J/A+A/669/A124 KELT-9 b, KELT-16 b, WASP-4 b and HD 97658 (Harre+, 2023)
Examining the orbital decay targets KELT-9 b, KELT-16 b and WASP-4 b, and the
transit-timing variations of HD 97658.
Harre J.-V., Smith A.M.S., Barros S.C.C., Boue G., Csizmadia Sz.,
Ehrenreich D., Floren H.-G., Fortier A., Maxted P.F.L., Hooton M.J.,
Akinsanmi B., Serrano L.M., Rosario N.M., Demory B.-O., Jones K.,
Laskar J., Adibekyan V., Alibert Y., Alonso R., Anderson D.R., Anglada G.,
Asquier J., Barczy T., Barrado y Navascues D., Baumjohann W., Beck M.,
Beck T., Benz W., Billot N., Biondi F., Bonfanti A., Bonfils X.,
Brandeker A., Broeg C., Cabrera J., Cessa V., Charnoz S.,
Collier Cameron A., Davies M.B., Deleuil M., Delrez L., Demangeon O.D.S.,
Erikson A., Fossati L., Fridlund M., Gandolfi D., Gillon M., Guedel M.,
Hellier C., Heng K., Hoyer S., Isaak K.G., Kiss L.L.,
Lecavelier des Etangs A., Lendl M., Lovis C., Luntzer A., Magrin D.,
Nascimbeni V., Olofsson G., Ottensamer R., Pagano I., Palle E.,
Persson C.M., Peter G., Piotto G., Pollacco D., Queloz D., Ragazzoni R.,
Rando N., Rauer H., Ribas I., Ricker G.R., Salmon S., Santos N.C.,
Scandariato G., Seager S., Segransan D., Simon A.E., Sousa S.G.,
Steller M., Szabo Gy.M., Thomas N., Udry S., Ulmer B., Van Grootel V.,
Walton N.A., Wilson T.G., Winn J.N., Wohler B.
<Astron. Astrophys. 669, A124 (2023)>
=2023A&A...669A.124H 2023A&A...669A.124H (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Stars, double and multiple ; Exoplanets ; Photometry
Keywords: planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability -
planet-star interactions - techniques: photometric
Abstract:
Tidal orbital decay is suspected to occur especially for hot Jupiters,
with the only observationally confirmed case of this being WASP-12 b.
By examining this effect, information on the properties of the host
star can be obtained using the so-called stellar modified tidal
quality factor Q*', which describes the efficiency with which
kinetic energy of the planet is dissipated within the star. This can
help to get information about the interior of the star.
In this study, we aim to improve constraints on the tidal decay of the
KELT-9, KELT-16 and WASP-4 systems, to find evidence for or against
the presence of this particular effect. With this, we want to
constrain each star's respective Q*' value. In addition to that, we
also aim to test the existence of the transit timing variations (TTVs)
in the HD 97658 system, which previously favoured a quadratic trend
with increasing orbital period.
Making use of newly acquired photometric observations from CHEOPS
(CHaracterising ExOplanet Satellite) and TESS (Transiting Exoplanet
Survey Satellite), combined with archival transit and occultation
data, we use MCMC (Markov chain Monte Carlo) algorithms to fit three
models, a constant period model, an orbital decay model, and an
apsidal precession model, to the data.
We find that the KELT-9 system is best described by an apsidal
precession model for now, with an orbital decay trend at over 2σ
being a possible solution as well. A Keplerian orbit model with a
constant orbital period fits the transit timings of KELT-16 b the best
due to the scatter and scale of their error bars. The WASP-4 system is
represented the best by an orbital decay model at a 5σ
significance, although apsidal precession cannot be ruled out with the
present data. For HD 97658 b, using recently acquired transit
observations, we find that a weak quadratic trend with a 1σ
deviation from a linear ephemeris describes the data best, ruling out
a previously suspected strong quadratic trend.
Description:
We present a total of 19 transit light curves, with one of them being
of KELT-9 b, seven of KELT-16 b, eight of WASP-4 b, and three of HD
97658 b. We provide the reduced raw light curve and the detrended
light curves from TLCM. The images and the reduced original data can
be obtained from DACE and the CHEOPS public archive. Additionally, we
give our measured and archival mid-transit timings for all four
systems and the mid-occultation timings for KELT-9 b. Our measured
timings were retrieved using TLCM.
