J/A+A/693/A228 CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs. IX. (Cifuentes+, 2025)
CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs.
IX. Multiplicity from close spectroscopic binaries to ultra-wide systems.
Cifuentes C., Caballero J.A., Gonzalez-Payo J., Amado P.J., Bejar V.J.S.,
Burgasser A.J., Cortes-Contreras M., Lodieu N., Montes D., Quirrenbach A.,
Reiners A., Ribas I., Sanz-Forcada J., Seifert W., Zapatero Osorio M.R.
<Astron. Astrophys. 693, A228 (2025)>
=2025A&A...693A.228C 2025A&A...693A.228C (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Stars, double and multiple ; Stars, dwarfs ; Stars, M-type ;
Keywords: astronomical data bases - virtual observatory tools -
binaries: general - stars: late-type
Abstract:
Multiplicity studies greatly benefit from focusing on M dwarfs because
they are often paired in a variety of configurations with both stellar
and substellar objects, including exoplanets. We aim to address the
observed multiplicity of M dwarfs by conducting a systematic analysis
using the latest available astrophotometric data. For every star in a
sample of 2214 M dwarfs from the CARMENES catalogue, we investigated
the existence of resolved and unresolved physical companions in the
literature and in all-sky surveys, especially in the Gaia DR3 data
products. We covered a very wide range of separation, from known
spectroscopic binaries in tight arrangements (∼0.01au) to remarkably
separated ultrawide pairs (∼10^5au). We identify 835 M dwarfs in 720
multiple systems, predominantly binaries, and proposing 327 new binary
candidates based on Gaia data. If these candidates are finally
confirmed, we expect the multiplicity fraction of M dwarfs to be
40.3+2.1-2.0%. Only considering the systems already identified,
the multiplicity fraction is reduced to 27.8+1.9-1.8%, which is in
line with most of the values published in the literature. We also
identify M-dwarf multiple systems with FGK, white dwarf, ultracool
dwarf, and exoplanet companions, and in young stellar kinematic
groups, and study physical separations, orbital periods, binding
energies, and mass ratios. We argue that, based on reliable
astrometric data and spectroscopic investigations from the literature,
and even when considering detection biases, the multiplicity fraction
of M dwarfs could still be significantly underestimated, encouraging
further high-resolution follow-up studies.
Description:
Multiplicity status for 2214 M dwarfs based on high-quality
astrometric data from Gaia DR3, with a detailed characterisation of
the systems, including orbital properties such as physical
separations, periods and binding energies. Astrophysical parameters
are tabulated, including stellar masses, radii, effective
temperatures, and luminosities. Criteria for identifying unresolved
binary candidates based on Gaia statistical products are provided,
offering a foundation for deeper follow-up studies on multiplicity.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
tablea1.dat 1568 2634 Multiplicity status for 2214 M dwarfs
refs.dat 122 462 References
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See also:
B/wds : The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog (Mason+ 2001-2020)
J/A+A/642/A115 : CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs. V. (Cifuentes+, 2020)
J/A+A/650/A201 : 10 parsec sample in the Gaia era first update (Reyle+, 2021)
J/ApJ/926/1 : Gaia EDR3 triple stellar systems within 100pc (Tokovinin 2022)
J/A+A/670/A139 : CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs (Ribas+, 2023)
J/A+A/689/A302 : Multiplicity of stars with planets (Gonzalez-Payo+, 2024)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- IDstar Star identifier (1)
6- 8 I3 --- IDsystem System identifier
10- 37 A28 --- Name Discovery or most common name (2)
39- 45 A7 --- GJ Gliese-Jahreiss catalogue number (3)
47- 57 A11 --- Karmn Carmencita catalogue identifier
(JHHMMm+DDdAAA) (4)
