J/A+A/685/A168 AGN and SFGs abundances (Perez-Diaz+, 2024)
Chemical abundances and deviations from the solar S/O ratio in the gas-phase
interstellar medium of galaxies based on infrared emission lines.
Perez-Diaz B., Perez-Montero E., Fernandez-Ontiveros J.A., Vilchez J.M.,
Hernan-Caballero A., Amorin R.
<Astron. Astrophys. 685, A168 (2024)>
=2024A&A...685A.168P 2024A&A...685A.168P (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Active gal. nuclei ; Star Forming Region ; Infrared sources ;
Abundances
Keywords: galaxies: abundances - galaxies: active - galaxies: ISM -
galaxies: nuclei - infrared: ISM
Abstract:
The infrared (IR) range is extremely useful in the context of chemical
abundance studies of the gas-phase interstellar medium (ISM) due to
the large variety of ionic species traced in this regime, the
negligible effects from dust attenuation or temperature
stratification, and the amount of data that has been and will be
released in the coming years.
Taking advantage of available IR emission lines, we analysed the
chemical content of the gas-phase ISM in a sample of 131 star-forming
galaxies (SFGs) and 73 active galactic nuclei (AGNs). In particular,
we derived the chemical content via their total oxygen abundance in
combination with nitrogen and sulphur abundances, and with the
ionisation parameter.
We used a new version of the code HII-CHI-Mistry-IR v3.1, which
allowed us to estimate log(N/O), 12+log(O/H), log(U) and, for the
first time, 12+log(S/H) from IR emission lines, which can be applied
to both SFGs and AGNs. We tested whether the estimates from this new
version, which only considers sulphur lines for the derivation of
sulphur abundances, are compatible with previous studies.
While most of the SFGs and AGNs show solar log(N/O) abundances, we
find a large spread in the log(S/O) relative abundances. Specifically,
we find extremely low log(S/O) values (1/10 solar) in some SFGs and
AGNs with solar-like oxygen abundances. This result warns against the
use of optical and IR sulphur emission lines to estimate oxygen
abundances when no prior estimation of log(S/O) is provided.
Description:
For this work, we compiled one of the largest sample of galaxies with
IR spectroscopic observations, combining catalogs from Spitzer,
Herschel, Akari and SOFIA.
Our sample of SFGs is composed of objects from two main sources. The
data of the first subsample were directly taken from
Fernandez-Ontiveros et al. (2021A&A...652A..23F 2021A&A...652A..23F, Cat. J/A+A/652/A23),
where they compiled a sample of 65 galaxies (30 dwarf galaxies, 22 HII
regions, and 13 (U)LIRGs) with IR spectroscopic observations showing
star-formation dominated emission ([NeV]/[NeII]<0.15). Additionally,
we compiled another sample of galaxies from the IDEOS catalog
(Hernan-Caballero et al. 2016MNRAS.455.1796H 2016MNRAS.455.1796H, Cat. J/MNRAS/455/1796;
Spoon et al. 2022ApJS..259...37S 2022ApJS..259...37S, Cat, J/ApJS/259/37). As is described
in Perez-Diaz et al. (2024NatAs...8..368P 2024NatAs...8..368P), the sample consists of
66 ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) showing star-forming
dominated activity from both their [NeV]/[NeII] ratio (<0.15) and
from the equivalent width of the PAH feature at 6.2um
(EQW(PAH6.2um)>0.06um).
We compiled our AGN sample from Perez-Diaz et al.
(2022A&A...666A.115P 2022A&A...666A.115P, Cat. J/A+A/666/A115), who analysed 58 AGNs with
available IR spectroscopic observations, including 17 Seyfert 1 nuclei
(Sy1), 14 Seyfert nuclei with hidden broad lines in the polarised
spectrum (Sy1h), 12 Seyfert 2 nuclei (Sy2), 12 (U)LIRGs, and three
low-ionisation nuclear emission-line regions (LINERs). Additionally,
we included 15 quasars from the IDEOS catalog (up to redshift
∼0.74), for which we also added measurements, when possible, of the
hydrogen recombination line, the HI Brackett α line, from their
Akari/IRC observations (2.5-5um, Imanishi et al.,
2010ApJ...721.1233I 2010ApJ...721.1233I).
