J/A+A/686/A88 LMC red supergiants mass-loss rate (Antoniadis+, 2024)
Establishing a mass-loss rate relation for red supergiants in the Large
Magellanic Cloud.
Antoniadis K., Bonanos A.Z., de Wit S., Zapartas E., Munoz-Sanchez G.,
Maravelias G.
<Astron. Astrophys. 686, A88 (2024)>
=2024A&A...686A..88A 2024A&A...686A..88A (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Magellanic Clouds ; Mass loss ; Stars, late-type ;
Stars, supergiant ; Photometry ; Optical ; Infrared ; Ultraviolet
Keywords: stars: evolution - stars: late-type - stars: massive -
stars: mass-loss - supergiants - stars: winds - outflows
Abstract:
High mass-loss rates of red supergiants (RSGs) drastically affect
their evolution and final fate, yet their mass-loss mechanism remains
poorly understood. Various empirical prescriptions scaled with
luminosity have been derived in the literature, yielding results with
a dispersion of 2-3 orders of magnitude. We aim to determine an
accurate mass-loss rate relation with luminosity and other parameters
using a large, clean sample of RSGs, and hence to shed light on the
underlying physical mechanism, and explain the discrepancy between
previous works. We assembled a sample of 2219 RSG candidates in the
Large Magellanic Cloud, with ultraviolet to mid-infrared photometry in
up to 49 filters. We determined the luminosity of each RSG by
integrating the spectral energy distribution and the mass-loss rate
using the radiative transfer code DUSTY. Our derived RSG mass-loss
rates range approximately from 10-9M☉/yr to 10-5M☉/yr,
depending mainly on the luminosity. The average mass-loss rate is
9.3x10-7M☉/yr for log(L/L☉)>4, corresponding to a
dust-production rate of ∼3.6x10-9M☉/yr. We established a
mass-loss rate relation as a function of the luminosity and the
effective temperature. Furthermore, we found a turning point in the
mass-loss rate versus luminosity relation at approximately
log(L/L☉)=4.4, indicating enhanced rates beyond this limit. We
show that this enhancement correlates with photometric variability. We
compare our results with prescriptions from the literature, finding an
agreement with those assuming steady-state winds. Additionally, we
examine the effect of different assumptions on our models and found
that radiatively driven winds result in higher mass loss rates by 2-3
orders of magnitude, which are unrealistically high for RSGs. Grain
sizes <0.1µm predict higher mass-loss rates by a factor of 25-30
compared to larger grain sizes. Finally, we found 21% of our sample to
constitute current binary candidates with a minor effect on our
mass-loss relation.
Description:
Table 2 contains the photometric datasets, the derived mass-loss rates
and other physical parameters of 2219 RSG candidates in the Large
Magellanic Cloud.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 1776 2219 Catalogue of 2219 RSG candidates
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
I/455 : Gaia DR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
II/236 : UBVR CCD survey of the Magellanic clouds (Massey+, 2002)
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
II/288 : IRSF Magellanic Clouds Point Source Catalog (Kato+ 2007)
II/297 : AKARI/IRC mid-IR all-sky Survey (ISAS/JAXA, 2010)
II/298 : AKARI/FIS All-Sky Survey Point Source Catalogues
(ISAS/JAXA, 2010)
II/305 : SAGE LMC and SMC IRAC Source Catalog (IPAC 2009)
