J/A+A/692/A150 Exoplanet yields around FGK stars (Boettner+, 2024)
Exoplanets across galactic stellar populations with PLATO estimating exoplanet
yields around FGK stars for the thin disk, thick disk, and stellar halo.
Boettner C., Viswanathan A., Dayal P.
<Astron. Astrophys. 692, A150 (2024)>
=2024A&A...692A.150B 2024A&A...692A.150B (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Stars, F-type ; Stars, G-type ; Stars, K-type ; Exoplanets ;
Abundances ; Optical
Keywords: planets and satellites: composition -
planets and satellites: formation -
planets and satellites: terrestrial planets - Galaxy: abundances -
Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics - solar neighborhood
Abstract:
The vast majority of exoplanet discoveries to date have occurred
around stars in the solar neighbourhood, with chemical compositions
comparable to that of the Sun. However, models suggest that planetary
systems in different Galactic environments, with varying dynamical
histories and chemical abundances, may exhibit distinct
characteristics, which can help improve our understanding of planet
formation processes.
This study aims to assess the potential of the upcoming PLATO mission
to investigate exoplanet populations around stars in diverse Galactic
environments, specifically focusing on the Milky Way thin disk, thick
disk, and stellar halo. We aim to quantify PLATO's ability to detect
planets in each environment and determine how these observations could
constrain planet formation models.
Beginning with the all-sky PLATO Input Catalogue, we kinematically
classified the 2.4 million FGK stars into their respective Galactic
components. For the sub-sample of stars in the long-observation LOPS2
and LOPN1 PLATO fields, we estimated planet occurrence rates using the
New Generation Planet Population Synthesis dataset. Combining these
estimates with a PLATO detection efficiency model, we predicted the
expected planet yields for each Galactic environment during a nominal
2+2 year mission.
Based on our analysis, PLATO is likely to detect at least 400
exoplanets around the alpha-enriched thick disk stars. The majority of
those planets are expected to be super-Earths and sub-Neptunes with
radii between 2 and 10 R⊕ and orbital periods between 2 and 50
days, which is ideal for studying the link between the radius valley
and stellar chemistry. For the metal-poor halo, PLATO is likely to
detect between 1 and 80 planets with periods between 10 and 50 days,
depending on the potential existence of a metallicity threshold for
planet formation. The PLATO fields contain more than 3400 potential
target stars with [Fe/H]←0.6, which will help improve our
understanding of planets around metal-poor stars. We identified a
specific target list of 47 (kinematically classified) halo stars in
the high-priority, high-signal-to-noise PLATO P1 sample, offering
prime opportunities in the search for planets in metal-poor
environments.
PLATO's unique capabilities and large field of view position it as a
valuable tool for studying planet formation across the diverse
Galactic environments of the Milky Way. By probing exoplanet
populations around stars with a varying chemical composition, PLATO
will provide helpful insights into the connection between stellar
chemistry and planet formation.
Description:
In this study, we aim to assess the capabilities of PLATO to study
exoplanet populations across Galactic environments. We dynamically
classified the likely target stars of the two proposed PLATO
long-duration observation fields into three categories - their thin
disk, thick disk, and halo membership - based on the Gaia survey.
Using the New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS)
dataset, based on the Bern planet formation model (Emsenhuber et al.,
2021A&A...656A..69E 2021A&A...656A..69E, 2021A&A...656A..70E 2021A&A...656A..70E), we simulated the planetary
populations in each Galactic component. We then estimated the
detection efficiency of PLATO for these planet populations as a
function of both the instrumental, planetary, and stellar properties,
based on a model by Borner et al. (2022, PLATO;s Signal and Noise
Budget (Berlin: Springer)), assuming a nominal PLATO pointing time of
2 years per field.
