J/A+A/686/A77 Spectral class. of dusty massive stars (Bonanos+, 2024)
Investigating episodic mass loss in evolved massive stars.
I. Spectroscopy of dusty massive stars in ten southern galaxies.
Bonanos A.Z., Tramper F., de Wit S., Christodoulou E., Munoz Sanchez G.,
Antoniadis K., Athanasiou S., Maravelias G., Yang M., Zapartas E.
<Astron. Astrophys. 686, A77 (2024)>
=2024A&A...686A..77B 2024A&A...686A..77B (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Stars, supergiant ; Stars, late-type ; Stars, early-type ;
Spectral types ; MK spectral classification ; Spectroscopy
Keywords: catalogs - circumstellar matter - stars: evolution - stars: massive -
stars: mass-loss - stars: supergiants
Abstract:
Episodic mass-loss events such as giant eruptions in luminous
blue variables or pre-supernova eruptions in red supergiants
drastically alter the evolutionary path of a massive star, resulting
in a rich and complex circumstellar environment and infrared excess.
However, the incidence of these events, and hence their importance in
massive star evolution, remains unknown.
The ASSESS project (Episodic Mass Loss in Evolved Massive Stars: Key
to Understanding the Explosive early Universe) aims to determine the
role of episodic mass-loss in the evolution of massive stars. As a
first step, we construct a catalog of spectroscopically identified
dusty, evolved massive stars in ten southern galaxies for which
Spitzer point-source catalogs are available. The resulting catalog
will be used to identify stars which may have undergone an episodic
mass-loss event. The target galaxies span a range of metallicities
Z=0.06-1.6Z☉, allowing for the investigation of a potential
metallicity dependence.
We conducted multi-object spectroscopy of dusty massive star
candidates in ten target galaxies using the Very Large Telescope
(VLT). We obtained 763 spectra in WLM, NGC 55, NGC 247, NGC 253, NGC
300, NGC 1313, NGC 3109, Sextans A, M83 and NGC 7793. The targets were
selected using their Spitzer photometry, by prioritizing targets with
a strong infrared excess, which indicates the presence of hot dust.We
determined a spectral classification for each target. Additionally, we
used archival images from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), available
for 150 of our targets, to provide a visual classification for 80
targets, as a star, cluster, or galaxy.
We provide a catalog of 541 spectroscopically classified
sources including 185 massive stars, of which 154 are newly classified
massive stars. The catalog contains 129 red supergiants, 27 blue
supergiants, 10 yellow supergiants, four luminous blue variable
candidates, seven supergiant B[e] stars and eight emission line
objects. Evidence for circumstellar dust is found in 24% of these
massive stars, based on their infrared colors. We report a success
rate of 28% for identifying massive stars among our observed spectra,
while the average success rate of our priority system in selecting
evolved massive stars was 36%. Additionally, the catalog contains 21
background galaxies (including active galactic nuclei and quasars), 10
carbon stars and 99 HII regions. We measured the line ratios
[NII]/Hα and [SII]/Hα for 76 HII regions and 36 other
spectra with nebular emission-lines, thereby identifying eight sources
with shocked emission.
We present the largest catalog of evolved massive stars and
in particular of red supergiants in nearby galaxies at low Z beyond
the Local Group. The brightest and reddest of these are candidates for
episodic mass loss. The fraction of dusty massive stars observed with
respect to the initial selection is ∼30%. We expect this catalog to
trigger follow-up studies and to pave the way for a comprehensive
study of the eruptive late stages of massive star evolution in the era
of the James Webb Space Telescope and the new survey telescopes (e.g.
Euclid mission, Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, and Vera C. Rubin
Observatory).
Description:
Catalog of spectral classifications for the 541 spectroscopically
classified targets.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table7.dat 732 541 Spectral classifications for 541 sources
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See also:
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
II/349 : The Pan-STARRS release 1 (PS1) Survey - DR1 (Chambers+, 2016)
II/367 : VISTA Hemisphere Survey Survey (VHS) catalog DR5
(McMahon+, 2020)
J/ApJS/216/10 : DUSTiNGS. I. The Good Source Catalog (Boyer+, 2015)
J/ApJS/219/42 : Spitzer point source catalogs in 7 nearby gal. (Khan+, 2015)
J/A+A/587/A121 : The IR source catalog of nearby galaxies (Williams+, 2016)
J/ApJS/228/5 : Spitzer photometry of ∼1million stars in M31 & 15 gal.
(Khan, 2017)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 16 A16 --- ID Identifier
18- 26 F9.5 deg RAdeg Right Ascension (J2000)
28- 36 F9.5 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
38 A1 --- Field [ABCD] Field
40 A1 --- Priority [123456F] Priority
42- 47 F6.2 mag 3.6mag ?=- Spitzer [3.6] magnitude
49- 53 F5.2 mag e_3.6mag ?=- Spitzer [3.6] magnitude error
55- 60 F6.2 mag 4.5mag ?=- Spitzer [4.5] magnitude
62- 66 F5.2 mag e_4.5mag ?=- Spitzer [4.5] magnitude error
68- 73 F6.2 mag 5.8mag ?=- Spitzer [5.8] magnitude
75- 79 F5.2 mag e_5.8mag ?=- Spitzer [5.8] magnitude error
81- 86 F6.2 mag 8.0mag ?=- Spitzer [8.0] magnitude
88- 92 F5.2 mag e_8.0mag ?=- Spitzer [8.0] magnitude error
94- 99 F6.2 mag 24mag ?=- Spitzer [24] magnitude
101-105 F5.2 mag e_24mag ?=- Spitzer [24] magnitude error
107-113 F7.3 mag gmag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 g magnitude
115-120 F6.3 mag e_gmag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 g magnitude error
122-128 F7.3 mag rmag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 r magnitude
130-135 F6.3 mag e_rmag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 r magnitude error
137-143 F7.3 mag imag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 i magnitude
145-150 F6.3 mag e_imag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 i magnitude error
152-158 F7.3 mag zmag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 z magnitude
160-165 F6.3 mag e_zmag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 z magnitude error
167-173 F7.3 mag ymag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 y magnitude
175-180 F6.3 mag e_ymag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 y magnitude error
182-188 F7.3 mag YVHSmag ?=- VHS Y-band magnitude
190-195 F6.3 mag e_YVHSmag ?=- VHS Y-band magnitude error
197-203 F7.3 mag JVHSmag ?=- VHS J-band magnitude
205-210 F6.3 mag e_JVHSmag ?=- VHS J-band magnitude error
212-218 F7.3 mag HVHSmag ?=- VHS H-band magnitude
220-225 F6.3 mag e_HVHSmag ?=- VHS H-band magnitude error
227-233 F7.3 mag KsVHSmag ?=- VHS Ks-band magnitude
235-240 F6.3 mag e_KsVHSmag ?=- VHS Ks-band magnitude error
242-248 F7.3 mag Gmag ?=- Gaia DR2 G-band magnitude
250-256 F7.3 mag BPmag ?=- Gaia DR2 BP-band magnitude
258-264 F7.3 mag RPmag ?=- Gaia DR2 RP-band magnitude
266-290 A25 --- SpClass Spectral classification
292-467 A176 --- Notes Classification notes (1)
469-475 A7 --- HSTclass HST classification
477-559 A83 --- HSTfilt HST filters
561-732 A172 --- HSTcom HST comment
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Note (1): "Neb. lines" indicates the presence of the Hα, [NII], and [SII]
emission quintet.
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Acknowledgements:
Alceste Bonanos, bonanos(at)noa.gr
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 13-Mar-2024