J/A+A/692/A28 Dark lens candidates from gaia DR3 (Kruszynska+, 2024)
Dark lens candidates from Gaia Data Release 3.
Kruszynska K., Wyrzykowski L., Rybicki K.A., Howil K., Jablonska M.,
Kaczmarek Z., Ihanec N., Maskoliunas M., Bronikowski M., Pylypenko U.,
Udalski A., Mroz P., Poleski R., Skowron J., Szymanski M.K., Soszynski I.,
Pietrukowicz P., Kozlowski S., Ulaczyk K., Iwanek P., Wrona M.,
Gromadzki M., Mroz M.J., Abe F., Bando K., Barry R., Bennett D.P.,
Bhattacharya A., Bond I.A., Fukui A., Hamada R., Hamada S., Hamasaki N.,
Hirao Y., Ishitani Silva S., Itow Y., Koshimoto N., Matsubara Y.,
Miyazaki S., Muraki Y., Nagai T., Nunota K., Olmschenk G., Ranc C.,
Rattenbury N.J., Satoh Y., Sumi T., Suzuki D., Tristram P.J., Vandorou A.,
Yama H.
<Astron. Astrophys. 692, A28 (2024)>
=2024A&A...692A..28K 2024A&A...692A..28K (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Gravitational lensing ; Photometry ; Optical
Keywords: gravitational lensing: micro - techniques: photometric -
stars: black holes - stars: neutron - white dwarfs
Abstract:
Gravitational microlensing is a phenomenon that allows us to observe
dark remnants of stellar evolution even if they no longer emit
electromagnetic radiation. In particular, it can be useful to observe
solitary neutron stars or stellar-mass black holes, providing a unique
window through which to understand stellar evolution. Obtaining direct
mass measurements with this technique requires precise observations of
both the change in brightness and the position of the microlensed
star. The European Space Agency's Gaia satellite can provide both.
Using available data from different surveys, we analysed events
published in the gaia Data Release 3 (GDR3) microlensing catalogue.
Here we describe our selection of candidate dark lenses, where we
suspect the lens is a white dwarf (WD), a neutron star (NS), a black
hole (BH),or a mass-gap object, with a mass in a range between the
heaviest NS and the least massive BH. We estimated the mass of the
lenses using information obtained from the best-fitting microlensing
models, the source star, the Galactic model and the expected
distribution of the parameters. We found eleven candidates for dark
remnants: one WDs, three NS, three mass-gap objects, and four BHs.
Description:
We present here all tables added to the article in a machine-readable
format. These tables include a Table A.1 with Gaia candidates found in
other surveys which data was used in this paper, Table A.2 with
lightcurve data summary, Table A.3 with source star parameters, Table
A.4 with the parameters of best-fitting microlensing solutions, and
Table A.5 and A.6 with lens properties estimates.
Objects:
-------------------------------------------
RA (2000) DE Designation(s)
-------------------------------------------
17 23 30.74 -27 22 43.68 GaiaDR3-ULENS-025
17 51 52.92 -34 58 29.64 GaiaDR3-ULENS-035
17 56 17.09 -32 27 00.00 GaiaDR3-ULENS-069
18 09 52.56 -30 02 26.16 GaiaDR3-ULENS-073
17 52 38.74 -32 29 22.56 GaiaDR3-ULENS-088
18 01 47.21 -26 31 59.16 GaiaDR3-ULENS-089
17 50 14.26 -23 40 18.12 GaiaDR3-ULENS-097
16 39 19.75 -40 49 18.07 GaiaDR3-ULENS-103
06 37 40.01 +13 57 18.40 GaiaDR3-ULENS-118
17 34 09.48 -24 52 57.00 GaiaDR3-ULENS-142
18 01 30.94 -32 41 09.24 GaiaDR3-ULENS-155
17 42 32.28 -34 06 13.32 GaiaDR3-ULENS-212
07 44 22.37 -28 26 36.32 GaiaDR3-ULENS-259
17 37 54.98 -28 33 32.04 GaiaDR3-ULENS-270