Table A1: List of IR emission line fluxes, other IR observables and
characteristics of host galaxies for our sample of SFGs.
Table A2: List of IR emission line fluxes for our sample of AGNs.
Table A3: Chemical abundances and ionization parameter for SFGs
estimated from their IR emission lines.
Table A4: Chemical abundances and ionization parameter for AGNs
estimated from their IR emission lines.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
tablea1.dat 395 131 IR spectroscopic information and stellar
properties for Star-forming Galaxies (SFG)
tablea2.dat 370 73 IR spectroscopic information for
Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)
tablea3.dat 103 131 Chemical abundances and ionization parameter for
SFGs estimated from their IR emission lines
tablea4.dat 91 73 Chemical abundances and ionization parameter for
AGNs estimated from their IR emission lines
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
J/MNRAS/455/1796 : IDEOS redshift catalogue (Hernan-Caballero+, 2016)
J/A+A/652/A23 : HII-chi-mistry-IR. Abundances (Fernandez-Ontiveros+, 2021)
J/ApJS/259/37 : IDEOS. II. Observables in 5.4-36µm range (Spoon+, 2022)
J/A+A/666/A115 : HII-CHI-Mistry-IR for AGN. Abundances (Perez-Diaz+, 2022)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 26 A26 --- Name Name or identificator of the object
28- 29 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000.0)
31- 32 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000.0)
34- 40 F7.4 s RAs Right ascension (J2000.0)
42 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000.0)
43- 44 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000.0)
46- 47 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000.0)
49- 55 F7.4 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000.0)
57- 65 F9.6 --- z Redshift
67- 71 A5 --- SpType Spectral type (1)
73- 79 F7.1 10-17W/m2 HI4m Brackett alpha line flux
81- 87 F7.2 10-17W/m2 e_HI4m Brackett alpha flux uncertainty
89- 97 F9.1 10-17W/m2 ArII7m ? ArII at 6.98 microns line flux
99-105 F7.1 10-17W/m2 e_ArII7m ? ArII at 6.98 microns flux uncertainty
107-109 F3.1 10-17W/m2 HI7m Pfund alpha line flux
111-113 F3.1 10-17W/m2 e_HI7m Pfund alpha flux uncertainty
115-122 F8.1 10-17W/m2 ArIII9m ? ArIII at 8.99 microns line flux
124-130 F7.1 10-17W/m2 e_ArIII9m ? ArIII at 8.99 microns flux uncertainty
132-140 F9.3 10-17W/m2 SIV10m SIV at 10.5 microns line flux
142-149 F8.3 10-17W/m2 e_SIV10m SIV at 10.5 microns flux uncertainty
151-155 F5.2 10-17W/m2 HI12m Humphreys alpha line flux
157-160 F4.2 10-17W/m2 e_HI12m Humphreys alpha flux uncertainty
162-171 F10.3 10-17W/m2 NeII12m NeII at 12.8 microns line flux
173-181 F9.3 10-17W/m2 e_NeII12m NeII at 12.8 microns flux uncertainty
183-191 F9.3 10-17W/m2 NeIII15m NeIII at 15.6 microns line flux
193-199 F7.4 10-17W/m2 e_NeIII15m NeIII at 15.6 microns flux uncertainty
201-210 F10.3 10-17W/m2 SIII18m SIII at 18 microns line flux
212-219 F8.3 10-17W/m2 e_SIII18m SIII at 18 microns flux uncertainty