59- 60 I2 h RAh Right ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
61 A1 --- --- [:]
62- 63 I2 min RAm Right ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
64 A1 --- --- [:]
65- 69 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
71 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
72- 73 I2 deg DEd Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
74 A1 --- --- [:]
75- 76 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
77 A1 --- --- [:]
78- 81 F4.1 arcsec DEs Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
83- 89 A7 --- SpType Spectral type
92- 96 F5.1 --- SpTypenum Spectral type in numerical format (5)
98- 106 A9 --- r_SpType Reference for the spectral type
108- 116 A9 --- Type Type of system (6)
118- 126 A9 --- Class Multiplicity class
128- 133 A6 --- Comp Component designation and their
resolution (7)
135- 147 A13 --- System Architecture of the system
149- 157 A9 --- SB Type of spectroscopic system (8)
159- 188 A30 --- r_SB Reference for spectroscopic system
190- 203 A14 --- Disc Discoverer code (9)
205- 224 A20 --- Group Stellar kinematic group or association
assignment
226- 254 A29 --- r_Group Reference for stellar kinematic group or
association (10)
256 I1 --- Nplanet Number of confirmed planets
258- 281 A24 --- r_Nplanet Reference for the discovery of confirmed
planet(s)
283 I1 --- Category Resolution category
285- 450 A166 --- Remarks Comments and remarks on multiplicity
452- 461 A10 --- WDS Washington double star catalogue (WDS)
identifier code
463- 467 A5 --- WDS-comp Component in WDS
469- 472 I4 --- WDS-Obs1 ? Year of first observation in WDS
474- 477 I4 --- WDS-Obs2 ? Year of last observation in WDS
479- 482 I4 --- WDS-Nobs ? Number of measures of the object in WDS
486- 490 F5.1 deg WDS-PA2 ?=- Positional angle in WDS
492- 499 F8.3 arcsec WDS-Sep2 ?=- Most recent separation in WDS
504- 508 F5.2 mag WDS-mag1 ?=- Magnitude of the first component
in WDS
513- 517 F5.2 mag WDS-mag2 ?=- Magnitude of the second component
in WDS
519- 530 F12.6 au Sep01 ?=- Physical separation of the closest
component
532- 540 F9.4 arcsec rho01 ?=- Angular separation of the closest
component
542- 547 F6.2 deg theta01 ?=- Positional angle of the closest
component (11)
549- 554 A6 --- r_Sep01 Reference for the physical separation of
the closest component (12)
556- 566 F11.4 au Sep02 ?=- Physical separation of the second
closest component
568- 577 F10.4 arcsec rho02 ?=- Angular separation of the second
closest component
579- 584 F6.2 deg theta02 ?=- Positional angle of the second
closest component (11)
586- 591 F6.4 --- muratio ?=- Proper motion citerion for physical
association (13)
593- 599 F7.4 deg deltaPA ?=- Positional angle criterion for
physical association (13)
601- 606 F6.4 --- deltad ?=- Distance criterion for physical
association (13)
608- 613 F6.4 Msun Mass ?=- Stellar mass
615- 620 F6.4 Msun e_Mass ?=- Error in stellar mass
622- 627 F6.4 Rsun Rad ?=- Stellar radius
629- 634 F6.4 Rsun e_Rad ?=- Error in stellar radius
636- 647 A12 --- r_Mass Reference for mass and radius
649- 660 E12.6 Lsun LBol ?=- Bolometric luminosity
662- 673 E12.6 Lsun e_LBol ?=- Error in bolometric luminosity
675- 683 A9 --- r_LBol Reference for bolometric luminosity
685- 691 F7.4 mag GMAG ?=- Absolute magnitude in Gaia G-band
693- 699 F7.4 mag e_GMAG ?=- Error in absolute magnitude
in Gaia G-band
701- 705 I5 K Teff ?=- Effective temperature
707- 709 I3 K e_Teff ?=- Error in effective temperature
711- 719 A9 --- r_Teff Reference for effective temperature
721- 724 F4.2 [cm/s2] logg ?=- Surface gravity
727- 730 F4.2 [cm/s2] e_logg ?=- Error in surface gravity
732- 736 F5.2 --- [Fe/H] ?=- Metallicity
738- 744 A7 --- r_[Fe/H] Error in metallicity
745- 750 F6.4 --- q ?=- Mass ratio
752 A1 --- l_P01 Limit flag on P01
753- 767 F15.8 d P01 ? Orbital period of spectroscopic binary
769- 774 E6.2 d e_P01 ?=- Error in orbital period of
spectroscopic binary
776- 784 A9 --- r_P01 Reference of the orbital period of
spectroscopic binary