Full catalogue of stars, classified by their Galactic component
membership, a target list of the LOPS2 and LOPN1 fields, as well as
the halo special target list.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
allskytg.dat 1075 2675538 Entire sample, classified into thin disk, thick
disk candidate, thick disk, halo candidate,
and halo
sptarget.dat 830 47 A selection of 47 targets, kinematically
classified as halo stars, within the high-SNR
P1 PLATO sample candidate, and halo
lopn1tg.dat 1000 173735 Special target list for halo stars in the LOPN1
field
(Galactic Coordinates: l=81.56250, b=24.62432)
lops2tg.dat 1000 169438 Special target list for halo stars in the LOPS2
field
(Galactic Coordinates: l=255.9375, b=-24.62432)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: allskytg.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 19 I19 --- GaiaDR2 Gaia DR2 ID (from asPIC catalog,
Montalto et al.,
021A&A...653A..98M,
Cat. J/A+A/653/A98)
21- 39 I19 --- GaiaDR3 Gaia DR3 ID (matched to DR2 catalog,
based on angular distance)
41- 63 F23.19 mas plx ? Parallax of target, from Gaia DR3
65- 76 F12.10 mas e_plx ? Error on parallax
78- 101 F24.20 deg RAdeg Right Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
from Gaia DR3
103- 115 F13.10 deg e_RAdeg Error on Right Ascension
117- 139 E23.20 deg DEdeg Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
from Gaia DR3
141- 153 F13.10 deg e_DEdeg Error on declination
155- 177 E23.20 mas/yr pmRA ? Proper motion in right ascension
direction, from Gaia DR3
179- 190 F12.10 mas/yr e_pmRA ? Error on proper motion in right
ascension direction
192- 214 E23.20 mas/yr pmDE ? Proper motion in declination
direction, from Gaia DR3
216- 227 F12.10 mas/yr e_pmDE ? Error on proper motion in
declination direction
229- 242 E14.12 km/s RV ? Radial velocity, from Gaia DR3
244- 255 F12.9 km/s e_RV ? Radial velocity error
257- 261 F5.2 --- [alpha/Fe] ? Alpha elemental abundance from
Gaia RV spectra, alphafe_gspspec in
Gaia DR3
263- 267 F5.2 --- e_[alpha/Fe] ? Lower error on alpha element
abundance
269- 273 F5.2 --- E_[alpha/Fe] ? Upper error on alpha element
abundance
275- 295 F21.18 [-] [Fe/H] ? Metallicity estimate (G1)
297- 306 A10 --- r_[Fe/H] Source of the metallicity estimate
308- 328 F21.18 [-] e_[Fe/H] ? Lower error on the metallicity
estimate (G2)
330- 350 F21.18 [-] E_[Fe/H] ? Upper error on the metallicity
estimate (G2)
352- 369 F18.16 [cm/s2] logg ? logg estimate (G1)
371- 382 A12 --- r_logg Source of the logg estimate
384- 401 F18.16 [cm/s2] e_logg ? Lower error on the logg
estimate (G2)
403- 420 F18.16 [cm/s2] E_logg ? Upper error on the logg
estimate (G2)
422- 436 E15.12 [-] [Fe/H]Apo ? APOGEE metallicity estimate
438- 449 F12.10 [-] e_[Fe/H]Apo ? Error on APOGEE metallicity
estimate
451- 465 E15.12 [-] [alpha/M]Apo ? alpha abundance estimate
from APOGEE-DR17
467- 478 F12.10 [-] e_[alpha/M]Apo ? Error on APOGEE alpha estimate
480- 488 F9.7 [cm/s2] loggApo ? logg estimate from APOGEE-DR17
490- 501 F12.10 [cm/s2] e_loggApo ? Error on APOGEE logg estimate
503- 516 E14.11 [-] [Fe/H]Galah ? Metallicity estimate from
GALAH DR3
518- 537 F20.18 [-] e_[Fe/H]Galah ? Error on GALAH metallicity
539- 561 E23.20 [-] [alpha/Fe]Galah ? Alpha abundance estimate from
GALAH DR3
563- 582 F20.18 [-] e_[alpha/Fe]Galah ? Error on GALAH alpha abundance
584- 592 F9.7 [-] loggGalah ? log g estimate from GALAH DR3
594- 612 F19.17 [-] e_loggGalah ? Error on GALAH log g
614- 634 F21.17 deg GLON Galactic longitude
636- 655 E20.17 deg GLAT Galactic latitude
657- 679 E23.20 km/s U ? Heliocentric velocity in the
direction of the Galactic
center (G3)
681- 703 E23.20 km/s V ? Heliocentric velocity in the
direction of the Galactic
rotation (G3)
