J/A+A/687/A234 M35 lithium, rotation and metallicity (Cuenda-Munoz+, 2024)
Lithium, rotation and metallicity in the open cluster M35.
Cuenda-Munoz D., Barrado D., Agueeros M.A., Curtis J.L., Bouy H.
<Astron. Astrophys. 687, A234 (2024)>
=2024A&A...687A.234C 2024A&A...687A.234C (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Clusters, open ; Stars, late-type ; Abundances
Keywords: stars: abundances - stars: late-type - stars: rotation -
open clusters and associations: individual M35
Abstract:
Lithium (Li) abundance is an age indicator for G, K, and M stellar
types, as its abundance decreases over time for these spectral types.
However, despite the observational efforts made over the past few
decades, the role of rotation, activity, and metallicity in the
depletion of Li is still unclear. We have investigated how Li
depletion is affected by rotation and metallicity in G and K members
of the roughly Pleiades-aged open cluster M35. To do so, we have
collected a sample of 165 candidate members observed with the
WIYN/Hydra spectrograph. In addition, we have taken advantage of three
previous spectroscopic studies of Li in M35. As a result, we have
collected a final sample of 396 stars which we have classified as
members and non-members of the cluster. We have measured iron
abundances, Li equivalent widths, and Li abundances for the 110 M35
members added to the existing sample by this study. Finally, rotation
periods for cluster members have been obtained from the literature or
derived from Zwicky Transient Facility light curves. As a result, we
have confirmed that fast G and K rotators are Li-rich in comparison
with slow rotators of similar effective temperature. Furthermore,
while we derived subsolar metallicity for M35 from our spectra, the
distribution of Li in this cluster is similar to those observed for
the Pleiades and M34, which have solar metallicity and slightly
different ages. In addition, we have shown that an empirical
relationship proposed to remove the contribution of the FeI line at
670.75nm to the blended feature at 670.78 nm overestimates the
contribution of this iron line for M35 members. We conclude that a
0.2-0.3dex difference in metallicity makes little difference in the
Li distributions of open clusters with ages between 100 and 250Myr.
Description:
We collected a sample of 396 G and K dwarfs observed with the Hydra
spectrograph of the 3.5-m telescope located at WYIN Observatory. We
analysed the photometry, proper motions, and radial velocities of
these sources, identifying 251 members of the M35 open cluster, 209 of
which are single stars. In addition, we obtained rotation periods for
47 of these sources from ZTF light curves and we took advantage of
previous photometric surveys, obtaining rotation periods for 197 M35
members in total.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table3.dat 99 416 Cross-identification numbers, coordinates, and
observation campaigns for the complete sample
presented in this work
table4.dat 27 396 Membership class and binary status for the
complete sample presented in this work
table6.dat 159 197 Rotation periods taken from the literature or
derived from ZTF light curves for
197 M35 members
table7.dat 256 251 Photometry uploaded to VOSA for the 251 members
of M35 in our sample
table8.dat 162 110 Blended Li and Fe EWs, Fe EWs, Li EWs, and
Li LTE and non-LTE abundances for the 110
members of M35 observed in
1999 December and 2001 February
table9.dat 131 250 Rotation period, Li EW, effective temperature,
luminosity, membership class and binary status
for 250 M35 members
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See also:
J/ApJ/546/1006 : VRI photometry of M35 (Barrado y Navascues+, 2001)
J/ApJ/695/679 : Stellar rotation in M35 (Meibom+, 2009)
J/A+A/575/A120 : DANCe study of M35 (NGC 2168) (Bouy+, 2015)
J/AJ/150/10 : WOCS. LXVI. Radial velocity survey in M35 (Leiner+, 2015)
J/AJ/156/37 : Photometry + Li abund. of cool dwarfs in M35
(Anthony-Twarog+, 2018)
J/ApJS/246/15 : K2 periodic variables in M35 + NGC2158
(Soares-Furtado+, 2020)
J/MNRAS/500/1158 : Rotation and lithium depletion of M35 dwarfs
(Jeffries+, 2021)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- ID Identifier in this work (1)
6- 7 I2 h RAh ? Right Ascension (J2000)
9- 10 I2 min RAm ? Right Ascension (J2000)
12- 16 F5.2 s RAs ? Right Ascension (J2000)
18 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
19- 20 I2 deg DEd ? Declination (J2000)
22- 23 I2 arcmin DEm ? Declination (J2000)
25- 28 F4.1 arcsec DEs ? Declination (J2000)
30- 46 F17.14 deg RAdeg Right Ascension (J2000)
48- 65 F18.15 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
67- 74 A8 --- Campaign Observation campaign
76- 81 A6 --- IDAT18 Identifier in Anthony-Twarog et al.
(2018AJ....156...37A 2018AJ....156...37A, Cat. J/AJ/156/37)
83- 99 A17 --- IDJe21 Identifier in Jeffries et al.
