J/A+A/690/A161 Discovery of ∼2200 new supernova remnants (Li+, 2024)
Discovery of ∼2200 new supernova remnants in 19 nearby star-forming galaxies
with MUSE spectroscopy.
Li J., Kreckel K., Sarbadhicary S., Egorov V.O., Groves B., Long K.S.,
Congiu E., Belfiore F., Glover C.O.S., Barnes A.T., Bigiel F., Blanc G.A.,
Grasha K., Klessen R.S., Leroy A., Lopez A.L., Mendez-Delgado J.E.,
Neumann J., Schinnerer E., Williams G.T.
<Astron. Astrophys. 690, A161 (2024)>
=2024A&A...690A.161L 2024A&A...690A.161L (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Galaxies, nearby ; Supernova remnants ; Spectroscopy ;
Fundamental catalog ; Interstellar medium
Keywords: catalogs - supernovae: general - ISM: supernova remnant -
galaxies: ISM
Abstract:
Supernova feedback injects energy and turbulence into the interstellar
medium (ISM) in galaxies, influences the process of star formation and
is essential to understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies.
In this paper, we present the largest extragalactic survey of
supernova remnant (SNR) candidates in nearby star-forming galaxies
using exquisite spectroscopic maps from Multi Unit Spectroscopic
Explorer (MUSE). Supernova remnants (SNRs) exhibit distinctive
emission-line ratios and kinematic signatures, which are apparent in
optical spectroscopy. Using optical integral field spectra from the
PHANGS (Physics at High Angular resolution in Nearby GalaxieS)-MUSE
project, we identify SNRs in 19 nearby galaxies at ∼100pc scales. We
use five different optical diagnostics: (1) line ratio maps of
[SII]/Hα; (2) line ratio maps of [OI]/Hα; (3) velocity
dispersion map of the gas; (4) and (5) two line ratio diagnostic
diagrams from "Baldwin, Phillips & Terlevich" (BPT) diagrams to
identify and distinguish SNRs from other nebulae. Given that our SNRs
are seen in projection against HII regions and diffuse ionized gas, in
our line ratio maps we use a novel technique to search for objects
with [SII]/Hα or [OI]/Hα in excess of what is expected at
fixed Hα surface brightness within photoionized gas. In total,
we identify 2233 objects using at least one of our diagnostics, and
define a subsample of 1,166 high-confidence SNRs that have been
detected with at least two diagnostics. The line ratios of these SNRs
agree well with the MAPPINGS shock models, and we validate our
technique using the well-studied nearby galaxy M83, where all SNRs we
found are also identified in literature catalogs and we recover 51% of
the known SNRs. The remaining 1067 objects in our sample are detected
with only one diagnostic and we classify them as SNR candidates. We
find that ∼35% of all our objects overlap with the boundaries of HII
regions from literature catalogs, highlighting the importance of using
indicators beyond line intensity morphology to select SNRs. We find
that the [OI]/Hα line ratio is responsible for selecting the
most objects (1368; 61%), however, only half are classified as SNRs,
demonstrating how the use of multiple diagnostics is key to both
increasing our sample size and improving our confidence in our SNR
classifications.
Description:
We use the MUSE spectrograph at the VLT to obtain the data from 19
nearby star forming galaxies as part of the Physics at High Angular
resolution in Nearby GalaxieS (PHANGS)-MUSE large observing program
(PI: Schinnerer).
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table3.dat 2668 2233 *Catalog of 2233 new SNRs in 19 nearby galaxies
tabled1.dat 56 125 *M83 SNRs crossmatch result using the same method
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Note on table3.dat: The galaxy parameters are adopted from the z0mgs
(z=0 multiwavelength galaxy survey; Leroy et al., 2019ApJS..244...24L 2019ApJS..244...24L,
Cat. J/ApJS/244/24) database (http://github.com/akleroy/z0mgs),
where the original references can be found.
Note on tabled1.dat: M83 SNRs data is adopted from Long et al.