705- 727 E23.20 km/s W ? Heliocentric velocity in the
direction of the North Galactic
Pole (G3)
729- 750 F22.18 km/s UW ? Total non-circular velocity
UW = sqrt(U^2 + W^2) (G4)
752- 770 F19.16 kpc R ? Distance from the Galactic center
in the Galactic plane (G4)
772- 794 E23.20 kpc Z ? Distance from the Galactic
plane (G4)
796- 813 F18.15 mag Vmag V-band magnitude (G5)
815- 834 F20.17 mag e_Vmag Error on V-band magnitude
836- 843 F8.5 mag Gmag Gaia G magnitude (G5)
845- 865 E21.19 mag e_Gmag Error on G magnitude
867- 885 F19.17 Rsun Rad Radius of star (G5)
887- 907 F21.18 Rsun e_Rad Error on radius
909- 926 F18.16 Msun Mass Mass of star (G5)
928- 947 F20.18 Msun e_Mass Error on mass
949- 965 F17.12 K Teff Effective temperature of star (G5)
967- 985 F19.14 K e_Teff Error on effective temperature
987- 989 A3 --- Type Classification into M or FGK type,
based on asPIC catalog (Montalto et
al., 2021A&A...653A..98M 2021A&A...653A..98M,
Cat. J/A+A/653/A98)
991- 998 F8.6 --- u1 ? The first quadratic limb-darkening
parameter, based on grid by
Morello et al., 2022RNAAS...6..248M 2022RNAAS...6..248M
1000-1007 F8.6 --- u2 ? The second quadratic
limb-darkening parameter, based on
grid by Morello et al.,
2022RNAAS...6..248M 2022RNAAS...6..248M
1009-1031 E23.17 --- TD/D ? Probability ratio thick disk/thin
disk (see Sect. 2.2. in our paper)
1033-1054 E22.17 --- TD/H ? Probability ratio thick disk/halo
(see Sect. 2.2 in our paper)
1056-1075 A20 --- Pop Galactic component classification
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: sptarget.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 19 I19 --- GaiaDR2 Gaia DR2 ID (from asPIC catalog,
Montalto et al., 2021A&A...653A..98M 2021A&A...653A..98M,
Cat. J/A+A/653/A98)
21- 39 I19 --- GaiaDR3 Gaia DR3 ID (matched to DR2 catalog,
based on angular distance)
41- 59 F19.16 mas plx Parallax of target, from Gaia DR3
61- 72 F12.10 mas e_plx Error on parallax
74- 91 F18.14 deg RAdeg Right Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
from Gaia DR3
93-104 F12.10 deg e_RAdeg Error on Right Ascension
106-124 F19.15 deg DEdeg Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
from Gaia DR3
126-137 F12.10 deg e_DEdeg Error on declination
139-158 F20.15 mas/yr pmRA Proper motion in right ascension
direction, from Gaia DR3
160-171 F12.10 mas/yr e_pmRA Error on proper motion in right
ascension direction
173-192 F20.15 mas/yr pmDE Proper motion in declination direction,
from Gaia DR3
194-204 F11.9 mas/yr e_pmDE Error on proper motion in declination
direction
206-216 F11.6 km/s RV Radial velocity, from Gaia DR3
218-227 F10.8 km/s e_RV Radial velocity error
229-233 F5.2 --- [alpha/Fe] ? Alpha elemental abundance from Gaia RV
spectra, alphafe_gspspec in Gaia DR3
235-239 F5.2 --- e_[alpha/Fe] ? Lower error on alpha element abundance
241-244 F4.2 --- E_[alpha/Fe] ? Upper error on alpha element abundance
246-264 F19.16 [-] [Fe/H] Metallicity estimate (G1)
266-275 A10 --- r_[Fe/H] Source of the metallicity estimate
277-295 F19.16 [-] e_[Fe/H] ? Lower error on the metallicity
estimate (G2)
297-315 F19.16 [-] E_[Fe/H] ? Upper error on the metallicity
estimate (G2)
317-334 F18.16 [cm/s2] logg logg estimate (G1)
336-347 A12 --- r_logg Source of the logg estimate
349-365 F17.15 [cm/s2] e_logg ? Lower error on the logg estimate (G2)
367-384 F18.16 [cm/s2] E_logg ? Upper error on the logg estimate (G2)
386-391 F6.3 [-] [Fe/H]Apo ? Metallicity estimate from APOGEE-DR17
393-403 F11.9 [-] e_[Fe/H]Apo ? Error on APOGEE metallicity estimate
405-414 F10.8 [-] [alpha/M]Apo ? alpha abundance estimate
from APOGEE-DR17
416-426 F11.9 [-] e_[alpha/M]Apo ? Error on APOGEE alpha estimate
428-435 F8.6 [cm/s2] loggApo ? logg estimate from APOGEE-DR17