221-230 F10.3 10-17W/m2 SIII33m SIII at 33 microns line flux
232-240 F9.3 10-17W/m2 e_SIII33m SIII at 33 microns flux uncertainty
242-249 F8.3 10-17W/m2 OIII52m OIII at 52 microns line flux
251-257 F7.3 10-17W/m2 e_OIII52m OIII at 52 microns flux uncertainty
259-266 F8.3 10-17W/m2 NIII57m NIII at 57 microns line flux
268-274 F7.3 10-17W/m2 e_NIII57m NIII at 57 microns flux uncertainty
276-284 F9.3 10-17W/m2 OIII88m OIII at 88 microns line flux
286-291 F6.3 10-17W/m2 e_OIII88m OIII at 88 microns flux uncertainty
293-301 F9.4 10-17W/m2 NII122m NII at 122 microns line flux
303-309 F7.4 10-17W/m2 e_NII122m NII at 122 microns flux uncertainty
311-321 F11.7 [Msun] logMste ? Logarithm of the stellar mass
323-332 F10.7 [Msun] e_logMste ? Uncertainty of logarithm of the
stellar mass
334-345 F12.7 Msun/yr SFR ? Star formation rate
347-358 F12.7 Msun/yr e_SFR ? Uncertainty of star formation rate
360-386 A27 --- Refir References for IR emission lines (2)
388-395 A8 --- Refste References for stellar mass and
SFR values (3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Spectral types as follows:
HII = HII extragalactic region/star-forming galaxy
ULIRG = Ultra-Luminous Infrared Galaxy/Luminous Infrared Galaxy
Dwarf = Dwarf galaxy
QSO? = Possible quasar, treated as ULIRG
S2? = Possible Seyfert type 2, treated as ULIRG
Note (2): References for IR emission lines as follows:
ARM07 = Armus et al., 2007ApJ...656..148A 2007ApJ...656..148A
B-S09 = Bernard-Salas et al., 2009ApJS..184..230B 2009ApJS..184..230B, Cat. J/ApJS/184/230
BRE19 = De Breuck et al., 2019A&A...631A.167D 2019A&A...631A.167D, Cat. J/A+A/631/A167
COR15 = Cormier et al., 2015A&A...578A..53C 2015A&A...578A..53C, Cat. J/A+A/578/A53
DAN05 = Dannerbauer et al., 2005A&A...441..999D 2005A&A...441..999D
FAR07 = Farrah et al., 2007ApJ...667..149F 2007ApJ...667..149F
FER15 = Ferkinhoff et al., 2015ApJ...806..260F 2015ApJ...806..260F
FO16 = Fernandez-Ontiveros et al., 2016ApJS..226...19F 2016ApJS..226...19F, Cat. J/ApJS/226/19
G+A09 = Goulding & Alexander, 2009MNRAS.398.1165G 2009MNRAS.398.1165G, Cat. J/MNRAS/398/1165
HC18 = Herrera-Camus et al., 2018ApJ...861...94H 2018ApJ...861...94H, Cat. J/ApJ/861/94
IMA10 = Imanishi et al., 2010ApJ...721.1233I 2010ApJ...721.1233I
INA13 = Inami et al., 2013ApJ...777..156I 2013ApJ...777..156I, Cat. J/ApJ/777/156
INA18 = Inami et al., 2018A&A...617A.130I 2018A&A...617A.130I, Cat. J/A+A/617/A130
LAM18 = Lamarche et al., 2018ApJ...867..140L 2018ApJ...867..140L
NOV19 = Novak al., 2019ApJ...881...63N 2019ApJ...881...63N
PS17 = Pereira-Santaella et al., 2017MNRAS.470.1218P 2017MNRAS.470.1218P
RIG18 = Rigopoulou et al., 2018MNRAS.473...20R 2018MNRAS.473...20R
SPO22 = Spoon et al., 2022ApJS..259...37S 2022ApJS..259...37S, Cat. J/ApJS/259/37
TAD19 = Tadaki et al., 2019ApJ...876....1T 2019ApJ...876....1T
TW = This work
UZG16 = Uzgil et al., 2016ApJ...832..209U 2016ApJ...832..209U