(2022ApJ...929..144L 2022ApJ...929..144L), where the original references can be found.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- Index [0/2232] Global SNR ID (Index)
6- 19 A14 --- Sample Classification of parent sample
(SNRs or SNR candidates)
(sample_name)
21- 25 F5.2 Mpc Galdist Galaxy distance (gal_dist)
27- 32 F6.1 --- regionID ?=-1 If blended, ID of HII region
object is blended with (region_ID)
34- 38 A5 --- isoFlag Blended is False, isolated is True
(iso_flag)
40- 59 F20.16 --- snrDist deprojected distance to the galaxy
cente (snr_dist)
61- 82 E22.16 10-7W LHa6562 Hα 6562 luminosity, has been
corrected for Milky Way foreground
extinction (Ha6562_lumi)
84- 104 F21.18 --- [SII]/Ha The value of [SII]/Hα
(SII_Ha)
106- 124 F19.17 --- Dist/reff Ratio of distance to the effective
radius of the galaxy (roverreff)
126- 129 F4.1 --- Env Environment mask it lies on
(environment)
131- 147 F17.15 --- Met Gas metallicity measured in
12+log(0/H) (metallicity
149- 168 F20.18 --- e_Met Uncertainty of gas metallicity
(metallicity_err)
170- 176 A7 --- GalName Galaxy name (gal_name)
178- 180 I3 --- ID Local SNR ID wihin the galaxy
(this galaxy) (ID)
182 I1 --- Nmatch Numbers of matched criteria (match)
184- 188 A5 --- OI [False/True ] whether identified in
[OI]/Hα residual map (OI)
190- 194 A5 --- SII [False/True ] whether identified in
[SII]/Hα residual map (SII)
196- 200 A5 --- SIIsigma [False/True ] whether identified in
[SII] velocity dispersion map
(SII_sigma)
202- 206 A5 --- BPT-OI [False/True ] whether identified in
[OI] BPT distance map (BPT_OI)
208- 212 A5 --- BPT-SII [False/True ] whether identified in
[SII] BPT distance map (BPT_SII)
214- 233 F20.15 pix X X pixel location (X)
235- 255 F21.16 pix Y X pixel location (Y)
257- 275 F19.15 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000)
277- 297 F21.17 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
299- 319 F21.13 10-23W/m2 FHb4861 Flux of Hβ 4861 (Hb4861_FLUX)
321- 340 F20.15 10-23W/m2 e_FHb4861 Flux error of Hβ 4861
(Hb4861FLUXERR)
342- 365 F24.19 km/s VHb4861 Velocity of Hβ 4861
(Hb4861_VEL)
367- 387 F21.19 km/s e_VHb4861 Velocity error of Hβ 4861
(Hb4861VELERR)
389- 408 F20.16 km/s sigmaHb4861 Velocity dispersion of Hβ 4861
(Hb4861_SIGMA)
410- 429 F20.18 km/s e_sigmaHb4861 Velocity dispersion error of
Hβ 4861 (Hb4861SIGMAERR)
431- 452 F22.14 10-23W/m2 FOIII4958 Flux of [OIII] 4958 (OIII4958_FLUX)
454- 472 F19.15 10-23W/m2 e_FOIII4958 Flux error of [OIII] 4958
(OIII4958FLUXERR)
474- 496 F23.18 km/s VOIII4958 Velocity of [OIII] 4958
(OIII4958_VEL)
498- 518 F21.18 km/s e_VOIII4958 Velocity error of [OIII] 4958
(OIII4958VELERR)
520- 539 F20.16 km/s sigmaOIII4958 Velocity dispersion of [OIII] 4958
(OIII4958_SIGMA)
541- 562 F22.18 km/s e_sigmaOIII4958 Velocity dispersion error of
[OIII] 4958 (OIII4958SIGMAERR)