Objects:
---------------------------------------------------------------
RA (2000) DE Designation(s)
---------------------------------------------------------------
20 31 26.4 +39 56 20 KELT-9 = 2MASS J20312634+3956196
20 57 04.5 +31 39 40 KELT-16 = 2MASS J20570443+3139397
23 34 15.1 -42 03 42 WASP-4 = 1SWASP J233415.06-420341.1
11 14 33.0 +25 42 38 HD 97658 = 2MASS J11143316+2542374
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File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
stars.dat 32 4 List of studied stars
transits.dat 72 6193 Raw and detrended photometry of all four systems
tts.dat 55 417 Transit timings for all four systems
(tables 4 + 6 + 7 + B1)
ots.dat 51 8 Occultation timings for KELT-9 (table 5)
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See also:
J/A+A/666/A118 : KELT-9b light curves (Jones+, 2022)
J/AcA/68/371 : WASP and KELT planet transits (Maciejewski+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/509/1447 : Light curves of KELT-16 (Mancini+, 2022)
J/ApJ/786/2 : Spitzer photometric time series of HD 97658
(Van Grootel+, 2014)
J/AJ/159/239 : Transmission Spectroscopy Metric of exoplanets (Guo+, 2020)
J/MNRAS/514/77 : CHEOPS Early Science observations (Maxted+, 2022)
https://exofop.ipac.caltech.edu/tess/target.php?id=16740101 : Gaudi+17 light
curves of KELT-9
https://osf.io/p298n/ : ExoClock data
Byte-by-byte Description of file: stars.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- Name System name
10- 11 I2 h RAh Simbad right ascension (J2000)
13- 14 I2 min RAm Simbad right ascension (J2000)
16- 20 F5.2 s RAs Simbad right ascension (J2000)
22 A1 --- DE- Simbad declination sign (J2000)
23- 24 I2 deg DEd Simbad declination (J2000)
26- 27 I2 arcmin DEm Simbad declination (J2000)
29- 32 F4.1 arcsec DEs Simbad declination (J2000)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: transits.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- Name System name
9 I1 --- Trnum Transit number
11- 21 F11.6 d BJD Barycentric Julian Date (TDB, BJD-2450000)
23- 32 F10.8 --- Flux Normalized flux
34- 43 F10.8 --- e_Flux Normalized flux error
45- 48 F4.1 s ExpTime Exposure time
50- 61 F12.8 deg Roll Roll angle of the satellite
63- 72 F10.8 --- Fluxcor Normalized corrected flux from TLCM
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tts.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- Name System name
9- 18 F10.5 d BJD Mid-transit time (TDB, BJD-2450000)
20- 26 F7.5 d e_BJD Mid-transit time error
28- 31 I4 --- Epoch Epoch of transit from reference epoch
33- 55 A23 --- Source Source of light curve or timing (G1)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: ots.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 7 A7 --- Name System name
9- 18 F10.5 d BJD Mid-occultation time (TDB, BJD-2450000)
20- 26 F7.5 d e_BJD Mid-occultation time error
28- 33 F6.1 --- Epoch Epoch of occultation from reference epoch
35- 51 A17 --- Source Source of light curve or timing (G1)
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Global notes:
Note (G1): Source of light curve or timing as follows:
Baluev+20 = Baluev et al., 2020MNRAS.496L..11B 2020MNRAS.496L..11B
CHEOPS = CHEOPS data
ExoClock = ExoClock data, https://osf.io/p298n/
Gaudi+17 = Gaudi et al., 2017,
https://exofop.ipac.caltech.edu/tess/target.php?id=16740101
HST/WFC3(Guo+20) = Guo et al., 2020, Cat. J/AJ/159/239
MOST(Guo+20) = Guo et al., 2020, Cat. J/AJ/159/239
Maciejewski+18 = Maciejewski et al., 2018, Cat. J/AcA/68/371
Mancini+22 = Mancini et al., 2022, Cat. J/MNRAS/509/1447
Oberst+17 = Oberst et al., 2017AJ....153...97O 2017AJ....153...97O
Patra+20 = Patra et al., 2020, Cat. J/AJ/159/150
Spitzer(Guo+20) = Guo et al., 2020, Cat. J/AJ/159/239
Spitzer(Jones+22) = Jones et al., 2022, Cat. J/A+A/666/A118
Spitzer(van Grootel+14) = Van Grootel et al., 2014, Cat. J/ApJ/786/2
TESS = TESS data
TESS(Maxted+22) = Maxted et al., 2022, Cat. J/MNRAS/514/77
WASP(Wilson+08) = Wilson et al., 2008ApJ...675L.113W 2008ApJ...675L.113W
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Acknowledgements:
Jan-Vincent Harre, jan-vincent.harre (at) dlr.de
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 09-Nov-2022