II/312 : GALEX-DR5 (GR5) sources from AIS and MIS (Bianchi+ 2011)
II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)
II/351 : VISTA Magellanic Survey (VMC) catalog (Cioni+, 2011)
II/335 : GALEX UV sources revised catalog (GUVcat_AIS GR6+7)
(Bianchi+ 2017)
J/PASA/36/33 : SkyMapper Southern Survey: Second data release (DR2)
(Onken+ 2019)
J/AJ/142/103 : Cool evolved stars in SAGE-SMC and SAGE-LMC (Boyer+, 2011)
J/A+A/578/A3 : MC new survey of supergiants (Gonzalez-Fernandez+, 2015)
J/A+A/646/A141 : A source catalog for the LMC (Yang+, 2021)
J/ApJ/792/30 : NEOWISE magnitudes for near-Earth objects (Mainzer+, 2014)
J/A+A/669/A91 : Kinematic analysis of the LMCusing Gaia DR3
(Jimenez-Arranz+, 2023)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- ID [1/2219] Assigned ID
6- 21 F16.13 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000)
23- 39 F17.13 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
41- 57 F17.14 mag 2MASSJ 2MASS J-band magnitude
59- 76 F18.16 mag e_2MASSJ J-band magnitude error
78- 94 F17.14 mag 2MASSH 2MASS H-band magnitude
96- 113 F18.16 mag e_2MASSH H-band magnitude error
115- 131 F17.14 mag 2MASSKs 2MASS Ks-band magnitude
133- 150 F18.16 mag e_2MASSKs Ks-band magnitude error
152- 160 F9.6 mag WISE1 ? WISE1-band magnitude
162- 166 F5.3 mag e_WISE1 ? WISE1-band magnitude error
168- 176 F9.6 mag WISE2 ? WISE2-band magnitude
178- 182 F5.3 mag e_WISE2 ? WISE2-band magnitude error
184- 191 F8.5 mag WISE3 ? WISE3-band magnitude
193- 197 F5.3 mag e_WISE3 ? WISE3-band magnitude error
199- 204 F6.3 mag WISE4 ? WISE4-band magnitude
206- 210 F5.3 mag e_WISE4 ? WISE4-band magnitude error
212- 231 E20.15 mag madW1 ? WISE1-band MAD
233- 250 F18.16 mag madW2 ? WISE2-band MAD
252- 267 F16.13 mag VMCY ? VMC Y-band magnitude
269- 286 F18.16 mag e_VMCY ? VMC Y magnitude error
288- 303 F16.13 mag VMCJ ? VMC J-band magnitude
305- 322 F18.16 mag e_VMCJ ? VMC J magnitude error
324- 339 F16.13 mag VMCKs ? VMC Ks-band magnitude
341- 358 F18.16 mag e_VMCKs ? VMC Ks-band magnitude error
360- 368 F9.6 mag IRSFJ ? IRSF J-band magnitude
370- 373 F4.2 mag e_IRSFJ ? IRSF J magnitude error
375- 383 F9.6 mag IRSFH ? IRSF H-band magnitude
385- 388 F4.2 mag e_IRSFH ? IRSF H magnitude error
390- 398 F9.6 mag IRSFKs ? IRSF Ks-band magnitude
400- 403 F4.2 mag e_IRSFKs ? IRSF Ks magnitude error
405- 413 F9.6 mag AKARIN3 ? AKARI N3-band magnitude
415- 419 F5.3 mag e_AKARIN3 ? AKARI N3 magnitude error
421- 427 F7.4 mag AKARIS7 ? AKARI S7-band magnitude
429- 433 F5.3 mag e_AKARIS7 ? AKARI S7 magnitude error
435- 442 F8.5 mag AKARIS11 ? AKARI S11-band mag
444- 448 F5.3 mag e_AKARIS11 ? AKARI S11 magnitude error
450- 455 F6.3 mag AKARIL15 ? AKARI L15-band mag
457- 461 F5.3 mag e_AKARIL15 ? AKARI L15 magnitude error
463- 467 F5.3 mag AKARIL24 ? AKARI L24-band mag
469- 473 F5.3 mag e_AKARIL24 ? AKARI L24 magnitude error
475- 483 F9.6 mag [3.6] ? Spitzer SAGE IRAC1-band magnitude
485- 488 F4.2 mag e_[3.6] ? IRAC1-band magnitude error
490- 498 F9.6 mag [4.5] ? Spitzer SAGE IRAC2-band magnitude
500- 503 F4.2 mag e_[4.5] ? IRAC2-band magnitude error
505- 513 F9.6 mag [5.8] ? Spitzer SAGE IRAC3-band magnitude
515- 518 F4.2 mag e_[5.8] ? IRAC3-band magnitude error
520- 526 F7.4 mag [8.0] ? Spitzer SAGE IRAC4-band magnitude
528- 531 F4.2 mag e_[8.0] ? IRAC4-band magnitude error
533- 537 F5.2 mag [24] ? Spitzer SAGE MIPS24- band magnitude