17 39 41.52 -27 40 41.16 GaiaDR3-ULENS-331
17 51 27.94 -33 08 06.72 GaiaDR3-ULENS-343
17 50 45.22 -34 14 41.28 GaiaDR3-ULENS-353
17 47 40.66 -25 01 13.44 GaiaDR3-ULENS-363
-------------------------------------------
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
tablea1.dat 106 156 Gaia candidates found in other surveys
tablea2.tex 118 136 Lightcurve data summary
tablea3.dat 134 37 Source star parameters
tablea4.dat 468 114 Best-fitting microlensing solutions parameters
tablea5.dat 154 81 Lens properties for high confidence candidates
tablea6.dat 154 30 Lens properties for edge case candidates
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 17 A17 --- Name Name (GaiaDR3-ULENS-NNN)
19- 26 F8.4 deg RAdeg Right ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
28- 35 F8.4 deg DEdeg Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
37-106 A70 --- Remarks Names of this event in other surveys
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 A8 --- Name Name GaiaDR3-ULENS-, NNN-GAAA
(GaiaDR3-ULENS-)
10- 20 F11.7 deg RAdeg Right ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
22- 32 F11.7 deg DEdeg Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
34- 51 F18.15 mas/yr pmRA ?=- Gaia DR3 Proper motion along RA
53- 63 F11.9 mas/yr e_pmRA ?=- Gaia DR3 Proper motion along RA
uncertainty
65- 82 F18.15 mas/yr pmDE ?=- Gaia DR3 Proper motion along DE
84- 94 F11.9 mas/yr e_pmDE ?=- Gaia DR3 Proper motion along DE
uncertainty
96-106 F11.8 --- pmRApmDEcor ?=- Gaia DR3 Correlation between proper
motion in right ascension and proper
motion in declination (muradec_corr)
108-112 F5.3 --- RUWE ?=- Gaia DR3 Renozmalized Unit Weight Error
114-117 F4.2 mas thetastar ?=- Estimated source star angular radius
119-122 F4.2 mas e_thetastar ?=- Estimated source star angular radius
uncertainty
124-128 A5 --- f_thetastar [true false -] Is the source's colour
within bounds for Adams et al.
2018MNRAS.473.3608A 2018MNRAS.473.3608A relation?
130-134 A5 --- sourcestar [giant dwarf -] Is the source star a dwarf
or a giant star?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 A8 --- Name Name GaiaDR3-ULENS-, NNN-GAAA (GaiaDR3-ULENS-)
10- 16 F7.2 d t0par ?=- Non-fitted parameter, which defines the
coordinate system for parallax measurement
(HJD-2450000) (t0par)
18- 24 F7.2 d t0 Time of the peak of brightness of PSPL model
(HJD-2450000) (t_0)
26- 31 F6.2 d E_t0 Time of the peak of brightness of PSPL model
positive error (errt0_pl)
33- 37 F5.2 d e_t0 Time of the peak of brightness of PSPL model
negative error (errt0_mn)
39- 43 F5.2 --- u0 Impact parameter of PSPL model (u_0)
45- 48 F4.2 --- E_u0 Impact parameter of PSPL model
positive error (erru0_pl)
50- 53 F4.2 --- e_u0 Impact parameter of PSPL model
negative error (erru0_mn)
55- 61 F7.2 d tE Einstein timescale of the event of PSPL model
(t_E)
63- 68 F6.2 d E_tE Einstein timescale of the event of PSPL model
positive error (errtE_pl)
70- 75 F6.2 d e_tE Einstein timescale of the event of PSPL model
negative error (errtE_mn)
77- 81 F5.2 --- piEN ?=- North component of the microlensing
parallax vector (pi_EN)
83- 86 F4.2 --- E_piEN ?=- North component of the microlensing
parallax vector positive error (errpiEN_pl)
88- 91 F4.2 --- e_piEN ?=- North component of the microlensing
parallax vector negative error (errpiEN_mn)
93- 97 F5.2 --- piEE ?=- East component of the microlensing
