J/A+A/671/A20 GES. OB stars in the Carina Nebula (Berlanas+, 2023)
Gaia-ESO survey: Massive stars in the Carina Nebula.
I. A new census of OB stars.
Berlanas S.R., Maiz Apellaniz J., Herrero A., Mahy L., Blomme R.,
Negueruela I., Dorda R., Comeron F., Gosset E., Pantaleoni Gonzalez M.,
Molina Lera J.A., Sota A., Furst T., Alfaro E.J., Bergemann M., Carraro G.,
Drew J.E., Morbidelli L., Vink J.S.
<Astron. Astrophys. 671, A20 (2023)>
=2023A&A...671A..20B 2023A&A...671A..20B (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Clusters, open ; Stars, OB ; Spectral types; Spectroscopy ;
Optical
Keywords: stars: massive - stars: early-type - stars: rotation -
proper motions - binaries: spectroscopic -
open clusters and associations: individual: Carina Nebula
Abstract:
The Carina Nebula is one of the major massive star-forming regions in
the Galaxy. Its relatively nearby distance (2.35kpc) makes it an
ideal laboratory for the study of massive star formation, structure
and evolution both for individual stars and stellar systems. Thanks to
the high-quality spectra provided by the Gaia-ESO survey and the
LiLiMaRlin library, as well as Gaia EDR3 astrometry, a detailed and
homogeneous spectroscopic characterization of its massive stellar
content can be carried out.
Our main objective is to spectroscopically characterize all massive
members of the Carina Nebula in the Gaia-ESO survey footprint to
provide an updated census of massive stars in the region and an
updated estimate of the binary fraction of O stars.
We performed accurate spectral classification using an interactive
code that compares spectra with spectral libraries of OB standard
stars, as well as line-based classic methods. We calculated membership
using our own algorithm based on Gaia EDR3 astrometry. To check the
correlation between the spectroscopic n-qualifier and the rotational
velocity, we used a semi automated tool for the line-broadening
characterization of OB stars based on a combined Fourier transform and
goodness-of-fit methodology.
The Gaia-ESO survey sample of massive OB stars in the Carina Nebula
consists of 234 stars. The addition of brighter sources from the
Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey and additional sources from the
literature allows us to create the most complete census of massive OB
stars done so far in the region. It contains a total of 316 stars,
with 18 of them in the background and 4 in the foreground. Of the 294
stellar systems in Car OB1, 74 are of O type, 214 are of
non-supergiant B type and 6 are of WR or non-O supergiant (II to Ia)
spectral class. We identify 20 spectroscopic binary systems with an
O-star primary, of which 6 are reported for the first time, and
another 18 with a B-star primary, of which 13 are new detections. The
average observed double-lined binary fraction of O-type stars in the
surveyed region is 0.35, which represents a lower limit. We find a
good correlation between the spectroscopic n-qualifier and the
projected rotational velocity of the stars. The fraction of candidate
runaways among the stars with and without the n-qualifier is 4.4% and
2.4%, respectively, although non resolved double-lined binaries could
be contaminating the sample of fast rotators.
Description:
New census of massive stars in the central region of the Carina Nebula
that contains 316 stars. Massive OB stars include all O-types and
those B2-types or earlier for dwarfs, B5-types or earlier for giants,
and all B subtypes for supergiants (I or II luminosity classes). Red
supergiants (RSGs), Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars, and some B subtypes close
to the OB-star limit (e.g. B2.5 V) are also included in the census for
completeness. Stars are separated assuming distances compatible with
Car OB1 from those in the foreground and background.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
tablea1.dat 160 316 Name, coordinates, identifications, G'3 magnitude,
Gaia EDR3 parallax and group membership for all
stars of the census
tablea2.dat 144 316 Spectral types for the stars in the census
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
J/A+A/643/A138 : Possible runaway stars list (Maiz Apellaniz+, 2020)
J/A+A/657/A131 : Ten new systems with O stars (Maiz Apellaniz+, 2022)
J/A+A/666/A121 : Cluster target Giraffe HR15N RV precision (Randich+, 2022)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 28 A28 --- Name Object name
30- 31 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000)
33- 34 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000)
36- 41 F6.3 s RAs Right ascension (J2000)
43 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
44- 45 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000)
47- 48 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000)
50- 54 F5.2 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000)
56- 70 A15 --- GOS/GBS/GWS Galactic O/B/WR identifications
72- 88 A17 --- GES GES identification
90-108 I19 --- GaiaEDR3 ?=- Gaia eDR3 identification
