J/A+A/668/A75 Long-term MWL variability of 1ES 0033+595 (Kapanadze+, 2022)
Long-term multi-wavelength variability and extreme spectral
properties of the TeV-detected blazar 1ES 0033+595.
Kapanadze B., Gurchumelia A.
<Astron. Astrophys. 668, A75 (2022)>
=2022A&A...668A..75K 2022A&A...668A..75K (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Active gal. nuclei ; X-ray sources ; Gamma rays ; Optical ;
Radio sources
Keywords: BL Lacertae objects: individual: 1ES 0033+595
Abstract:
The multi-wavelength (MWL) properties of some TeV-detected blazars are
still poorly understood. By studying the MWL properties of the BL
Lacertae source 1ES 0033+595, we make further progress in our
understanding of the instable physical processes responsible for
particle acceleration to ultra-relativistic energies and the observed
emission properties.
This paper presents the results of a detailed X-ray timing and
spectral analysis of the source 1ES 0033+595, allowing us to draw
conclusions about the physical mechanisms responsible for particle
acceleration and the generation of X-ray emission. We also examined
the long-term MWL behaviour of the source and interband
cross-correlations.
Our study focused on the the observations performed with the X-Ray
Telescope on board the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (Swift-XRT) in
the period 2005-2022. The MWL data sets were obtained with several
space and ground-based instruments. We analysed the MWL flaring
behaviour during the entire period, as well as in particular
subperiods selected on the basis of the X-ray flaring activity of the
target; constructed histograms characterising the distributions of the
different spectral parameters and MWL fluxes; and checked
cross-correlations between these parameters and/or MWL fluxes. The
obtained results are compared with the predictions of the various
theoretical studies and simulations presented by the different authors
to date.
The source showed extreme spectral properties with dominance of high
spectral curvature, frequent occurrence of very and extremely hard
photon indices, and the presence of a synchrotron spectral energy
distribution (SED) peak in the hard X-ray range (sometimes at energies
beyond 10keV). These properties reveal the importance of first order
Fermi acceleration with very low initial particle energy distribution,
along with the co-existence of stochastic acceleration and hadronic
processes. The source was characterised by very uneven and erratic
flaring activity in diverse epochs: the period of strong flares
(2013-2016) was preceded by a moderate variability and followed by a
gradual long-term decrease in MWL flaring activity. We detected a
number of instances of intraday 0.3-10keV variability, which were
sometimes observed within a few hundred seconds and explained by the
interaction between the relativistic shock front and jet
inhomogeneities with strong magnetic fields. The X-ray and gamma-ray
fluxes showed a lognormal distribution, which hints at the imprint of
accretion disc instabilities on the blazar jet.
Description:
This work presents multi-instrument observations of 1ES 0033+595
collected over the 26-yr period, between 1996 and 2022 May. Several
space and ground-based instruments participated in this campaign to
cover the emission from the optical to the high-energy gamma-ray band,
each with the different temporal coverage. First of all, our timing
and spectral study is relied on the high-sensitivity observations
carried out with X-Ray Telescope onboard Neil Gehrels Swift
Observatory (Swift-XRT) in the 0.3-10 keV energy range and accompanied
by simultaneous pointings to the source with Ultraviolet-Oprical
Telescope (UVOT) and Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) on board the same
space mission. The collected dataset allows us to treat the MWL
flaring behaviour during the entire period, as well as in particular
subperiods, investigate intra-band correlation patterns with a high
precision across the spectrum and compare it with the theoretical
models.
Objects:
---------------------------------------------------------------
RA (2000) DE Designation(s)
---------------------------------------------------------------
00 35 52.55 +59 50 04.2 1ES 0033+595 = SWIFT J0036.0+5951
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File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
fig1.dat 71 2510 Multiwavelength light curves of Fig. 1
fig3.dat 77 148 0.3-10 keV light curves of Fig. 3
fig4.dat 77 194 0.3-10 keV light curves of Fig. 4
fig6a.dat 67 310 0.3-10 keV light curves of Fig. 6a
figa3.dat 77 221 Multiwavelength light curves of Fig. A3
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See also:
J/A+A/620/A185 : Long-term optical monitoring of TeV blazars (Nilsson+, 2018)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 F7.1 d MJD Modified Julian date, bin center
10- 13 F4.1 d deltaMJD ? Modified Julian date, bin duration
16 A1 --- l_Flux Upper limit flag on Flux
17- 23 E7.3 --- Flux Measured flux or UL at 95% (1)
25- 31 E7.3 --- e_Flux ? Flux uncertainty
33- 42 A10 --- Energy Energy range or Filter (2)
44- 54 A11 --- Inst Instrument
56- 71 A16 --- x_Flux Flux units
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Note (1): The Swift-UVOT (in mJy) flux values are corrected for the Galactic
absorption.
Note (2): Energy range or Filter/Instrument/Units as:
0.3-10keV XRT cts/s
0.3-300GeV LAT 10-8ph/cm^2/s
1.5-12keV ASM cts/s
15-150keV BAT,3sigma cts/s
15-150keV BAT,5sigma cts/s
2-20keV MAXI,3sigma cts/s
2-20keV MAXI,5sigma cts/s
R filter KAIT mJy
R filter Tuorla mJy
V filter UVOT mJy
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig3.dat fig4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 F9.3 d MJD Modified Julian date, observation start
15- 20 I6 s ti Bin start
25- 26 I2 s deltaBin Bin duration
33- 36 E4.3 ct/s Flux Measured flux
41- 44 E4.3 ct/s e_Flux Flux uncertainty
49- 57 A9 --- Energy [0.3-10keV] Energy range
65- 67 A3 --- Inst [XRT] Instrument
73- 77 A5 --- x_Flux Flux units
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig6a.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 F7.1 d MJD Modified Julian date, bin center
11- 13 F3.1 d deltaMJD ? Modified Julian date, bin duration
17- 21 F5.2 10-14W/m2 Flux Measured flux (1)
25- 28 F4.2 10-14W/m2 e_Flux Flux uncertainty
33- 40 A8 --- Energy [0.3-2keV 2-10keV] Energy range
44- 46 A3 --- Inst [XRT] Instrument
50- 67 A18 --- x_Flux Flux units
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Note (1): The Swift-XRT (in cgs units) flux values are corrected for the
Galactic absorption.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: figa3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 9 F9.3 d MJD Modified Julian date, observation start
17- 21 I5 s ti Bin start
25- 26 I2 s deltaBin Bin duration
33- 36 F4.2 ct/s Flux Measured flux
41- 44 F4.2 ct/s e_Flux Flux uncertainty
49- 57 A9 --- Energy [0.3-10keV] Energy range
65- 67 A3 --- Inst [XRT] Instrument
73- 77 A5 --- x_Flux Flux units
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Acknowledgements:
Bidzina Kapanadze, bidzina_kapanadze(at)iliauni.edu.ge
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 09-Nov-2022