J/A+A/674/A225 Catalog of dense cores in Vela C from Herschel (Li+, 2023)
Properties of the dense cores and filamentary structures in the Vela C
molecular cloud.
Li X.-M., Zhang G.-Y., Men'shchikov A., Li J.-Z., Zhang C., Wu Z.-Z.
<Astron. Astrophys. 674, A225 (2023)>
=2023A&A...674A.225L 2023A&A...674A.225L (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Molecular clouds ; Interstellar medium ; Combined data
Keywords: stars: formation - ISM: clouds - ISM: structure - submillimeter: ISM
Abstract:
The initial and boundary conditions of the Galactic star formation in
molecular clouds are not well understood. In an effort to shed new
light on this long-standing problem, we measured properties of dense
cores and filamentary structures in the Vela C molecular cloud,
observed with Herschel. We used the hires algorithm to create
high-resolution surface densities (11.7") from the Herschel
multi-wavelength dust continuum. We applied the getsf extraction
method to separate the components of sources and filaments from each
other and their backgrounds, before detecting, measuring, and
cataloging the structures. The cores and filamentary structures
constitute 40% of the total mass of Vela C, most of the material is in
the low-density molecular background cloud. We selected 570 reliable
cores, of which 149 are the protostellar cores and 421 are the
starless cores. Almost 78% (329 of 421) of the starless cores were
identified with the gravitationally bound prestellar cores. The
exponent of the CMF (alpha=1.35) is identical to that of the
Salpeter IMF. The high-resolution surface density image helped us
determine and subtract backgrounds and measure sizes of the
structures. We selected 68 filaments with at least one side that
appeared not blended with adjacent structures. The filament widths are
in the range of 0.15pc to 0.63pc, and have a median value of
W=0.3(0.11)pc. The surface densities of filaments are well correlated
with their contrasts and linear densities. Within uncertainties of the
filament instability criterion, many filaments (39) may well be both
supercritical and subcritical. A large fraction of filaments (29) may
definitely be considered supercritical, in which are found 94
prestellar cores, 83 protostellar cores, and only 1 unbound starless
core. Taking into account the uncertainties, the supercritical
filaments contain only prestellar and protostellar cores. Our findings
support the idea that there exists a direct relationship between the
CMF and IMF and that filaments play a key role in the formation of
prestellar cores, which is consistent with the previous Herschel
results.
Description:
Based on the HOBYS imaging survey (PI: F. Motte, observation IDs:
1342196657, 1342196658) observations of the Vela C cloud complex, and
using the multi-scale source and filament extraction method getsf
(Men'shchikov, 2021A&A...649A..89M 2021A&A...649A..89M), we identified a total of 570
reliable cores, including 421 starless cores and 149 protostellar
cores, and 68 reliable filaments with at least one side that appeared
not blended with adjacent structures.
The observed properties of all dense cores are given in tablea1.dat,
and their derived properties are listed in tablea2.dat. The properties