parallax vector (pi_EE)
99-102 F4.2 --- E_piEE ?=- East component of the microlensing
parallax vector positive error (errpiEE_pl)
104-107 F4.2 --- e_piEE ?=- East component of the microlensing
parallax vector negative error (errpiEE_mn)
109-113 F5.2 mag IG0 ?=- Baseline magnitude in Gaia G-band (I_G0)
115-118 F4.2 mag E_IG0 ?=- Baseline magnitude in Gaia G-band
positive error (errIG0_pl)
120-123 F4.2 mag e_IG0 ?=- Baseline magnitude in Gaia G-band
negative error (errIG0_mn)
125-129 F5.2 --- fbG ?=- Blending fraction in Gaia G band (fb_G)
131-134 F4.2 --- E_fbG ?=- Blending fraction in Gaia G band
positive error (errfbG_pl)
136-139 F4.2 --- e_fbG ?=- Blending fraction in Gaia G band
negative error (errfbG_mn)
141-145 F5.2 mag IBP0 ?=- Baseline magnitude in Gaia BP band
(I_BP0)
147-150 F4.2 mag E_IBP0 ?=- Baseline magnitude in Gaia BP band
positive error (errIBP0_pl)
152-155 F4.2 mag e_IBP0 ?=- Baseline magnitude in Gaia BP band
negative error (errIBP0_mn)
157-161 F5.2 --- fbBP ?=- Blending fraction in Gaia RP band
belonging to the blend in the BP-band (f_bBP)
163-166 F4.2 --- E_fbBP ?=- Blending fraction in Gaia RP band
positive error (errfbBP_pl)
168-171 F4.2 --- e_fbBP ?=- Blending fraction in Gaia RP band
negative error (errfbBP_mn)
173-177 F5.2 mag IRP0 ?=- Brightness in baseline in the RP band
(I_RP0)
179-182 F4.2 mag E_IRP0 ?=- Brightness in baseline in the RP band
positive error (errIRP0_pl)
184-187 F4.2 mag e_IRP0 ?=- Brightness in baseline in the RP band
negative error (errIRP0_mn)
189-193 F5.2 --- fbRP ?=- Fraction of the total flux at baseline
belonging to the blend in the RP-Band (f_bRP)
195-198 F4.2 --- E_fbRP ?=- Fraction of the total flux at baseline
belonging to the blend in the RP-Band
positive error (errfbRP_pl)
200-203 F4.2 --- e_fbRP ?=- Fraction of the total flux at baseline
belonging to the blend in the RP-Band
negative error (errfbRP_mn)
205-209 F5.2 mag IGSA ?=- Baseline magnitude in Gaia G band from GSA
(I_GSA)
211-214 F4.2 mag E_IGSA ?=- Baseline magnitude in Gaia G band from GSA
positive error (errIGSA_pl)
216-219 F4.2 mag e_IGSA ?=- Baseline magnitude in Gaia G band from GSA
negative error (errIGSA_mn)
221-225 F5.2 --- fbGSA ?=- Blending fraction in Gaia G band from GSA
(f_bGSA)
227-230 F4.2 --- E_fbGSA ?=- Blending fraction in Gaia G band from GSA
positive error (errfbGSA_pl)
232-235 F4.2 --- e_fbGSA ?=- Blending fraction in Gaia G band from GSA
negative error (errfbGSA_mn)
237-241 F5.2 mag IV0 ?=- Baseline magnitude in ASAS-SN V band (I_V0)
243-246 F4.2 mag E_IV0 ?=- Baseline magnitude in ASAS-SN V band
positive error (errIV0_pl)
248-251 F4.2 mag e_IV0 ?=- Baseline magnitude in ASAS-SN V band
negative error (errIV0_mn)
253-257 F5.2 --- fbV ?=- Blending fraction in ASAS-SN V band (f_bV)
259-262 F4.2 --- E_fbV ?=- Blending fraction in ASAS-SN V band
positive error (errfbV_pl)
264-267 F4.2 --- e_fbV ?=- Blending fraction in ASAS-SN V band
negative error (errfbV_mn)
269-273 F5.2 mag IOGLE0 ?=- Baseline magnitude in OGLE I band
(I_OGLE0)
275-278 F4.2 mag E_IOGLE0 ?=- Baseline magnitude in OGLE I band
positive error (errIOGLE0_pl)
280-283 F4.2 mag e_IOGLE0 ?=- Baseline magnitude in OGLE I band
negative error (errIOGLE0_mn)
285-288 F4.2 --- fbOGLE ?=- Blending fraction in OGLE I band
belonging to the blend in the OGLE-band
(f_bOGLE)
290-293 F4.2 --- E_fbOGLE ?=- Blending fraction in OGLE I band