539- 542 F4.2 mag e_[24] ? MIPS24-band magnitude error
544- 552 F9.6 mag SkyMapu ? SkyMapper u-band mag
554- 559 F6.4 mag e_SkyMapu ? SkyMapper u magnitude error
561- 567 F7.4 mag SkyMapv ? SkyMapper v-band mag
569- 574 F6.4 mag e_SkyMapv ? SkyMapper v magnitude error
576- 583 F8.5 mag SkyMapg ? SkyMapper g-band mag
585- 590 F6.4 mag e_SkyMapg ? SkyMapper g magnitude error
592- 600 F9.6 mag SkyMapr ? SkyMapper r-band mag
602- 607 F6.4 mag e_SkyMapr ? SkyMapper r magnitude error
609- 616 F8.5 mag SkyMapi ? SkyMapper i-band mag
618- 623 F6.4 mag e_SkyMapi ? SkyMapper i magnitude error
625- 633 F9.6 mag SkyMapz ? SkyMapper z-band mag
635- 640 F6.4 mag e_SkyMapz ? SkyMapper z magnitude error
642- 650 F9.6 mag NSCu ? NSC u-band magnitude
652- 659 F8.6 mag e_NSCu ? NSC u magnitude error
661- 669 F9.6 mag NSCg ? NSC g-band magnitude
671- 678 F8.6 mag e_NSCg ? NSC g magnitude error
680- 688 F9.6 mag NSCr ? NSC r-band magnitude
690- 697 F8.6 mag e_NSCr ? NSC r magnitude error
699- 707 F9.6 mag NSCi ? NSC i-band magnitude
709- 716 F8.6 mag e_NSCi ? NSC i magnitude error
718- 726 F9.6 mag NSCz ? NSC z-band magnitude
728- 735 F8.6 mag e_NSCz ? NSC z magnitude error
737- 745 F9.6 mag NSCY ? NSC Y-band magnitude
747- 754 F8.6 mag e_NSCY ? NSC Y magnitude error
756- 761 F6.3 mag M02V ? M02 V-band magnitude
763- 766 F4.2 mag e_M02V ? M02 V magnitude error
768- 771 F4.2 mag M02B-V ? M02 B-V colour
773- 776 F4.2 mag e_M02B-V ? M02 B-V colour error
778- 782 F5.2 mag M02U-B ? M02 U-B colour
784- 788 F5.2 mag e_M02U-B ? M02 U-B colour error
790- 793 F4.2 mag M02V-R ? M02 V-R colour
795- 798 F4.2 mag e_M02V-R ? M02 V-R colour error
800- 808 F9.6 mag M02B ? M02 B-band magnitude
810- 827 F18.16 mag e_M02B ? M02 B magnitude error
829- 838 F10.6 mag M02U ? M02 U-band magnitude
840- 858 F19.16 mag e_M02U ? M02 U magnitude error
860- 869 F10.6 mag M02R ? M02 R-band magnitude
871- 888 F18.16 mag e_M02R ? M02 R magnitude error
890- 895 F6.3 mag OGLEV ? OGLE V-band magnitude
897- 901 F5.3 mag e_OGLEV ? OGLE V magnitude error
903- 908 F6.3 mag OGLEI ? OGLE I-band magnitude
910- 914 F5.3 mag e_OGLEI ? OGLE I magnitude error
916- 924 F9.6 mag GALEXFUV ? GALEX FUV-band magnitude
926- 931 F6.4 mag e_GALEXFUV ? GALEX FUV magnitude error
933- 941 F9.6 mag GALEXNUV ? GALEX NUV-band magnitude
943- 948 F6.4 mag e_GALEXNUV ? GALEX NUV magnitude error
950- 952 A3 --- wyso YSO classification from Whitney et al.
(2008, Cat. J/AJ/136/18)
954- 958 A5 --- b11sagecl IR color classification from
Boyer et al. (2011. Cat. J/AJ/142/103)
960- 962 A3 --- GF2015Var Spectral variability flag from
Gonzalez-Fernandez et al. (2015,
Cat. J/A+A/578/A3)
964- 967 A4 --- GF2015SpT MK spectral type from
Gonzalez-Fernandez et al. (2015,
Cat. J/A+A/578/A3)
969- 974 A6 --- GF2015LC Luminosity class from
Gonzalez-Fernandez et al. (2015,
Cat. J/A+A/578/A3)
976 A1 --- J17irscl MIR spectral classification from
Jones et al. (2017,
Cat. J/MNRAS/470/3250)
978- 993 F16.12 km/s m03RV ? Radial velocity from Massey et al.
(2003, Cat. J/AJ/126/2867)
995-1001 A7 --- m03mkcl Optical spectral classification from
Massey et al.
(2003, Cat. J/AJ/126/2867)
1003-1015 A13 --- b09mkcl Optical spectral classification from
Bonanos et al.
(2009, Cat. J/AJ/138/1003)
1017-1032 F16.12 km/s n12RV ? Radial velocity from Neugent et al.
(2012, Cat. J/ApJ/749/177)
1034-1040 A7 --- n12mkcl Optical spectral classification from
Neugent et al.