of all reliable filaments are given in tablea3.dat.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
tablea1.dat 1447 570 Observed properties of dense cores in Vela C
tablea2.dat 138 570 Derived properties of dense cores in Vela C
tablea3.dat 340 68 Observed properties of filament in Vela C
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See also:
J/A+A/628/A110 : Photometry of submm cores in Vela C (Massi+, 2019)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- No Source running number (NO)
6- 16 F11.7 deg RAdeg WCS (J2000) alpha-coordinate of
current source (WCS_ACOOR)
18- 28 F11.7 deg DEdeg WCS (J2000) delta-coordinate of
current source (WCS_DCOOR)
30 I1 --- Flag Flag describing global properties over
all wavelengths (FG)
32- 40 E9.4 --- Signi Global detection significance over
all wavelengths (SIGN)
42- 50 E9.4 --- Good Global goodness combining significance
and S/N (GOOD)
52- 69 A18 --- CoreType Protostellar, prestellar, unbound starless
and unresolevd starless (CORETYPE)
72- 73 I2 --- FM01 Wavelength-dependent flag at 70um (FM01)
75- 83 E9.4 --- SigniM01 Detection significance from monochromatic
single scales at 70um (SIGNM01)
85- 93 E9.4 --- GoodM01 Monochromatic goodness combining
significance and S/N at 70um (GOODM01)
95- 104 E10.4 Jy/beam FXPBST01 Peak intensity at 70um (FXP_BST01)
106- 114 E9.4 Jy/beam e_FXPBST01 Peak intensity error at 70um (FXP_ERR01)
116- 125 E10.4 Jy FXTBST01 Total flux at 70um (FXT_BST01)
127- 135 E9.4 Jy e_FXTBST01 Total flux error at 70um (FXT_ERR01)
137- 146 E10.4 Jy FXTALT01 Total flux (Gaussian) or MASS at 70um
(FXT_ALT01)
148- 156 E9.4 arcsec Scale01 Characteristic size (FWHM) or ALPHABE
at 70um (SCALE01)
158- 166 E9.4 arcsec aFWHM01 Major size at half-maximum (FWHM)
at 70um (AFWHM01)
168- 176 E9.4 arcsec bFWHM01 Minor size at half-maximum (FWHM)
at 70um (BFWHM01)
178- 186 E9.4 arcsec asize01 Major size from intensity moments
at 70um (ASIZE01)
188- 196 E9.4 arcsec bsize01 Minor size from intensity moments
at 70um (BSIZE01)
198- 206 E9.4 deg theta01 Angle of the major axis (east of
vertical) at 70um (THETA01)
208- 217 E10.4 arcsec FOFA01 Footprint expansion scaling factor
at 70um (FOFA01)
219- 227 E9.4 arcsec FOOA01 Full major axis of an elliptical
footprint at 70um (FOOA01)
229- 237 E9.4 arcsec FOOB01 Full minor axis of an elliptical
footprint at 70um (FOOB01)
240- 241 I2 --- FM02 Wavelength-dependent flag at 160um (FM02)
243- 251 E9.4 --- SigniM02 Detection significance from monochromatic
single scales at 160um (SIGNM02)
253- 261 E9.4 --- GoodM02 Monochromatic goodness combining
significance and S/N at 160um (GOODM02)
263- 271 E9.4 Jy/beam FXPBST02 Peak intensity at 160um (FXP_BST02)
273- 281 E9.4 Jy/beam e_FXPBST02 Peak intensity error at 160um (FXP_ERR02)
283- 291 E9.4 Jy FXTBST02 Total flux at 160um (FXT_BST02)
293- 301 E9.4 Jy e_FXTBST02 Total flux error at 160um (FXT_ERR02)
303- 311 E9.4 Jy FXTALT02 Total flux (Gaussian) or MASS at 160um
(FXT_ALT02)
313- 321 E9.4 arcsec Scale02 Characteristic size (FWHM) or ALPHABE
at 160um (SCALE02)
323- 331 E9.4 arcsec aFWHM02 Major size at half-maximum (FWHM)
at 160um (AFWHM02)
333- 341 E9.4 arcsec bFWHM02 Minor size at half-maximum (FWHM)
at 160um (BFWHM02)
343- 351 E9.4 arcsec asize02 Major size from intensity moments
at 160um (ASIZE02)
353- 361 E9.4 arcsec bsize02 Minor size from intensity moments