110-119 A10 --- ALS ALS identification
121-127 F7.4 mag Gmagcorr Corrected Gaia EDR3 G3 magnitude (G'3)
128 A1 --- n_Gmagcorr [*] Note on Gmagcorr (1)
129-135 F7.4 mag BP-RP Gaia EDR3 color GBR-GRP
136 A1 --- n_BP-RP [*] Note on BP-RP (1)
137-141 F5.3 mas plxcorr ?=- Corrected Gaia EDR3 parallax
143-147 F5.3 mas e_plxcorr ?=- Corrected Gaia EDR3 parallax error
149-158 A10 --- Group Group membership
160 A1 --- Note [*] Note (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flag as follows:
* = Estimated from Maiz Apellaniz et al. (2017MNRAS.464.3561M 2017MNRAS.464.3561M) and the
Gaia DR3 results for Aa
Note (2): * indicates that the Gaia EDR3 information is not sufficient to
determine the distances: Gaia does not provide parallax or the corrected
parallax uncertainties are greater than 0.1mas.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 28 A28 --- Name Object name
29- 34 A6 --- SpT-GES Spectral type from GES spectra
35- 39 A5 --- LC-GES Luminosity class from GES spectra
40- 49 A10 --- qual-GES Qualificator from GES spectra
50- 64 A15 --- sec-GES Secondary component from GES spectra
65- 70 A6 --- SpT-GOSSS Spectral type from GOSSS spectra
71- 77 A7 --- LC-GOSSS Luminosity class from GOSSS spectra
78- 87 A10 --- qual-GOSSS Qualificator from GOSSS spectra
88- 98 A11 --- sec-GOSSS Secondary component from GOSSS spectra
99-103 A5 --- ref-GOSSS GOSSS reference
104-110 A7 --- SpT-Other Spectral type from other sources
111-118 A8 --- LC-Other Luminosity class from other sources
119-126 A8 --- qual-Other Qualificator from other sources
127-139 A13 --- sec-Other Secondary component from other sources
140-144 A5 --- ref-Other Other sources reference (1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): References as follows:
A02 = Albacete Colombo et al. (2002MNRAS.336.1099A 2002MNRAS.336.1099A)
A16 = Alexander et al. (2016AJ....152..190A 2016AJ....152..190A)
D17 = Damiani et al. (2017A&A...603A..81D 2017A&A...603A..81D, Cat. J/A+A/603/A81)
F80 = Feinstein et al. (1980AJ.....85..708F 1980AJ.....85..708F)
F81 = Forte & Orsatti (1981AJ.....86..209F 1981AJ.....86..209F)
G11a = Gvaramadze et al. (22011A&A...535A..29G)
G11b = Gagne et al. (2011ApJS..194....5G 2011ApJS..194....5G, Cat. J/ApJS/194/5)
H06 = Hamann et al. (2006A&A...457.1015H 2006A&A...457.1015H)
K93 = Kilkenny (1993SAAOC..15...53K 1993SAAOC..15...53K, Cat. J/other/SAAOC/15.53)
L76 = Loden et al. (1976A&AS...23..283L 1976A&AS...23..283L)
L81 = Levato & Malaroda (1981PASP...93..714L 1981PASP...93..714L)
L82 = Levato & Malaroda (1982PASP...94..807L 1982PASP...94..807L)
M01 = Massey et al. (2001AJ....121.1050M 2001AJ....121.1050M)
M16 = Maiz Apellaniz et al. (2016ApJS..224....4M 2016ApJS..224....4M. Cat. J/ApJS/224/4,
GOSS III)
M17 = Maiz Apellaniz et al. (2017MNRAS.464.3561M 2017MNRAS.464.3561M)
M20 = Maiz Apellaniz et al. (2020A&A...643A.138M 2020A&A...643A.138M, Cat. J/A+A/643/A138,
Villafranca I)
M22 = Maiz Apellaniz et al. (2022A&A...657A.131M 2022A&A...657A.131M, Cat. J/A+A/657/A131,
Villafranca II)
M23a = GOSSS IV (Maiz Apellaniz et al., in prep.)
M23b = Villafranca III (Molina Lera et al., in prep.)
M55 = Morgan et al. (1955ApJS....2...41M 1955ApJS....2...41M)
M88 = Morrell et al. (1988PASP..100.1431M 1988PASP..100.1431M)
M93 = Massey & Johnson (1993AJ....105..980M 1993AJ....105..980M, Cat. J/AJ/105/980)
N06 = Niemela et al. (2006MNRAS.367.1450N 2006MNRAS.367.1450N)
P11 = Povich et al. (2011ApJS..194....6P 2011ApJS..194....6P, Cat. J/ApJS/194/6)
P21 = Preibisch et al. (2021A&A...648A..34P 2021A&A...648A..34P, Cat. J/A+A/648/A34)
R09 = Rauw et al. (2009MNRAS.398.1582R 2009MNRAS.398.1582R)
S14 = Sota et al. (2014ApJS..211...10S 2014ApJS..211...10S, Cat. III/274, GOSSS II)
T73 = Thackeray et al. (1973MmRAS..77..199T 1973MmRAS..77..199T)
T74 = Thackeray & Andrews (1974A&AS...16..323T 1974A&AS...16..323T)
TW = This work
V01 = van der Hucht (2001NewAR..45..135V 2001NewAR..45..135V, Cat. III/215)
V15 = Vaidya et al. (2015AJ....150..195V 2015AJ....150..195V)
V93 = Vijapurkar & Drilling (1993ApJS...89..293V 1993ApJS...89..293V)
W02 = Walborn et al. (2002AJ....123.2754W 2002AJ....123.2754W)
W09 = Walborn (2009, in STScI Symposium Series, Massive Stars from
Pop. III and GRBs to the Milky Way (M. Livio and E. Villaver eds.),
Vol. 20, 167)
W11 = Wolk et al. (2011ApJS..194...12W 2011ApJS..194...12W, Cat. J/ApJS/194/12)
W72 = Walborn (1972AJ.....77..312W 1972AJ.....77..312W)
W73a = Walborn (1973AJ.....78.1067W 1973AJ.....78.1067W)
W73b = Walborn (1973ApJ...179..517W 1973ApJ...179..517W)
W77 = Walborn & Liller (1977ApJ...211..181W 1977ApJ...211..181W)
W82 = Walborn (1982AJ.....87.1300W 1982AJ.....87.1300W)
W84 = Walsh (1984A&A...138..380W 1984A&A...138..380W)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acknowledgements:
Sara Berlanas, sara.rb(at)ua.es
References:
Blomme et al., 2022A&A...661A.120B 2022A&A...661A.120B,
The Gaia-ESO Survey: The analysis of the hot-star spectra.
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 26-Jan-2023