564- 587 E24.16 10-23W/m2 FOIII5006 Flux of [OIII] 5006 (OIII5006_FLUX)
589- 608 F20.15 10-23W/m2 e_FOIII5006 Flux error of [OIII] 5006
(OIII5006FLUXERR)
610- 632 F23.18 km/s VOIII5006 Velocity of [OIII] 5006
(OIII5006_VEL)
634- 654 F21.18 km/s e_VOIII5006 Velocity error of [OIII] 5006
(OIII5006VELERR)
656- 675 F20.16 km/s sigmaOIII5006 Velocity dispersion of [OIII] 5006
(OIII5006_SIGMA)
677- 698 F22.18 km/s e_sigmaOIII5006 Velocity dispersion error of
[OIII] 5006 (OIII5006SIGMAERR)
700- 721 F22.16 10-23W/m2 FNI5197 Flux of [NI] 5197 (NI5197_FLUX)
723- 742 F20.15 10-23W/m2 e_FNI5197 Flux error of [NI] 5197
(NI5197FLUXERR)
744- 766 F23.18 km/s VNI5197 Velocity of [NI] 5197 (NI5197_VEL)
768- 787 F20.18 km/s e_VNI5197 Velocity error of [NI] 5197
(NI5197VELERR)
789- 807 F19.15 km/s sigmaNI5197 Velocity dispersion of [NI] 5197
(NI5197_SIGMA)
809- 828 F20.18 km/s e_sigmaNI5197 Velocity dispersion error of
[NI] 5197 (NI5197SIGMAERR)
830- 851 F22.16 10-23W/m2 FNI5200 Flux of [NI] 5200 (NI5200_FLUX)
853- 872 F20.15 10-23W/m2 e_FNI5200 Flux error of [NI] 5200
(NI5200FLUXERR)
874- 896 F23.18 km/s VNI5200 Velocity of [NI] 5200 (NI5200_VEL)
898- 917 F20.18 km/s e_VNI5200 Velocity error of [NI] 5200
(NI5200VELERR)
919- 937 F19.15 km/s sigmaNI5200 Velocity dispersion of [NI] 5200
(NI5200_SIGMA)
939- 958 F20.18 km/s e_sigmaNI5200 Velocity dispersion error of
[NI] 5200 (NI5200SIGMAERR)
960- 982 F23.17 10-23W/m2 FNII5754 Flux of [NII] 5754 (NII5754_FLUX)
984-1004 F21.15 10-23W/m2 e_FNII5754 Flux error of [NII] 5754
(NII5754FLUXERR)
1006-1028 F23.18 km/s VNII5754 Velocity of [NII] 5754
(NII5754_VEL)
1030-1049 F20.18 km/s e_VNII5754 Velocity error of [NII] 5754
(NII5754VELERR)
1051-1069 F19.15 km/s sigmaNII5754 Velocity dispersion of [NII] 5754
(NII5754_SIGMA)
1071-1090 F20.18 km/s e_sigmaNII5754 Velocity dispersion error of
[NII] 5754 (NII5754SIGMAERR)
1092-1114 F23.15 10-23W/m2 FHeI5875 ?=- Flux of [HeI] 5875
(HeI5875_FLUX)
1116-1134 F19.15 10-23W/m2 e_FHeI5875 ?=- Flux error of [HeI] 5875
(HeI5875FLUXERR)
1136-1159 F24.19 km/s VHeI5875 ?=- Velocity of [HeI] 5875
(HeI5875_VEL)
1161-1181 F21.19 km/s e_VHeI5875 ?=- Velocity error of [HeI] 5875
(HeI5875VELERR)
1183-1202 F20.16 km/s sigmaHeI5875 ?=- Velocity dispersion of
[HeI] 5875 (HeI5875_SIGMA)
1204-1223 F20.18 km/s e_sigmaHeI5875 ?=- Velocity dispersion error of
[HeI] 5875 (HeI5875SIGMAERR)
1225-1245 F21.14 10-23W/m2 FOI6300 Flux of [OI] 6300 (OI6300_FLUX)
1247-1265 F19.15 10-23W/m2 e_FOI6300 Flux error of [OI] 6300
(OI6300FLUXERR)
1267-1289 F23.18 km/s VOI6300 Velocity of [OI] 6300 (OI6300_VEL)
1291-1310 F20.18 km/s e_VOI6300 Velocity error of [OI] 6300
(OI6300VELERR)
1312-1330 F19.15 km/s sigmaOI6300 Velocity dispersion of [OI] 6300
(OI6300_SIGMA)
1332-1351 F20.18 km/s e_sigmaOI6300 Velocity dispersion error of
[OI] 6300 (OI6300SIGMAERR)
1353-1375 F23.16 10-23W/m2 FSIII6312 ?=- Flux of [SIII] 6312