at 160um (BSIZE02)
363- 371 E9.4 deg theta02 Angle of the major axis (east of vertical)
at 160um (THETA02)
373- 382 E10.4 arcsec FOFA02 Footprint expansion scaling factor
at 160um (FOFA02)
384- 392 E9.4 arcsec FOOA02 Full major axis of an elliptical
footprint at 160um (FOOA02)
394- 402 E9.4 arcsec FOOB02 Full minor axis of an elliptical
footprint at 160um (FOOB02)
405- 406 I2 --- FM03 Wavelength-dependent flag at 250um (FM03)
408- 416 E9.4 --- SigniM03 Detection significance from monochromatic
single scales at 250um (SIGNM03)
418- 426 E9.4 --- GoodM03 Monochromatic goodness combining
significance and S/N at 250um (GOODM03)
428- 436 E9.4 Jy/beam FXPBST03 Peak intensity at 250um (FXP_BST03)
438- 446 E9.4 Jy/beam e_FXPBST03 Peak intensity error at 250um (FXP_ERR03)
448- 456 E9.4 Jy FXTBST03 Total flux at 250um (FXT_BST03)
458- 466 E9.4 Jy e_FXTBST03 Total flux error at 250um (FXT_ERR03)
468- 476 E9.4 Jy FXTALT03 Total flux (Gaussian) or Mass at 250um
(FXT_ALT03)
478- 486 E9.4 arcsec Scale03 Characteristic size (FWHM) or ALPHABE
at 250um (SCALE03)
488- 496 E9.4 arcsec aFWHM03 Major size at half-maximum (FWHM)
at 250um (AFWHM03)
498- 506 E9.4 arcsec bFWHM03 Minor size at half-maximum (FWHM)
at 250um (BFWHM03)
508- 516 E9.4 arcsec asize03 Major size from intensity moments
at 250um (ASIZE03)
518- 526 E9.4 arcsec bsize03 Minor size from intensity moments
at 250um (BSIZE03)
528- 536 E9.4 deg theta03 Angle of the major axis (east of vertical)
at 250um (THETA03)
538- 547 E10.4 arcsec FOFA03 Footprint expansion scaling factor
at 250um (FOFA03)
549- 557 E9.4 arcsec FOOA03 Full major axis of an elliptical footprint
at 250um (FOOA03)
559- 567 E9.4 arcsec FOOB03 Full minor axis of an elliptical footprint
at 250um (FOOB03)
570- 571 I2 --- FM04 Wavelength-dependent flag at 350um (FM04)
573- 581 E9.4 --- SigniM04 Detection significance from monochromatic
single scales at 350um (SIGNM04)
583- 591 E9.4 --- GoodM04 Monochromatic goodness combining
significance and S/N at 350um (GOODM04)
593- 601 E9.4 Jy/beam FXPBST04 Peak intensity at 350um (FXP_BST04)
603- 611 E9.4 Jy/beam e_FXPBST04 Peak intensity error at 350um (FXP_ERR04)
613- 621 E9.4 Jy FXTBST04 Total flux at 350um (FXT_BST04)
623- 631 E9.4 Jy e_FXTBST04 Total flux error at 350um (FXT_ERR04)
633- 641 E9.4 Jy FXTALT04 Total flux (Gaussian) or MASS at 350um
(FXT_ALT04)
643- 651 E9.4 arcsec Scale04 Characteristic size (FWHM) or ALPHABE
at 350um (SCALE04)
653- 661 E9.4 arcsec aFWHM04 Major size at half-maximum (FWHM)
at 350um (AFWHM04)
663- 671 E9.4 arcsec bFWHM04 Minor size at half-maximum (FWHM)
at 350um (BFWHM04)
673- 681 E9.4 arcsec asize04 Major size from intensity moments
at 350um (ASIZE04)
683- 691 E9.4 arcsec bsize04 Minor size from intensity moments
at 350um (BSIZE04)
693- 701 E9.4 deg theta04 Angle of the major axis (east of vertical)
at 350um (THETA04)
703- 712 E10.4 arcsec FOFA04 Footprint expansion scaling factor
at 350um (FOFA04)
714- 722 E9.4 arcsec FOOA04 Full major axis of an elliptical footprint
at 350um (FOOA04)
724- 732 E9.4 arcsec FOOB04 Full minor axis of an elliptical footprint
at 350um (FOOB04)
735- 736 I2 --- FM05 Wavelength-dependent flag at 500um (FM05)
738- 746 E9.4 --- SigniM05 Detection significance from monochromatic
single scales at 500um (SIGNM05)