VEI09 = Veilleux et al., 2009ApJS..182..628V 2009ApJS..182..628V, Cat. J/ApJS/182/628
Note (3): References for stellar properties as follows:
GalDR8= GalSPEC Data Release 8
HOW10 = Howell et al., 2010ApJ...715..572H 2010ApJ...715..572H, Cat. J/ApJ/715/572
PAR18 = Parkash et al., 2018ApJ...864...40P 2018ApJ...864...40P, Cat. J/ApJ/864/40
SHE10 = Sheth et al., 2010PASP..122.1397S 2010PASP..122.1397S, Cat. J/PASP/122/1397
VIK17 = Vika et al., 2017A&A...597A..51V 2017A&A...597A..51V, Cat. J/A+A/597/A51
WAT22 = Watkins et al., 2022A&A...660A..69W 2022A&A...660A..69W, Cat. J/A+A/660/A69
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 14 A14 --- Name Name or identificator of the object
16- 17 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000.0)
19- 20 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000.0)
22- 28 F7.4 s RAs Right ascension (J2000.0)
30 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000.0)
31- 32 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000.0)
34- 35 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000.0)
37- 43 F7.4 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000.0)
45- 53 F9.6 --- z Redshift
55- 59 A5 --- SpType Spectral type (1)
61- 68 F8.4 10-17W/m2 HI4m Brackett alpha line flux
70- 73 F4.2 10-17W/m2 e_HI4m Brackett alpha flux uncertainty
75- 82 F8.4 10-17W/m2 ArII7m ? ArII at 6.98 microns line flux
84- 90 F7.4 10-17W/m2 e_ArII7m ? ArII at 6.98 microns flux uncertainty
92- 94 F3.1 10-17W/m2 HI7m Pfund alpha line flux
96- 98 F3.1 10-17W/m2 e_HI7m Pfund alpha flux uncertainty
100-107 F8.4 10-17W/m2 ArIII9m ? ArIII at 8.99 microns line flux
109-112 F4.1 10-17W/m2 e_ArIII9m ? ArIII at 8.99 microns flux uncertainty
114-122 F9.4 10-17W/m2 SIV10m SIV at 10.5 microns line flux
124-130 F7.4 10-17W/m2 e_SIV10m SIV at 10.5 microns flux uncertainty
132-136 F5.2 10-17W/m2 HI12m Humphreys alpha line flux
138-141 F4.2 10-17W/m2 e_HI12m Humphreys alpha flux uncertainty
143-151 F9.4 10-17W/m2 NeII12m NeII at 12.8 microns line flux
153-159 F7.4 10-17W/m2 e_NeII12m NeII at 12.8 microns flux uncertainty
161-169 F9.4 10-17W/m2 NeV14m NeV at 14.3 microns line flux
171-177 F7.4 10-17W/m2 e_NeV14m NeV at 14.3 microns flux uncertainty
179-188 F10.4 10-17W/m2 NeIII15m NeIII at 15.6 microns line flux
190-196 F7.4 10-17W/m2 e_NeIII15m NeIII at 15.6 microns flux uncertainty
198-206 F9.4 10-17W/m2 SIII18m SIII at 18 microns line flux
208-214 F7.4 10-17W/m2 e_SIII18m SIII at 18 microns flux uncertainty
216-223 F8.3 10-17W/m2 NeV24m NeV at 24 microns line flux
225-229 F5.2 10-17W/m2 e_NeV24m NeV at 24 microns flux uncertainty
231-238 F8.2 10-17W/m2 OIV26m OIV at 26 microns line flux
240-244 F5.2 10-17W/m2 e_OIV26m OIV at 26 microns flux uncertainty
246-252 F7.2 10-17W/m2 SIII33m SIII at 33 microns line flux
254-259 F6.2 10-17W/m2 e_SIII33m SIII at 33 microns flux uncertainty
261-268 F8.2 10-17W/m2 OIII52m ? OIII at 52 microns line flux
270-276 F7.2 10-17W/m2 e_OIII52m ? OIII at 52 microns flux uncertainty