(SIII6312_FLUX)
1377-1395 F19.15 10-23W/m2 e_FSIII6312 ?=- Flux error of [SIII] 6312
(SIII6312FLUXERR)
1397-1419 F23.18 km/s VSIII6312 ?=- Velocity of [SIII] 6312
(SIII6312_VEL)
1421-1441 F21.18 km/s e_VSIII6312 ?=- Velocity error of [SIII] 6312
(SIII6312VELERR)
1443-1462 F20.16 km/s sigmaSIII6312 ?=- Velocity dispersion of
[SIII] 6312 (SIII6312_SIGMA)
1464-1485 F22.18 km/s e_sigmaSIII6312 ?=- Velocity dispersion error of
[SIII] 6312 (SIII6312SIGMAERR)
1487-1507 F21.15 10-23W/m2 FOI6363 Flux of [OI] 6363 (OI6363_FLUX)
1509-1527 F19.16 10-23W/m2 e_FOI6363 Flux error of [OI] 6363
(OI6363FLUXERR)
1529-1551 F23.18 km/s VOI6363 Velocity of [OI] 6363 (OI6363_VEL)
1553-1572 F20.18 km/s e_VOI6363 Velocity error of [OI] 6363
(OI6363VELERR)
1574-1592 F19.15 km/s sigmaOI6363 Velocity dispersion of [OI] 6363
(OI6363_SIGMA)
1594-1613 F20.18 km/s e_sigmaOI6363 Velocity dispersion error of
[OI] 6363 (OI6363SIGMAERR)
1615-1636 F22.14 10-23W/m2 FNII6548 Flux of [NII] 6548 (NII6548_FLUX)
1638-1657 F20.16 10-23W/m2 e_FNII6548 Flux error of [NII] 6548
(NII6548FLUXERR)
1659-1681 F23.18 km/s VNII6548 Velocity error of [NII] 6548
(NII6548_VEL)
1683-1702 F20.18 km/s e_VNII6548 Velocity error of [NII] 6548
(NII6548VELERR)
1704-1722 F19.15 km/s sigmaNII6548 Velocity dispersion of [NII] 6548
(NII6548_SIGMA)
1724-1743 F20.18 km/s e_sigmaNII6548 Velocity dispersion error of
[NII] 6548 (NII6548SIGMAERR)
1745-1768 E24.16 10-23W/m2 FHa6562 Flux of Hα 6562 (Ha6562_FLUX)
1770-1789 F20.15 10-23W/m2 e_FHa6562 Flux error of Hα 6562
(Ha6562FLUXERR)
1791-1814 F24.19 km/s VHa6562 Velocity of Hα 6562
(Ha6562_VEL)
1816-1836 F21.19 km/s e_VHa6562 Velocity error of Hα 6562
(Ha6562VELERR)
1838-1857 F20.16 km/s sigmaHa6562 Velocity dispersion of
Hα 6562 (Ha6562_SIGMA)
1859-1878 F20.18 km/s e_sigmaHa6562 Velocity dispersion error of
Hα 6562 (Ha6562SIGMAERR)
1880-1901 F22.14 10-23W/m2 FNII6583 Flux of [NII] 6583 (NII6583_FLUX)
1903-1922 F20.15 10-23W/m2 e_FNII6583 Flux error of [NII] 6583
(NII6583FLUXERR)
1924-1946 F23.18 km/s VNII6583 Velocity of [NII] 6583
(NII6583_VEL)
1948-1967 F20.18 km/s e_VNII6583 Velocity error of [NII] 6583
(NII6583VELERR)
1969-1987 F19.15 km/s sigmaNII6583 Velocity dispersion of [NII] 6583
(NII6583_SIGMA)
1989-2008 F20.18 km/s e_sigmaNII6583 Velocity dispersion error of
[NII] 6583 (NII6583SIGMAERR)
2010-2031 F22.14 10-23W/m2 FSII6716 Flux of [SII] 6716 (SII6716_FLUX)
2033-2051 F19.15 10-23W/m2 e_FSII6716 Flux error of [SII] 6716
(SII6716FLUXERR)
2053-2075 F23.18 km/s VSII6716 Velocity of [SII] 6716
(SII6716_VEL)
2077-2096 F20.18 km/s e_VSII6716 Velocity error of [SII] 6716
(SII6716VELERR)
2098-2116 F19.15 km/s sigmaSII6716 Velocity dispersion of [SII] 6716
(SII6716_SIGMA)
2118-2137 F20.18 km/s e_sigmaSII6716 Velocity dispersion error of
[SII] 6716 (SII6716SIGMAERR)