(2021MNRAS.500.1158J 2021MNRAS.500.1158J, Cat. J/MNRAS/500/1158)
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Note (1): Object IDs between 5000 and 7000 are taken from
Barrado y Navascues et al. (2001ApJ...546.1006B 2001ApJ...546.1006B, Cat. J/ApJ/546/1006).
The stars not found in that catalog have been labelled with numbers
between 7000 and 8000.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- ID Identifier in this work
6- 8 A3 --- RVClass Membership class in terms of the radial
velocities of the stars (1)
10- 18 A9 --- r_RVClass Membership class source (2)
20- 25 A6 --- FinalMembClass Final membership class
27 A1 --- BinaryFlag [01] Binary status (3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): MEM and SM account for single members;
NM and SN account for single non-members;
SB, BLM, BLN, BM, BN, BU, SB1, and SB2 account for spectroscopic binaries;
and U accounts for unknown multiplicity.
Note (2): Membership class source as follows:
B01 = Barrado y Navascues et al. (2001ApJ...549..452B 2001ApJ...549..452B),
L15 = Leiner et al. (2015AJ....150...10L 2015AJ....150...10L, Cat. J/AJ/150/10)
This_Work = this work
Note (3): Binary flag as follows:
1 = likely binary
0 = single star
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- ID Identifier in this work
6- 24 F19.16 d ProtM09 ? Rotation period taken from Meibom et al.
(2009ApJ...695..679M 2009ApJ...695..679M, Cat. J/ApJ/695/679)
26- 44 F19.16 d ProtSF20 ? Rotation period taken from
Soares-Furtado et al. (2020ApJS..246...15S 2020ApJS..246...15S,
Cat. J/ApJS/246/15)
46- 53 A8 --- ClassSF20 ? Variable classification taken from
Soares-Furtado et al. (2020ApJS..246...15S 2020ApJS..246...15S,
Cat. J/ApJS/246/15)
55- 60 A6 --- SubclassSF20 ? Variable subclassification identifier
taken from Soares-Furtado et al.
(2020ApJS..246...15S 2020ApJS..246...15S, Cat. J/ApJS/246/15)
62 I1 --- BlendSF20 ? Ambiguous blend boolean flag taken from
Soares-Furtado et al.
(2020ApJS..246...15S 2020ApJS..246...15S, Cat. J/ApJS/246/15)
64- 83 F20.16 d ProtL16 ?=- Rotation period taken from
Libralato et al. (2016MNRAS.456.1137L 2016MNRAS.456.1137L)
85- 86 I2 --- FlagL16 ? Classification of the light curve taken
from Libralato et al. (2016MNRAS.456.1137L 2016MNRAS.456.1137L)
88-107 F20.16 d ProtN15 ? Rotation period taken from Nardiello
et al. (2015MNRAS.447.3536N 2015MNRAS.447.3536N,
Cat. J/MNRAS/447/3536)
109-119 A11 --- TypeN15 ? Type of variability taken from
Nardiello et al. (2015MNRAS.447.3536N 2015MNRAS.447.3536N,
Cat. J/MNRAS/447/3536)
121-139 F19.16 d ProtZTF ? Rotation period obtained from Zwicky
Transient Facility light curves
141-159 F19.16 d FinalProt Final rotation period
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- ID Identifier in this work
6- 23 F18.15 mag Vmag ? KPNO Johnson V band magnitude taken from
Barrado y Navascues et al.
(2001ApJ...546.1006B 2001ApJ...546.1006B, Cat. J/ApJ/546/1006)
25- 42 F18.15 mag Icmag ? KPNO Cousins I band magnitude taken from
Barrado y Navascues et al.
(2001ApJ...546.1006B 2001ApJ...546.1006B, Cat. J/ApJ/546/1006)
44- 61 F18.15 mag gmag ? SDSS g magnitude taken from Bouy et al.
(2015A&A...575A.120B 2015A&A...575A.120B, Cat. J/A+A/575/A120)
63- 67 F5.3 mag e_gmag ? rms uncertainty on gmag taken from
Bouy et al.
(2015A&A...575A.120B 2015A&A...575A.120B, Cat. J/A+A/575/A120)
69- 86 F18.15 mag rmag ? SDSS r magnitude taken from Bouy et al.
(2015A&A...575A.120B 2015A&A...575A.120B, Cat. J/A+A/575/A120)
88- 92 F5.3 mag e_rmag ? rms uncertainty on rmag taken from
Bouy et al.
(2015A&A...575A.120B 2015A&A...575A.120B, Cat. J/A+A/575/A120)
94-111 F18.15 mag imag ? SDSS i magnitude taken from Bouy et al.
(2015A&A...575A.120B 2015A&A...575A.120B, Cat. J/A+A/575/A120)
113-117 F5.3 mag e_imag ? rms uncertainty on imag taken from
Bouy et al.
(2015A&A...575A.120B 2015A&A...575A.120B, Cat. J/A+A/575/A120)
119-136 F18.15 mag zmag ? SDSS z magnitude taken from Bouy et al.