437-447 F11.9 [cm/s2] e_loggApo ? Error on APOGEE logg estimate
449-462 F14.10 deg GLON Galactic longitude
464-477 F14.10 deg GLAT Galactic latitude
479-498 F20.15 km/s U Heliocentric velocity in the direction of
the Galactic center (G3)
500-518 F19.14 km/s V Heliocentric velocity in the direction of
the Galactic rotation (G3)
520-540 F21.16 km/s W Heliocentric velocity in the direction of
the North Galactic Pole (G3)
542-560 F19.15 km/s UW Total non-circular velocity
UW = sqrt(U^2 + W^2) (G4)
562-579 F18.16 kpc R Distance from the Galactic center in the
Galactic plane (G4)
581-599 F19.16 kpc Z Distance from the Galactic plane (G4)
601-609 F9.6 mag Vmag V-band magnitude (G5)
611-618 F8.6 mag e_Vmag Error on V-band magnitude
620-627 F8.5 mag Gmag Gaia G magnitude (G5)
629-636 F8.6 mag e_Gmag Error on G magnitude
638-655 F18.16 Rsun Rad Radius of star (G5)
657-674 F18.16 Rsun e_Rad Error on radius
676-693 F18.16 Msun Mass Mass of star (G5)
695-712 F18.16 Msun e_Mass Error on mass
714-729 F16.11 K Teff Effective temperature of star (G5)
731-748 F18.14 K e_Teff Error on effective temperature
750-752 A3 --- Type Classification into M or FGK type, based
on asPIC catalog (Montalto et al.,
2021A&A...653A..98M 2021A&A...653A..98M, Cat. J/A+A/653/A98)
754-761 F8.6 --- u1 The first quadratic limb-darkening
parameter, based on grid by Morello et
al., 2022RNAAS...6..248M 2022RNAAS...6..248M
763-770 F8.6 --- u2 The second quadratic limb-darkening
parameter, based on grid by Morello et
al., 2022RNAAS...6..248M 2022RNAAS...6..248M
772-793 E22.17 --- TD/D Probability ratio thick disk/thin disk
(see Section 2.2. in our paper)
795-816 E22.17 --- TD/H Probability ratio thick disk/halo (see
Section 2.2 in our paper)
818-821 A4 --- Pop [Halo] Galactic component classification
823-824 I2 --- Ncam Number of PLATO cameras observing the
target
826-830 A5 --- Field Flag for LOPS2 or LOPN1 fields
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: lopn1tg.dat lops2tg.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 19 I19 --- GaiaDR2 Gaia DR2 ID (from asPIC catalog,
Montalto et al.,
2021A&A...653A..98M 2021A&A...653A..98M,
Cat. J/A+A/653/A98)
21- 39 I19 --- GaiaDR3 Gaia DR3 ID (matched to DR2 catalog,
based on angular distance)
41- 60 F20.16 mas plx ? Parallax of target, from Gaia DR3
62- 73 F12.10 mas e_plx ? Error on parallax
75- 93 F19.15 deg RAdeg Right Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
from Gaia DR3
95- 107 F13.10 deg e_RAdeg Error on Right Ascension
109- 127 F19.15 deg DEdeg Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
from Gaia DR3
129- 141 F13.10 deg e_DEdeg Error on declination
143- 164 E22.16 mas/yr pmRA ? Proper motion in right ascension
direction, from Gaia DR3
166- 177 F12.10 mas/yr e_pmRA ? Error on proper motion in right
ascension direction
179- 200 E22.16 mas/yr pmDE ? Proper motion in declination
direction, from Gaia DR3
202- 213 F12.10 mas/yr e_pmDE ? Error on proper motion in
declination direction
215- 227 E13.10 km/s RV ? Radial velocity, from Gaia DR3
229- 240 F12.9 km/s e_RV ? Radial velocity error
242- 246 F5.2 --- [alpha/Fe] ? Alpha elemental abundance from
Gaia RV spectra, alphafe_gspspec in
Gaia DR3
248- 252 F5.2 --- e_[alpha/Fe] ? Lower error on alpha element
abundance
254- 258 F5.2 --- E_[alpha/Fe] ? Upper error on alpha element
abundance
260- 278 F19.16 [-] [Fe/H] ? Metallicity estimate (G1)
280- 289 A10 --- r_[Fe/H] Source of the metallicity estimate
291- 309 F19.16 [-] e_[Fe/H] ? Lower error on the metallicity
estimate (G2)
311- 329 F19.16 [-] E_[Fe/H] ? Upper error on the metallicity
estimate (G2)
331- 348 F18.16 [cm/s2] logg ? logg estimate (G1)
350- 361 A12 --- r_logg Source of the logg estimate