2139-2160 F22.14 10-23W/m2 FSII6730 Flux of [SII] 6730 (SII6730_FLUX)
2162-2180 F19.15 10-23W/m2 e_FSII6730 Flux error of [SII] 6730
(SII6730FLUXERR)
2182-2204 F23.18 km/s VSII6730 Velocity of [SII] 6730
(SII6730_VEL)
2206-2225 F20.18 km/s e_VSII6730 Velocity error of [SII] 6730
(SII6730VELERR)
2227-2245 F19.15 km/s sigmaSII6730 Velocity dispersion of [SII] 6730
(SII6730_SIGMA)
2247-2266 F20.18 km/s e_sigmaSII6730 Velocity dispersion error of
[SII] 6730 (SII6730SIGMAERR)
2268-2290 F23.16 10-23W/m2 FHPa118862 Flux of HPa 118862 (HPa118862_FLUX)
2292-2310 F19.15 10-23W/m2 e_FHPa118862 Flux error of HPa 118862
(HPa118862FLUXERR)
2312-2335 F24.19 km/s VHPa118862 Velocity of HPa 118862
(HPa118862_VEL)
2337-2357 F21.19 km/s e_VHPa118862 Velocity error of HPa 118862
(HPa118862VELERR)
2359-2378 F20.16 km/s sigmaHPa118862 Velocity dispersion of HPa 118862
(HPa118862_SIGMA)
2380-2399 F20.18 km/s e_sigmaHPa118862 Velocity dispersion error of
HPa 118862 (HPa118862SIGMAERR)
2401-2424 F24.16 10-23W/m2 FSIII9068 Flux of [SIII] 9068 (SIII9068_FLUX)
2426-2445 F20.15 10-23W/m2 e_FSIII9068 Flux error of [SIII] 9068
(SIII9068FLUXERR)
2447-2469 F23.18 km/s VSIII9068 Velocity of [SIII] 9068
(SIII9068_VEL)
2471-2491 F21.18 km/s e_VSIII9068 Velocity error of [SIII] 9068
(SIII9068VELERR)
2493-2512 F20.16 km/s sigmaSIII9068 Velocity dispersion of [SIII] 9068
(SIII9068_SIGMA)
2514-2535 F22.18 km/s e_sigmaSIII9068 Velocity dispersion error of
[SIII] 9068 (SIII9068SIGMAERR)
2537-2559 F23.17 10-23W/m2 FHeII4685 ?=- Flux of [HeII] 4685
(HeII4685_FLUX)
2561-2579 F19.15 10-23W/m2 e_FHeII4685 ?=- Flux error of [HeII] 4685
(HeII4685FLUXERR)
2581-2602 F22.17 km/s VHeII4685 ?=- Velocity of [HeII] 4685
(HeII4685_VEL)
2604-2624 F21.18 km/s e_VHeII4685 ?=- Velocity error of [HeII] 4685
(HeII4685VELERR)
2626-2645 F20.16 km/s sigmaHeII4685 ?=- Velocity dispersion of
[HeII] 4685 (HeII4685_SIGMA)
2647-2668 F22.18 km/s e_sigmaHeII4685 ?=- Velocity dispersion error of
[HeII] 4685 (HeII4685SIGMAERR)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tabled1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 11 F11.7 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000)
13- 24 F12.8 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
26- 30 A5 --- OI [FALSE/TRUE ] whether identified in
[OI]/Hα residual map
32- 36 A5 --- SII [FALSE/TRUE ] whether identified in
[SII]/Hα residual map
38- 42 A5 --- SIIsigma [FALSE/TRUE ] whether identified in
[SII] velocity dispersion map
44- 48 A5 --- BPT-OI [FALSE/TRUE ] whether identified in
[OI] BPT distance map
50- 54 A5 --- BPT-SII [FALSE/TRUE ] whether identified in
[SII] BPT distance map
56 I1 --- Nmatch Numbers of matched criteria
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acknowledgements:
Jing Li, Jing.Li(at)uni-heidelberg.de, Jingli.astro(at)gmail.com
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 07-Aug-2024