748- 756 E9.4 --- GoodM05 Monochromatic goodness combining
significance and S/N at 500um (GOODM05)
758- 766 E9.4 Jy/beam FXPBST05 Peak intensity at 500um (FXP_BST05)
768- 776 E9.4 Jy/beam e_FXPBST05 Peak intensity error at 500um (FXP_ERR05)
778- 786 E9.4 Jy FXTBST05 Total flux at 500um (FXT_BST05)
788- 796 E9.4 Jy e_FXTBST05 Total flux error at 500um (FXT_ERR05)
798- 806 E9.4 Jy FXTALT05 Total flux (Gaussian) or Mass at 500um
(FXT_ALT05)
808- 816 E9.4 arcsec Scale05 Characteristic size (FWHM) or ALPHABE
at 500um (SCALE05)
818- 826 E9.4 arcsec aFWHM05 Major size at half-maximum (FWHM)
at 500um (AFWHM05)
828- 836 E9.4 arcsec bFWHM05 Minor size at half-maximum (FWHM)
at 500um (BFWHM05)
838- 846 E9.4 arcsec asize05 Major size from intensity moments
at 500um (ASIZE05)
848- 856 E9.4 arcsec bsize05 Minor size from intensity moments
at 500um (BSIZE05)
858- 866 E9.4 deg theta05 Angle of the major axis (east of vertical)
at 500um (THETA05)
868- 877 E10.4 arcsec FOFA05 Footprint expansion scaling factor
at 500um (FOFA05)
879- 887 E9.4 arcsec FOOA05 Full major axis of an elliptical footprint
at 500um (FOOA05)
889- 897 E9.4 arcsec FOOB05 Full minor axis of an elliptical footprint
at 500um (FOOB05)
900- 901 I2 --- FM06 Wavelength-dependent flag at 8.5" (FM06)
903- 911 E9.4 --- SigniM06 Detection significance from monochromatic
single scales at 8.5" (SIGNM06)
913- 921 E9.4 --- GoodM06 Monochromatic goodness combining
significance and S/N at 8.5" (GOODM06)
923- 931 E9.4 cm-2 FXPBST06 Peak intensity at 8.5" (FXP_BST06)
933- 941 E9.4 cm-2 e_FXPBST06 Peak intensity error at 8.5" (FXP_ERR06)
943- 951 E9.4 cm-2 FXTBST06 Total flux at 8.5" (FXT_BST06)
953- 961 E9.4 cm-2 e_FXTBST06 Total flux error at 8.5" (FXT_ERR06)
963- 971 E9.4 Msun Mass06 The mass derived from the surface density
image at 8.5" (FXT_ALT06)
973- 981 E9.4 arcsec Scale06 Characteristic size (FWHM) or ALPHABE
at 8.5" (SCALE06)
983- 991 E9.4 arcsec aFWHM06 Major size at half-maximum (FWHM)
at 8.5" (AFWHM06)
993-1001 E9.4 arcsec bFWHM06 Minor size at half-maximum (FWHM)
at 8.5" (BFWHM06)
1003-1011 E9.4 arcsec asize06 Major size from intensity moments
at 8.5" (ASIZE06)
1013-1021 E9.4 arcsec bsize06 Minor size from intensity moments
at 8.5" (BSIZE06)
1023-1031 E9.4 deg theta06 Angle of the major axis (east of vertical)
at 8.5" (THETA06)
1033-1042 E10.4 arcsec FOFA06 Footprint expansion scaling factor
at 8.5" (FOFA06)
1044-1052 E9.4 arcsec FOOA06 Full major axis of an elliptical footprint
at 8.5" (FOOA06)
1054-1062 E9.4 arcsec FOOB06 Full minor axis of an elliptical footprint
at 8.5" (FOOB06)
1065-1066 I2 --- FM07 Wavelength-dependent flag at 11.7" (FM07)
1068-1076 E9.4 --- SigniM07 Detection significance from monochromatic
single scales at 11.7" (SIGNM07)
1078-1086 E9.4 --- GoodM07 Monochromatic goodness combining
significance and S/N at 11.7" (GOODM07)
1088-1096 E9.4 cm-2 FXPBST07 Peak intensity at 11.7" (FXP_BST07)
1098-1106 E9.4 cm-2 e_FXPBST07 Peak intensity error at 11.7" (FXP_ERR07)
1108-1116 E9.4 cm-2 FXTBST07 Total flux at 11.7" (FXT_BST07)
1118-1126 E9.4 cm-2 e_FXTBST07 Total flux error at 11.7" (FXT_ERR07)
1128-1136 E9.4 Msun Mass07 The mass derived from the surface density
image at 11.7" (FXT_ALT07)
1138-1146 E9.4 arcsec Scale07 Characteristic size (FWHM) or ALPHABE