(2015A&A...575A.120B 2015A&A...575A.120B, Cat. J/A+A/575/A120)
138-142 F5.3 mag e_zmag ? rms uncertainty on zmag taken from
Bouy et al.
(2015A&A...575A.120B 2015A&A...575A.120B, Cat. J/A+A/575/A120)
144-161 F18.15 mag Jmag ? 2MASS J magnitude taken from Bouy et al.
(2015A&A...575A.120B 2015A&A...575A.120B, Cat. J/A+A/575/A120)
163-180 F18.16 mag e_Jmag ? rms uncertainty on Jmag taken from
Bouy et al.
(2015A&A...575A.120B 2015A&A...575A.120B, Cat. J/A+A/575/A120)
182-199 F18.15 mag Hmag ? 2MASS H magnitude taken from Bouy et al.
(2015A&A...575A.120B 2015A&A...575A.120B, Cat. J/A+A/575/A120)
201-218 F18.16 mag e_Hmag ? rms uncertainty on Hmag taken from
Bouy et al.
(2015A&A...575A.120B 2015A&A...575A.120B, Cat. J/A+A/575/A120)
220-237 F18.15 mag Ksmag ? 2MASS Ks magnitude taken from Bouy et al.
(2015A&A...575A.120B 2015A&A...575A.120B, Cat. J/A+A/575/A120)
239-256 F18.16 mag e_Ksmag ? rms uncertainty on Ksmag taken from
Bouy et al.
(2015A&A...575A.120B 2015A&A...575A.120B, Cat. J/A+A/575/A120)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- ID Identifier in this work
6- 7 A2 --- l_EWLiFe [≤ ] Limit flag on EWLiFe
9- 27 F19.15 10-13m EWLiFe Equivalent width of the blended feature
at 670.78 nm
29- 47 F19.16 10-13m e_EWLiFe ? Error in EWLiFe
49- 53 F5.2 10-13m EWFea ? Equivalent width of the Fe I line
at 670.75 nm obtained from the synthetic
55- 59 F5.2 10-13m e_EWFea ? Error in EWFea
61- 65 F5.2 10-13m EWFeb ? Equivalent width of the Fe I line
at 670.75 nm obtained from the empirical
relation of Soderblom et al.
(1993AJ....106.1059S 1993AJ....106.1059S, Cat. J/AJ/106/1059)
67- 85 F19.15 10-13m EWLia ? Equivalent width of the Li doublet at
670.78 nm
87-105 F19.16 10-13m e_EWLia ? Error in EWLia
107-124 F18.16 [-] ALiLTE ? Local thermodynamic equilibrium Li
abundance
126-143 F18.16 [-] e_ALiLTE ? Error in ALiLTE
145-162 F18.16 [-] ALiNLTE ? Non local thermodynamic equilibrium
Li abundance
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table9.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- ID Identifier in this work
6- 10 A5 --- FinalMembClass Final membership class
12 I1 --- BinaryFlag [0/1] Binary status (1)
14- 19 F6.1 K Teff Effective temperature obtained
from VOSA
21- 29 F9.5 K e_Teff Error in Teff
31- 48 F18.16 Lsun L Luminosity obtained from VOSA
50- 67 F18.16 Lsun e_L Error in L
69- 70 A2 --- l_EWLi [≤ ] Limit flag on EWLiFe
72- 90 F19.15 10-13m EWLi ?=-99 Equivalent width of the Li
doublet at 670.78 nm (2)
92-100 A9 --- r_EWLi Lithium equivalent width source (3)
102-121 F20.16 d Prot ?=-99 Rotation period (4)
123-131 A9 --- r_Prot ? Rotation period source (5)
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Note (1): Binary flag as follows:
1 = likely binary, 0 = single star.
Note (2): -99 = No lithium equivalent width available for this source.
Note (3): Barrado y Navascues et al. (2001ApJ...549..452B 2001ApJ...549..452B), Anthony-Twarog
et al. (2018AJ....156...37A 2018AJ....156...37A, Cat. J/AJ/156/37),
Jeffries et al. (2021MNRAS.500.1158J 2021MNRAS.500.1158J, Cat. J/MNRAS/500/1156), or this work.
Note (4): -99 = No rotation period available for this source.
Note (5): Meibom et al. (2009ApJ...695..679M 2009ApJ...695..679M, Cat. J/ApJ/685/679),
Soares-Furtado et al. (2020ApJS..246...15S 2020ApJS..246...15S, Cat. J/ApJS/246/15),
Libralato et al. (2016MNRAS.456.1137L 2016MNRAS.456.1137L),
Nardiello et al. (2015MNRAS.447.3536N 2015MNRAS.447.3536N, Cat. J/MNRAS/447/3536), or this work.
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Acknowledgements:
Diego Cuenda Munoz, dcuenda(at)cab.inta-csic.es
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 04-Jun-2024