278-284 F7.2 10-17W/m2 NIII57m ? NIII at 57 microns line flux
286-291 F6.2 10-17W/m2 e_NIII57m ? NIII at 57 microns flux uncertainty
293-300 F8.2 10-17W/m2 OIII88m ? OIII at 88 microns line flux
302-307 F6.2 10-17W/m2 e_OIII88m ? OIII at 88 microns flux uncertainty
309-315 F7.2 10-17W/m2 NII122m ? NII at 122 microns line flux
317-322 F6.2 10-17W/m2 e_NII122m ? NII at 122 microns flux uncertainty
324-330 F7.2 10-17W/m2 NII205m ? NII at 205 microns line flux
332-336 F5.2 10-17W/m2 e_NII205m ? NII at 205 microns flux uncertainty
338-370 A33 --- Refir References for IR emission lines (2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Spectral types as follows:
S1h = Seyfert type 2 with detected polarized optical broad lines
S1.5 = Seyfert type 1.5
S1.8 = Seyfert type 1.8
S1.9 = Seyfert type 1.9
S2 = Seyfert type 2
LIN = Low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER)
LIRG = Luminous infrared Galaxy
ULIRG = Ultraluminous infrared galaxy
QSO = Quasar
Note (2): References for IR emission lines as follows:
ALO00 = Alonso-Herrero et al., 2000ApJ...532..845A 2000ApJ...532..845A
ARM07 = Armus et al., 2007ApJ...656..148A 2007ApJ...656..148A
B-S09 = Bernard-Salas et al., 2009ApJS..184..230B 2009ApJS..184..230B, Cat. J/ApJS/184/230
BEL03 = Bellamy et al., 2003MNRAS.344L..80B 2003MNRAS.344L..80B
BEL04 = Bellamy & Tadhunter, 2004MNRAS.353..105B 2004MNRAS.353..105B
BEN04 = Bendo & Joseph, 2004AJ....127.3338B 2004AJ....127.3338B
BRA08 = Brahuer et al., 2008ApJS..178..280B 2008ApJS..178..280B, Cat. J/ApJS/178/280
DAN05 = Dannerbauer et al., 2005A&A...441..999D 2005A&A...441..999D
FO16 = Fernandez-Ontiveros et al., 2016ApJS..226...19F 2016ApJS..226...19F, Cat. J/ApJS/226/19
GOL95 = Goldader et al., 1995ApJ...444...97G 1995ApJ...444...97G
HC18 = Herrera-Camus et al., 2018ApJ...861...94H 2018ApJ...861...94H, Cat. J/ApJ/861/94
IMA04 = Imanishi & Wada, 2004ApJ...617..214I 2004ApJ...617..214I
IMA10 = Imanishi et al., 2010ApJ...721.1233I 2010ApJ...721.1233I
INA13 = Inami et al., 2013ApJ...777..156I 2013ApJ...777..156I, Cat. J/ApJ/777/156
INA18 = Inami et al., 2018A&A...617A.130I 2018A&A...617A.130I, Cat. J/A+A/617/A130
KIM15 = Kim et al., 2015ApJS..216...17K 2015ApJS..216...17K, Cat. J/ApJS/216/17
LAM17 = Lamperti et al., 2017MNRAS.467..540L 2017MNRAS.467..540L
LAN96 = Lancon et al., 1996A&AS..115..253L 1996A&AS..115..253L
LUT02 = Lutz et al., 2002A&A...396..439L 2002A&A...396..439L
MAR10 = Martins et al., 2010MNRAS.406.2168M 2010MNRAS.406.2168M
MUE11 = Mueller-Sanchez et al., 2011ApJ...739...69M 2011ApJ...739...69M
MUR01 = Murphy et al., 2001AJ....121...97M 2001AJ....121...97M, Cat. J/AJ/121/97
PD22 = Perez-Diaz et al., 2022A&A...666A.115P 2022A&A...666A.115P, Cat. J/A+A/666/A115
PEN21 = Peng et al., 2021ApJ...908..166P 2021ApJ...908..166P
PIQ12 = Piqueras Lopez et al., 2012A&A...546A..64P 2012A&A...546A..64P, Cat. J/A+A/546/A64
PS17 = Pereira-Santaella et al., 2017MNRAS.470.1218P 2017MNRAS.470.1218P