at 11.7" (SCALE07)
1148-1156 E9.4 arcsec aFWHM07 Major size at half-maximum (FWHM) at 11.7"
(AFWHM07)
1158-1166 E9.4 arcsec bFWHM07 Minor size at half-maximum (FWHM) at 11.7"
(BFWHM07)
1168-1176 E9.4 arcsec asize07 Major size from intensity moments at 11.7"
(ASIZE07)
1178-1186 E9.4 arcsec bsize07 Minor size from intensity moments at 11.7"
(BSIZE07)
1188-1196 E9.4 deg theta07 Angle of the major axis (east of vertical)
at 11.7" (THETA07)
1198-1207 E10.4 arcsec FOFA07 Footprint expansion scaling factor
at 11.7" (FOFA07)
1209-1217 E9.4 arcsec FOOA07 Full major axis of an elliptical footprint
at 11.7" (FOOA07)
1219-1227 E9.4 arcsec FOOB07 Full minor axis of an elliptical footprint
at 11.7" (FOOB07)
1230-1231 I2 --- FM08 Wavelength-dependent flag at 18.2" (FM08)
1233-1241 E9.4 --- SigniM08 Detection significance from monochromatic
single scales at 18.2" (SIGNM08)
1243-1251 E9.4 --- GoodM08 Monochromatic goodness combining
significance and S/N at 18.2" (GOODM08)
1253-1261 E9.4 cm-2 FXPBST08 Peak intensity at 18.2" (FXP_BST08)
1263-1271 E9.4 cm-2 e_FXPBST08 Peak intensity error at 18.2" (FXP_ERR08)
1273-1281 E9.4 cm-2 FXTBST08 Total flux at 18.2" (FXT_BST08)
1283-1291 E9.4 cm-2 e_FXTBST08 Total flux error at 18.2" (FXT_ERR08)
1293-1301 E9.4 Msun Mass08 The mass derived from the surface density
image at 18.2" (FXT_ALT08)
1303-1311 E9.4 arcsec Scale08 Characteristic size (FWHM) or ALPHABE
at 18.2" (SCALE08)
1313-1321 E9.4 arcsec aFWHM08 Major size at half-maximum (FWHM)
at 18.2" (AFWHM08)
1323-1331 E9.4 arcsec bFWHM08 Minor size at half-maximum (FWHM)
at 18.2" (BFWHM08)
1333-1341 E9.4 arcsec asize08 Major size from intensity moments
at 18.2" (ASIZE08)
1343-1351 E9.4 arcsec bsize08 Minor size from intensity moments
at 18.2" (BSIZE08)
1353-1361 E9.4 deg theta08 Angle of the major axis (east of vertical)
at 18.2" (THETA08)
1363-1372 E10.4 arcsec FOFA08 Footprint expansion scaling factor
at 18.2" (FOFA08)
1374-1382 E9.4 arcsec FOOA08 Full major axis of an elliptical footprint
at 18.2" (FOOA08)
1384-1392 E9.4 arcsec FOOB08 Full minor axis of an elliptical footprint
at 18.2" (FOOB08)
1395-1447 A53 --- SIMBAD SIMBAD infrared source (SIMBAD)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- No Input catalog source or image pixel number
6- 16 F11.7 deg RAdeg WCS (J2000) alpha-coordinate of current source
18- 28 F11.7 deg DEdeg WCS (J2000) delta-coordinate of current source
30- 38 E9.4 K DustTemp Derived dust temperature of source or pixel
40- 48 E9.4 K e_DustTemp Uncertainty of derived temperature
50- 58 E9.4 Msun Mtot Derived total mass (gas+dust) of source
60- 68 E9.4 Msun e_Mtot Uncertainty of derived total mass
70- 78 E9.4 Lsun Lbol Derived bolometric luminosity
80- 88 E9.4 Lsun e_Lbol Uncertainty of derived luminosity
90- 98 E9.4 arcsec R075 Radius of 8.5 arcsec resolution
(geometrical average)
100-108 E9.4 arcsec R165 Radius of 11.7 arcsec resolution
(geometrical average)
110-118 E9.4 arcsec R255 Radius of 18.2 arcsec resolution
(geometrical average)
120-138 A19 --- CoreType Protostellar, prestellar, unbound starless
and unresolevd starless
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- NF Number of a filament (skeleton) (NF)
5- 15 F11.7 deg RAdeg WCS (J2000) alpha-coordinate of filament
(RAdeg)
17- 27 F11.7 deg DEdeg WCS (J2000) delta-coordinate of filament
