J/A+A/684/A127 Mrk 421 multiwavelength light curves (Abe+, 2024)
First characterization of the emission behavior of Mrk 421 from radio to very
high-energy gamma rays with simultaneous X-ray polarization measurements.
Abe S., Abhir J., Acciari V.A., Agudo I., Aniello T., Ansoldi S.,
Antonelli L.A., Arbet Engels A., Arcaro C., Artero M., Asano K., Babic A.,
Baquero A., Barres de Almeida U., Barrio J.A., Batkovic I., Baxter J.,
Becerra Gonzalez J., Bednarek W., Bernardini E., Bernete J., Berti A.,
Besenrieder J., Bigongiari C., Biland A., Blanch O., Bonnoli G., Bosnjak Z.,
Burelli I., Busetto G., Campoy-Ordaz A., Carosi A., Carosi R.,
Carretero-Castrillo M., Castro-Tirado A.J., Ceribella G., Chai Y.,
Cifuentes A., Cikota S., Colombo E., Contreras J.L., Cortina J., Covino S.,
D'Ammando F., D'Amico G., D'Elia V., Da Vela P., Dazzi F., De Angelis A.,
De Lotto B., de Menezes R., Del Popolo A., Delgado J., Delgado Mendez C.,
Di Pierro F., Di Venere L., Dominis Prester D., Donini A., Dorner D.,
Doro M., Elsaesser D., Emery G., Escudero J., Farina L., Fattorini A.,
Foffano L., Font L., Froese S., Fukami S., Fukazawa Y., Garcia Lopez R.J.,
Garczarczyk M., Gasparyan S., Gaug M., Giesbrecht Paiva J.G., Giglietto N.,
Giordano F., Gliwny P., Godinovic N., Gradetzke T., Grau R., Green D.,
Green J.G., Guenther P., Hadasch D., Hahn A., Hassan T., Heckmann L.,
Herrera J., Hrupec D., Huetten M., Imazawa R., Inada T., Ishio K.,
Jimenez Martinez I., Jormanainen J., Kerszberg D., Kluge G.W., Kobayashi Y.,
Kouch P.M., Kubo H., Kushida J., Lainez Lezaun M., Lamastra A., Leone F.,
Lindfors E., Linhoff L., Lombardi S., Longo F., Lopez-Coto R.,
Lopez-Moya M., Lopez-Oramas A., Loporchio S., Lorini A.,
Machado de Oliveira Fraga B., Majumdar P., Makariev M., Maneva G., Mang N.,
Manganaro M., Mangano S., Mannheim K., Mariotti M., Martinez M.,
Martinez-Chicharro M., Mas-Aguilar A., Mazin D., Menchiari S., Mender S.,
Miceli D., Miener T., Miranda J.M., Mirzoyan R., Molero Gonzalez M.,
Molina E., Mondal H.A., Moralejo A., Morcuende D., Nakamori T., Nanci C.,
Nava L., Neustroev V., Nickel L., Nievas Rosillo M., Nigro C., Nikolic L.,
Nilsson K., Nishijima K., Njoh Ekoume T., Noda K., Nozaki S., Ohtani Y.,
Okumura A., Otero-Santos J., Paiano S., Palatiello M., Paneque D.,
Paoletti R., Paredes J.M., Pavlovic D., Peresano M., Persic M., Pihet M.,
Pirola G., Podobnik F., Prada Moroni P.G., Prandini E., Principe G.,
Priyadarshi C., Rhode W., Ribo M., Rico J., Righi C., Sahakyan N., Saito T.,
Satalecka K., Saturni F.G., Schleicher B., Schmidt K., Schmuckermaier F.,
Schubert J.L., Schweizer T., Sciaccaluga A., Sitarek J., Sliusar V.,
Sobczynska D., Stamerra A., Striskovic J., Strom D., Strzys M., Suda Y.,
Suutarinen S., Tajima H., Takahashi M., Takeishi R., Tavecchio F.,
Temnikov P., Terauchi K., Terzic T., Teshima M., Tosti L., Truzzi S.,
Tutone A., Ubach S., van Scherpenberg J., Vazquez Acosta M., Ventura S.,
Viale I., Vigorito C.F., Vitale V., Vovk I., Walter R., Will M.,
Wunderlich C., Yamamoto T., Liodakis I., Jorstad S.G., Gesu L.D.,
Donnarumma I., Kim D.E., Marscher A.P., Middei R., Perri M., Puccetti S.,
Verrecchia F., Leto C., De La Calle Perez I., Jimenez-Bailon E., Blinov D.,
Bourbah I.G., Kiehlmann S., Kontopodis E., Mandarakas N., Skalidis R.,
Vervelaki A., Aceituno F.J., Agis-Gonzalez B., Sota A., Sasada M.,
Fukazawa Y., Kawabata K.S., Uemura M., Mizuno T., Akitaya H., Casadio C.,
Myserlis I., Sievers A., Laehteenmaeki A., Syrjaerinne I., Tornikoski M.,
Salome Q., Gurwell M., Keating G.K., Rao R.
