F5.1 arcsec FWHMaNH2 ?=- Major FWHM diameter in N(H2)
92- 95 F4.1 arcsec FWHMbNH2 ?=- Minor FWHM diameter in N(H2)
97-101 F5.1 deg PAH2 ?=- Position angle in N(H2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acknowledgements:
Stefano Pezzuto, stefano.pezzuto(at)inaf.it
History:
12-Jan-2021 : on-line version
23-Dec-2022 : corrected versions of tablea1, tablea2 and tablea3
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 30-Nov-2020