positive error (errfbOGLE_pl)
295-298 F4.2 --- e_fbOGLE ?=- Blending fraction in OGLE I band
negative error (errfbOGLE_mn)
300-304 F5.2 mag IKMTA ?=- Baseline magnitude in KMTNet I band (SAAO)
(I_KMTA)
306-309 F4.2 mag E_IKMTA ?=- Baseline magnitude in KMTNet I band (SAAO)
positive error (errIKMTA_pl)
311-314 F4.2 mag e_IKMTA ?=- Baseline magnitude in KMTNet I band (SAAO)
negative error (errIKMTA_mn)
316-320 F5.2 --- fbKMTA ?=- Blending fraction in KMTNet I band (SAAO)
belonging to the blend in the KMTA-band
322-325 F4.2 --- E_fbKMTA ?=- Blending fraction in KMTNet I band (SAAO)
positive error (errfbKMTA_pl)
327-330 F4.2 --- e_fbKMTA ?=- Blending fraction in KMTNet I band (SAAO)
negative error (errfbKMTA_mn)
332-336 F5.2 mag IKMTC ?=- Baseline magnitude in KMTNet I band (CTIO)
(I_KMTC)
338-341 F4.2 mag E_IKMTC ?=- Baseline magnitude in KMTNet I band (CTIO)
positive error (errIKMTC_pl)
343-346 F4.2 mag e_IKMTC ?=- Baseline magnitude in KMTNet I band (CTIO)
negative error (errIKMTC_mn)
348-352 F5.2 --- fbKMTC ?=- Blending fraction in KMTNet I band (CTIO)
(f_bKMTC)
354-357 F4.2 --- E_fbKMTC ?=- Blending fraction in KMTNet I band (CTIO)
positive error (errfbKMTC_pl)
359-362 F4.2 --- e_fbKMTC ?=- Blending fraction in KMTNet I band (CTIO)
negative error (errfbKMTC_mn)
364-368 F5.2 mag IKMTS ?=- Baseline magnitude in KMTNet I band (SSO)
(I_KMTS)
370-373 F4.2 mag E_IKMTS ?=- Baseline magnitude in KMTNet I band (SSO)
positive error (errIKMTS_pl)
375-378 F4.2 mag e_IKMTS ?=- Baseline magnitude in KMTNet I band (SSO)
negative error (errIKMTS_mn)
380-384 F5.2 --- fbKMTS ?=- Blending fraction in KMTNet I band (SSO)
(f_bKMTS)
386-389 F4.2 --- E_fbKMTS ?=- Blending fraction in KMTNet I band (SSO)
positive error (errfbKMTS_pl)
391-394 F4.2 --- e_fbKMTS ?=- Blending fraction in KMTNet I band (SSO)
negative error (errfbKMTS_mn)
396-400 F5.2 mag IMOA ?=- Baseline magnitude in MOA I band
(I_MOA)
402-405 F4.2 mag E_IMOA ?=- Baseline magnitude in MOA I band
positive error (errIMOA_pl)
407-410 F4.2 mag e_IMOA ?=- Baseline magnitude in MOA I band
negative error (errIMOA_mn)
412-416 F5.2 --- fbMOA ?=- Blending fraction in MOA I band (f_bMOA)
418-421 F4.2 --- E_fbMOA ?=- Blending fraction in MOA I band
positive error (errfbMOA_pl)
423-426 F4.2 --- e_fbMOA ?=- Blending fraction in MOA I band
negative error (errfbMOA_mn)
428-432 F5.2 mag IMOAV ?=- Baseline magnitude in MOA V band (MOA_V)
434-437 F4.2 mag E_IMOAV ?=- Baseline magnitude in MOA V band
positive error (errIMOAVpl)
439-442 F4.2 mag e_IMOAV ?=- Baseline magnitude in MOA V band
negative error (errIMOAVmn)
444-448 F5.2 --- fbMOAV ?=- Blending fraction in MOA V band (fbMOA_V)
450-453 F4.2 --- E_fbMOAV ?=- Blending fraction in MOA V band
positive error (errfbMOAVpl)
455-458 F4.2 --- e_fbMOAV ?=- Blending fraction in MOA V band
negative error (errfbMOAVmn)
460-468 F9.2 --- chi2 chi2 value (chi2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea5.dat tablea6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 A8 --- Name Name GaiaDR3-ULENS, NNN-GAAA
(GaiaDR3-ULENS)
10- 14 A5 --- MF Mass function (MF)
16- 20 F5.2 Msun ML Mass of the lens (ML)
22- 26 F5.2 Msun E_ML Mass of the lens positive error
(errMLpl)
28- 31 F4.2 Msun e_ML Mass of the lens negative error
(errMLmn)
33- 36 F4.2 kpc DL Distance to the lens (DL)
38- 41 F4.2 kpc E_DL Distance to the lens positive error
(errDLpl)
43- 46 F4.2 kpc e_DL Distance to the lens negative error