REU02 = Reunanen et al., 2002MNRAS.331..154R 2002MNRAS.331..154R
REU03 = Reunanen et al., 2003MNRAS.343..192R 2003MNRAS.343..192R
RIF06 = Riffel et al., 2006A&A...457...61R 2006A&A...457...61R
SEV01 = Severgnini et al., 2001A&A...368...44S 2001A&A...368...44S
SMA12 = Smajic et al., 2012A&A...544A.105S 2012A&A...544A.105S
SPI21 = Spinoglio et al., 2022ApJ...926...55S 2022ApJ...926...55S
TW = This work
VEI97 = Veilleux et al., 1997ApJ...477..631V 1997ApJ...477..631V
VEI09 = Veilleux et al., 2009ApJS..182..628V 2009ApJS..182..628V, Cat. J/ApJS/182/628
YAN21 = Yano et al., 2021ApJ...922..272Y 2021ApJ...922..272Y
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 26 A26 --- Name Name or identificator of the object
28- 29 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000.0)
31- 32 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000.0)
34- 40 F7.4 s RAs Right ascension (J2000.0)
42 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000.0)
43- 44 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000.0)
46- 47 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000.0)
49- 55 F7.4 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000.0)
57- 61 F5.2 --- OH ? Ir-based oxygen abundance 12+log(O/H)
63- 67 F5.2 --- e_OH ? Ir-based oxygen abundance 12+log(O/H) error
69- 73 F5.2 --- SH ? Ir-based sulfur abundance 12+log(S/H)
75- 79 F5.2 --- e_SH ? Ir-based sulfur abundance 12+log(S/H) error
81- 85 F5.2 --- NO ? Ir-based nitrogen-to-oxygen abundance
ratio log(N/O)
87- 91 F5.2 --- e_NO ? Ir-based nitrogen-to-oxygen abundance
ratio log(N/O) error
93- 97 F5.2 --- logU ? Ir-based ionization parameter log(U)
99-103 F5.2 --- e_logU ? Ir-based ionization parameter log(U) error
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 14 A14 --- Name Name or identificator of the object
16- 17 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000.0)
19- 20 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000.0)
22- 28 F7.4 s RAs Right ascension (J2000.0)
30 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000.0)
31- 32 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000.0)
34- 35 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000.0)
37- 43 F7.4 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000.0)
45- 49 F5.2 --- OH ? Ir-based oxygen abundance 12+log(O/H)
51- 55 F5.2 --- e_OH ? Ir-based oxygen abundance 12+log(O/H) error
57- 61 F5.2 --- SH ? Ir-based sulfur abundance 12+log(S/H)
63- 67 F5.2 --- e_SH ? Ir-based sulfur abundance 12+log(S/H) error
69- 73 F5.2 --- NO ? Ir-based nitrogen-to-oxygen abundance
ratio log(N/O)
75- 79 F5.2 --- e_NO ? Ir-based nitrogen-to-oxygen abundance
ratio log(N/O) error
81- 85 F5.2 --- logU ? Ir-based ionization parameter log(U)
87- 91 F5.2 --- e_logU ? Ir-based ionization parameter log(U) error
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acknowledgements:
Borja Perez Diaz, bperez(at)iaa.es or borjapd96(at)gmail.com
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 08-Mar-2024