(DEdeg)
29- 37 E9.4 arcsec Widas Filament FWHM from both sides (WIDAS)
39- 47 E9.4 pc Length Total filament (skeleton) length (LENGTH)
49- 57 E9.4 pc Width Filament FWHM from both sides (WIDTH)
59- 67 E9.4 pc WidthA Filament FWHM from the left side (WIDTHA)
69- 77 E9.4 pc WidthB Filament FWHM from the right side (WIDTHB)
79- 87 E9.4 pc WidthM Filament FWHM from both sides (WIDTHM)
89- 97 E9.4 pc WidthMA Filament FWHM from the left side (WIDTHMA)
99-107 E9.4 pc WidthMB Filament FWHM from the right side (WIDTHMB)
109-117 E9.4 pc s_WidthM Standard deviation about WIDTHM (WIDSTD)
119-127 E9.4 pc s_WidthMA Standard deviation about WIDTHMA (WIDSTDA)
129-137 E9.4 pc s_WidthMB Standard deviation about WIDTHMB (WIDSTDB)
139-140 I2 --- NPTW Number of points used for WIDTHM & WIDSTD
(NPTW)
142-150 E9.4 --- SNRWM Signal-to-noise ratio WIDTHM / WIDSTD
(SNRWM)
152-160 E9.4 --- SNRWMA Signal-to-noise ratio WIDTHMA / WIDSTDA
(SNRWMA)
162-170 E9.4 --- SNRWMB Signal-to-noise ratio WIDTHMB / WIDSTDB
(SNRWMB)
172-180 E9.4 cm-2 CrestMed Filament crest value (on skeleton)
(CRESTMED)
182-190 E9.4 cm-2 s_CrestMed Standard deviation about CRESTMED
(CRESTSTD)
192-200 E9.4 Msun/pc LineDenP Linear density: median integrated profile
(LINDENP)
202-210 E9.4 Msun/pc LineDenPA Linear density: median integrated profile
(LINDENPA)
212-220 E9.4 Msun/pc LineDenPB Linear density: median integrated profile
(LINDENPB)
222-230 E9.4 Msun/pc LineDenM Linear density: FilMass / LENGTH (LINDENM)
232-240 E9.4 Msun/pc LineDenMA Linear density: FilMassA / LENGTH
(LINDENMA)
242-250 E9.4 Msun/pc LineDenMB Linear density: FilMassB / LENGTH
(LINDENMB)
252-260 E9.4 Msun FilMass Filament mass derived from both sides
(FILMASS)
262-270 E9.4 Msun FilMassA Filament mass derived from the left side
(FILMASSA)
272-280 E9.4 Msun FilMassB Filament mass derived from the right side
(FILMASSB)
282-290 E9.4 Msun/pc s_LineDenP Standard deviation about LineDenP (LINDSTD)
292-300 E9.4 --- SNRLinDen Signal-to-noise ratio LineDenP / LINDSTD
(SNRLIND)
302-310 E9.4 K Temp Filament crest temperature (on skeleton)
(TEMP)
312-320 E9.4 K s_Temp Standard deviation about TEMP (TEMPSTD)
322-330 E9.4 --- Contrast Filament crest contrast value (on skeleton)
(CONTRAST)
332-340 E9.4 --- s_Contrast Standard deviation about CONTRAST
(CONTRASTD)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From Xue-Mei Li, xmli(at)bao.ac.cn
Acknowledgements:
We carried out this work at the China-Argentina Cooperation Station of
NAOC/CAS. This work was supported by the Key Project of International
Cooperation of Ministry of Science and Technology of China through
grant 2010DFA02710, and by the National Natural Science Foundation of
China through grants 11503035, 11573036, 11373009, 11433008, 11403040
and 11403041. G.Z. acknowledges support from the Postdoctoral Science
Foundation of China (No. 2021T140672), and the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (No. U2031118). Z.W. acknowledges support
from the National Natural Science foundation of China (No. U1931203).
The authors thank the anonymous referee for constructive comments that
prompted improvements of this paper
References:
Men'shchikov, 2021A&A...649A..89M 2021A&A...649A..89M
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 19-Apr-2023