(2012, Cat. J/ApJ/749/177)
1042 A1 km/s e15RV [0] Radial velocity from Evans et al.
(2015, Cat. J/A+A/574/A13)
1044 A1 km/s e_e15RV [0] Radial velocity error from
Evans et al. (2015, Cat. J/A+A/574/A13)
1045 A1 --- e015mkcl Optical spectral classification from
Evans et al. (2015, Cat. J/A+A/574/A13)
1046-1061 F16.12 km/s RVsim ? Radial velocity from Simbad
1063-1076 A14 --- mkclsim Spectral classification from Simbad
1078-1096 A19 --- mntypesim Main object type from Simbad
1098-1132 A35 --- otypessim Other object types from Simbad
1134 I1 --- rank [0/5]? Rank from Yang et al.
(2021, J/A+A/646/A141)
1136-1143 A8 --- --- [Gaia DR3]
1145-1163 I19 --- GaiaDR3 ? Gaia source_id
1165-1185 E21.15 mas plx ? Gaia parallax
1187-1198 F12.10 mas e_plx ? Gaia parallax error
1200-1213 F14.11 --- RPlx ? Parallax over error
1215-1223 F9.7 mas/yr pm ? Gaia proper motion
1225-1240 F16.14 mas/yr pmRA ? Gaia RA proper motion
1242-1253 F12.10 mas/yr e_pmRA ? Proper RA motion error
1255-1273 F19.16 mas/yr pmDE ? Gaia Dec proper motion
1275-1286 F12.10 mas/yr e_pmDE ? Proper Dec motion error
1288-1299 F12.10 mas epsi ? Excess noise of source
1301-1313 E13.8 --- sepsi ? Significance of excess noise
1315-1327 F13.11 --- IPDgofha ? Amplitude of the IPD GoF versus
position angle of scan
1329-1338 F10.8 --- RUWE ? Renormalised unit weight error
1340-1359 F20.12 e-/s FG ? Gaia G-band mean flux
1361-1373 F13.7 e-/s e_FG ? Gaia G mean flux error
1375-1384 F10.7 mag Gmag ? Gaia G-band mean magnitude
1386-1404 F19.12 e-/s FBP ? Gaia BP-band mean flux
1406-1418 F13.7 e-/s e_FBP ? Gaia BP mean flux error
1420-1429 F10.7 mag BPmag ? Gaia BP-band mean magnitude
1431-1448 F18.10 e-/s FRP ? Gaia RP-band mean flux
1450-1462 F13.7 e-/s e_FRP ? Gaia RP mean flux error
1464-1473 F10.7 mag RPmag ? Gaia RP-band mean magnitude
1475-1484 F10.6 km/s RV ? Gaia radial velocity
1486-1496 F11.8 km/s e_RV ? Radial velocity error
1498-1515 F18.16 mag e_Gmag ? Gaia G magnitude error
1517-1534 F18.16 mag e_BPmag ? Gaia BP magnitude error
1536-1553 F18.16 mag e_RPmag ? Gaia RP magnitude error
1555 A1 --- NSS ? Gaia flag indicating a non-single star
1557-1561 A5 --- ClassS SAGE classification from Boyer et al.
(2011, J/AJ/142/103)
1563-1568 F6.3 mag AIOgle ? Extinction in the OGLE I-band
1570-1586 F17.15 --- GaiaProb [0/1]? Probability of being a LMC/MW
star from Jimenez-Arranz et al. (2023,
Cat. J/A+A/669/A91)
1588-1605 F18.11 Lsun L ? Luminosity
1607-1622 F16.11 K TeffB19 ? Effective temperature from J-K
prescription
1624-1644 E21.15 --- chi2min ? Minimum modified chi-squared
1646-1662 F17.14 [Msun/yr] logMdot ? log mass-loss rate
1664-1679 F16.14 [Msun/yr] e_logMdot ? logMdot lower error limit
1681-1697 F17.15 [Msun/yr] E_logMdot ? logMdot upper error limit
1699-1702 I4 K TDUSTY ? Effective temperature from DUSTY
best-fit model
1704-1706 I3 K e_TDUSTY ? TDUSTY lower error limit
1708-1710 I3 K E_TDUSTY ? TDUSTY upper error limit
1712-1715 I4 K Tin ? Inner shell temperature
1717-1719 I3 K e_Tin ? Tin lower error limit
1721-1723 I3 K E_Tin ? Tin upper error limit
1725-1732 F8.5 --- tau ? Optical depth at V-band
1734-1751 F18.16 --- e_tau ? tau lower error limit
1753-1770 F18.16 --- E_tau ? tau lower error limit
1772-1776 A5 --- BinCand Binary candidate from U-B colours
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acknowledgements:
Konstantinos Antoniadis, k.antoniadis(at)noa.gr
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 14-Mar-2024