(errDLpl_1)
48- 52 F5.2 mag lensmag Lens magnitude if it was an MS at DL with
mass of ML (lens_mag)
54- 58 F5.2 mag E_lensmag Lens magnitude positive error
(errlensmag_pl)
60- 64 F5.2 mag e_lensmag Lens magnitude negative error
(errlensmag_mn)
66- 70 F5.2 mag blendmag Blend magnitude from the microlensing
model (blend_mag)
72- 75 F4.2 mag E_blendmag Blend magnitude from the microlensing
model positive error (errblendpl)
77- 80 F4.2 mag e_blendmag Blend magnitude from the microlensing
model negative error (errblendmn)
82- 85 F4.2 mas thetae Angular Einstein radius (theta_e)
87- 90 F4.2 mas E_thetae Angular Einstein radius positive error
(errthetae_pl)
92- 95 F4.2 mas e_thetae Angular Einstein radius negative error
(errthetae_mn)
97-100 F4.2 --- maxastrodisp Maximal astrometric displacement
(maxastrodisp)
102-105 F4.2 --- E_maxastrodisp Maximal astrometric displacement
positive error (errmaxastrodisppl)
107-110 F4.2 --- e_maxastrodisp Maximal astrometric displacement
negative error (errmaxastrodispmn)
112-116 F5.2 mas/yr lenspm Lens proper motion (lenspropmot)
118-121 F4.2 mas/yr E_lenspm Lens proper motion positive error
(errlenspropmotpl)
123-126 F4.2 mas/yr e_lenspm Lens proper motion negative error
(errlenspropmotmn)
128-133 F6.2 km/s vt Lens transverse velocity (transverse_vel)
135-140 F6.2 km/s E_vt Lens transverse velocity positive error
(errvtpl)
142-147 F6.2 km/s e_vt Lens transverse velocity negative error
(errvtmn)
149-154 F6.2 --- darklensprob Probability of dark lens (darklensprob)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acknowledgements:
Katarzyna Kruszynska, kkruszynska(at)lco.global
KK would like to thank Monika Sitek, Drs. Etienne Bachelet, Mariusz
Gromadzki, P rzemek Mroz, Radek Poleski, Milena Ratajczak, Rachel
Street, Pawel Zielinski, Pr zemyslaw Mikolajczyk, as well as Profs.
Michal Bejger, Wojciech Hellwing, Katarz yna Malek, and Lukasz
Stawarz. This work was supported from the Polish NCN grants: Harmonia
No. 2018/30/M/ST9/00311, Daina No. 2017/27/L/ST9/03221, and NCBiR
grant within POWER program nr POWR.03.02.00-00-l001/16-00. LW
acknowledges MNiSW grant DIR/WK/2018/12 and funding from the European
Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant
agreement No. 101004719 (OPTICON-RadioNET Pilot, ORP). The MOA project
is supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP24253004, JP26247023,
JP16H06287 and JP22H00153. This work has made use of data from the
European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia
(https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data
Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC,
https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the
DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular, the
institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. We
acknowledge ESA Gaia, DPAC and the Photometric Science Alerts Team
(http://gsaweb.ast.cam.ac.uk/alerts). This research has made use of
publicly available data (https://kmtnet.kasi.re.kr/ulens/) from the
KMTNet system operated by the Korea Astronomy and Space Science
Institute (KASI) at three host sites of CTIO in Chile, SAAO in South
Africa, and SSO in Australia. Data transfer from the host site to KASI
was supported by the Korea Research Environment Open NETwork
(KREONET).
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 18-Sep-2024