<Astron. Astrophys. 684, A127 (2024)>
=2024A&A...684A.127A 2024A&A...684A.127A (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: BL Lac objects ; Radio sources ; X-ray sources ; Gamma rays
Keywords: radiation mechanisms: non-thermal - galaxies: active -
BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 421 - gamma rays: general -
X-rays: galaxies
Abstract:
We have performed the first broadband study of Mrk 421 from radio to
TeV gamma rays with simultaneous measurements of the X-ray
polarization from IXPE. The data were collected as part of an
extensive multiwavelength campaign carried out between May and June
2022 using MAGIC, Fermi-LAT, NuSTAR, XMM-Newton, Swift, and several
optical and radio telescopes to complement IXPE data. During the IXPE
exposures, the measured 0.2-1TeV flux was close to the quiescent state
and ranged from 25% to 50% of the Crab Nebula without intra-night
variability. Throughout the campaign, the very high-energy (VHE) and
X-ray emission are positively correlated at a 4σ significance
level. The IXPE measurements reveal an X-ray polarization degree that
is a factor of 2-5 higher than in the optical/radio bands; that
implies an energy-stratified jet in which the VHE photons are emitted
co-spatially with the X-rays, in the vicinity of a shock front. The
June 2022 observations exhibit a rotation of the X-ray polarization
angle. Despite no simultaneous VHE coverage being available during a
large fraction of the swing, the Swift-XRT monitoring reveals an X-ray
flux increase with a clear spectral hardening. This suggests that
flares in high synchrotron peaked blazars can be accompanied by a
polarization angle rotation, as observed in some flat spectrum radio
quasars. Finally, during the polarization angle rotation, NuSTAR data
reveal two contiguous spectral hysteresis loops in opposite directions
(clockwise and counterclockwise), implying important changes in the
particle acceleration efficiency on approximately hour timescales.
Description:
In this work, we present for the first time radio-to-TeV data of a
blazar together with simultaneous X-ray polarization measurements.
This work focuses on the BL Lac object Mrk421. We investigate the
multiwavelength variability and correlation patterns, and compare it
with the radio-to-X-ray polarization evolution. This Readme describes
the data files published together with the paper. The data from the
figures 1, 2, 5, 7 & 8 are made available.
Objects:
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RA (2000) DE Designation(s)
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11 04 27.31 +38 12 31.8 Mrk 421 = SWIFT J1104.5+3813
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File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
fig1.dat 102 470 Multiwavelength light curves of Fig.1
fig2.dat 95 397 Multiwavelength SED Fig.2
fig5.dat 65 15 Multiwavelength light curves of Fig.5
fig7_8.dat 77 22 *NuSTAR fluxes and spectral indices of Fig.7/8
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Note on fig7_8.dat: The NuSTAR spectra are fitted assuming a log-parabol model
with a curvature fixed to beta=0.45 (see paper for more details).
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See also:
J/A+A/576/A126 : The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk421 (Aleksic+, 2015)
J/A+A/578/A22 : Mrk421 in March 2010 (Aleksic+, 2015)
J/A+A/593/A91 : Mrk 421 multi-wavelength variability, 2007-2009 (Ahnen+, 2016)
J/ApJS/248/29 : Simultaneous X-ray & gamma obs. of Mrk421 in 2013
(Acciari+, 2020)
J/A+A/655/A89 : Mrk421 multi-instrument observations in 2017 (Acciari+, 2021)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 10 F10.4 d MJD Modified Julian date center
17- 24 E8.2 --- Flux/pol Flux or polarization degree/angle
33- 40 E8.2 --- e_Flux/pol Flux uncertainty or polarization degree/angle
49- 58 A10 --- Energy Energy range or Filter
65- 74 A10 --- Inst Instrument
81-102 A22 --- Unit Units
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 15 E15.9 Hz Freq Frequency, bin center
17- 24 E8.2 mW/m2/s nuFnu Energy flux
26- 33 E8.2 mW/m2/s e_nuFnu Energy flux lower uncertainty
35- 42 E8.2 mW/m2/s E_nuFnu Energy flux upper uncertainty
44 I1 --- U.L. [0/1] If 1, the 2nd column is a U.L.
at 95% C.L.
46- 50 A5 --- Epoch Corresponding epoch of the SED
(see paper for details)
52- 81 A30 --- Inst Instrument (1)
84- 95 A12 --- Unit Units
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Note (1): The MAGIC SED points are corrected for the EBL absorption effect.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig5.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 F10.4 d MJD Modified Julian date center
12- 18 F7.5 d MJDwidth Width of time bin
20- 27 E8.3 --- Flux Flux
29- 36 E8.3 --- e_Flux Flux uncertainty
38- 44 A7 --- Energy Energy range
46- 51 A6 --- Inst Instrument
54- 65 A12 --- Unit Units
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig7_8.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 10 F10.4 d MJD Modified Julian date center
12- 17 F6.4 d MJDwidth Width of time bin
19- 26 E8.2 --- Flux3-7keV Flux in 3-7keV band
28- 35 E8.2 --- e_Flux3-7keV Flux uncertainty in 3-7keV
37- 44 E8.2 --- Flux7-30keV Flux in 7-30keV band
46- 53 E8.2 --- e_Flux7-30keV Flux uncertainty in 7-30keV
55- 66 A12 --- Unit Units
68- 72 F5.2 --- Alpha Index of the Log-parabola
74- 77 F4.2 --- e_Alpha Uncertainty on the index of the Log-parabola
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Acknowledgements:
Axel Arbet-Engels, aarbet(at)mpp.mpg.de
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 19-Mar-2024