363- 380 F18.16 [cm/s2] e_logg ? Lower error on the logg
estimate (G2)
382- 399 F18.16 [cm/s2] E_logg ? Upper error on the logg
estimate (G2)
401- 415 E15.12 [-] [Fe/H]Apo ? APOGEE metallicity estimate
417- 428 F12.10 [-] e_[Fe/H]Apo ? Error on APOGEE metallicity
estimate
430- 444 E15.12 [-] [alpha/M]Apo ? alpha abundance estimate
from APOGEE-DR17
446- 457 F12.10 [-] e_[alpha/M]Apo ? Error on APOGEE alpha estimate
459- 467 F9.7 [cm/s2] loggApo ? logg estimate from APOGEE-DR17
469- 480 F12.10 [cm/s2] e_loggApo ? Error on APOGEE logg estimate
482- 495 F14.11 [-] [Fe/H]Galah ? Metallicity estimate from
GALAH DR3
497- 514 F18.16 [-] e_[Fe/H]Galah ? Error on GALAH metallicity
516- 537 E22.17 [-] [alpha/Fe]Galah ? Alpha abundance estimate from
GALAH DR3
539- 556 F18.16 [-] e_[alpha/Fe]Galah ? Error on GALAH alpha abundance
558- 566 F9.7 [-] loggGalah ? log g estimate from GALAH DR3
568- 585 F18.16 [-] e_loggGalah ? Error on GALAH log g
587- 604 F18.14 deg GLON Galactic longitude
606- 624 F19.15 deg GLAT Galactic latitude
626- 646 F21.16 km/s U ? Heliocentric velocity in the
direction of the Galactic
center (G3)
648- 668 F21.16 km/s V ? Heliocentric velocity in the
direction of the Galactic
rotation (G3)
670- 690 F21.16 km/s W ? Heliocentric velocity in the
direction of the North Galactic
Pole (G3)
692- 711 F20.16 km/s UW ? Total non-circular velocity
UW = sqrt(U^2 + W^2) (G4)
713- 730 F18.16 kpc R ? Distance from the Galactic center
in the Galactic plane (G4)
732- 754 E23.17 kpc Z ? Distance from the Galactic
plane (G4)
756- 764 F9.6 mag Vmag V-band magnitude (G5)
766- 774 F9.6 mag e_Vmag Error on V-band magnitude
776- 783 F8.5 mag Gmag Gaia G magnitude (G5)
785- 792 F8.6 mag e_Gmag Error on G magnitude
794- 811 F18.16 Rsun Rad Radius of star (G5)
813- 831 F19.16 Rsun e_Rad Error on radius
833- 850 F18.16 Msun Mass Mass of star (G5)
852- 869 F18.16 Msun e_Mass Error on mass
871- 887 F17.12 K Teff Effective temperature of star (G5)
889- 907 F19.14 K e_Teff Error on effective temperature
909- 911 A3 --- Type Classification into M or FGK type,
based on asPIC catalog (Montalto et
al., 2021A&A...653A..98M 2021A&A...653A..98M,
Cat. J/A+A/653/A98)
913- 920 F8.6 --- u1 ? The first quadratic limb-darkening
parameter, based on grid by
Morello et al., 2022RNAAS...6..248M 2022RNAAS...6..248M
922- 929 F8.6 --- u2 ? The second quadratic
limb-darkening parameter, based on
grid by Morello et al.,
2022RNAAS...6..248M 2022RNAAS...6..248M
931- 953 E23.17 --- TD/D ? Probability ratio thick disk/thin
disk (see Sect. 2.2. in our paper)
955- 976 E22.17 --- TD/H ? Probability ratio thick disk/halo
(see Sect. 2.2 in our paper)
978- 997 A20 --- Pop Galactic component classification
999-1000 I2 --- Ncam Number of PLATO cameras observing
the target
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global notes:
Note (G1): either from RVS spectra (mh_gsspec in Gaia DR3, with first 13 quality
flags equal to 0, Recio-Blanco et al., 2023A&A...674A..29R 2023A&A...674A..29R) or
XGBOOST (Andrae et al., 2023ApJS..267....8A 2023ApJS..267....8A)
Note (G2): NaN in case of Andrae2023 (2023ApJS..267....8A 2023ApJS..267....8A).
Note (G3): Classification is only performed if relative uncertainties no greater
than 20% in the following columns: "RAdeg", "DEdeg", "pmRA", "pmDE", "plx",
and "RV". For targets where this requirement is not fulfilled, the related
columns are filled with NaN.
Note (G4): calculated from RA, DE, plx, pmRA, pmDE, RV using galpy, only
available if Population could be determined (see Classification Criteria)
Note (G5): from asPIC catalog, Montalto et al., 2021A&A...653A..98M 2021A&A...653A..98M,
Cat. J/A+A/653/A98
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 15-Apr-2025