786- 797 E12.9 yr P02 ?=- Orbital period of resolved systems
799- 808 F10.2 yr e_P02 ?=- Error in orbital period of
resolved systems
810- 817 E8.5 J Ug ?=- Binding energy
819- 826 E8.5 J e_Ug ?=- Error in binding energy
828 A1 --- crit1 [T/F] Boolean for physical association
using criterion 1 (crit-ruwe)
830 A1 --- crit2 [T/F] Boolean for physical association
using criterion 2 (crit-ipd_ruwe)
832 A1 --- crit3 [T/F] Boolean for physical association
using criterion 3 (crit-rv)
834 A1 --- crit4 [T/F] Boolean for physical association
using criterion 4 (crit-rv-error)
836 A1 --- crit5 [T/F] Boolean for physical association
using criterion 5 (crit-ipd-fmp)
838 A1 --- crit6 [T/F] Boolean for physical association
using criterion 6 (crit-dupl-source)
840 I1 --- crit7 [0/3]? Boolean for physical association
using criterion 7 (crit-non-single)
842- 904 A63 --- critDR3NS Classification in the Non-single stars
tables from Gaia DR3
(crit-DR3-non_single) (14)
906 A1 --- Candidate [T/F] Boolean for physical association
using criteria 1-7 (15)
908- 926 I19 --- GaiaDR3 ? Gaia DR3 identifier
928- 943 A16 --- 2MASS 2MASS identifier
945- 963 A19 --- AllWISE AllWISE identifier
965- 983 F19.15 deg RAGdeg ?=- Right ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
986-1006 F21.18 deg e_RAGdeg ?=- Error in right ascension (ICRS)
at Ep=2016.0
1007-1027 F21.17 deg DEGdeg ?=- Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
1029-1049 F21.18 deg e_DEGdeg ?=- Error in declination (ICRS)
at Ep=2016.0
1050-1067 F18.14 mas plx ?=- Parallax
1068-1086 F19.16 mas e_plx ?=- Error in parallax
1088-1093 A6 --- r_plx Reference for parallax
1095-1115 F21.15 mas/yr pmRA ?=- Proper motion in right ascension
direction
1118-1138 F21.16 mas/yr e_pmRA ?=- Error of proper motion in
right ascension direction
1139-1160 F22.16 mas/yr pmDE ?=- Proper motion in declination
direction
1162-1180 F19.16 mas/yr e_pmDE ?=- Error of proper motion in
declination direction
1182-1186 A5 --- r_pmRA Reference for proper motion
1188-1205 F18.13 km/s RV ?=- Radial velocity
1207-1223 F17.14 km/s e_RV ?=- Error in radial velocity
1225-1230 A6 --- r_RV Reference for radial velocity
1232-1242 F11.8 --- RUWE ?=- Renormalised unit weight error
1244-1263 F20.16 --- epsi ?=- Excess noise of the source
(astrometricexcessnoise)
1265-1292 E28.23 --- sepsi ?=- Significance of excess noise
(astrometricexcessnoise_sig)
1294-1302 F9.7 --- E(BP/RP) ?=- BP/RP excess factor
(photbprpexcessfactor)
1304-1306 I3 --- NBPblend ? Number of BP blended transits
(photbpnblendedtransits)
1308-1310 I3 --- NRPblend ? Number of RP contaminated transits
(photrpnblendedtransits)
1312-1324 A13 --- VarFlag Photometric variability flag
(photvariableflag)
1326-1340 E15.9 --- RVchi2 ?=- P-value for constancy based on a
chi-squared criterion (rvchisqpvalue)
1342-1354 F13.9 km/s RVamp ?=- Total amplitude in the radial
velocity time series after outlier
removal (rvamplituderobust)
1356-1357 I2 --- o_RV ? Number of transits used to compute the
radial velocity (rvnbtransits)
1359-1372 F14.10 km/s RVrnorm ?=- Radial velocity renormalised goodness
of fit (rvrenormalisedgof)
1374-1377 I4 --- NAL ? Total number of observations in the
along-scan (astrometricnobs_al)
1379-1382 I4 --- NgAL ? Number of good observations in the
along-scan (AL) direction
(astrometricngoodobsal)
1384-1403 E20.15 --- IPDgofha ?=- Amplitude of the IPD GoF versus
position angle of scan
(ipdgofharmonic_amplitude)
1405-1407 I3 --- IPDfmp [0/100]? Percent of successful-IPD
windows with more than one peak
(ipdfracmulti_peak)
1409 A1 --- Dup [F/T] Source with multiple source
identifiers (duplicatedsource
1411-1417 F7.4 mag BPmag ?=- Gaia BP magnitude
1419-1425 F7.4 mag e_BPmag ?=- Error on Gaia BP magnitude (16)
1427-1433 F7.4 mag Gmag ?=- Gaia G magnitude
1435-1440 F6.4 mag e_Gmag ?=- Error on Gaia G magnitude (16)
1442-1448 F7.4 mag RPmag ?=- Gaia RP magnitude
1450-1456 F7.4 mag e_RPmag ?=- Error on Gaia RP magnitude (16)
1458-1463 F6.3 mag Jmag ?=- 2MASS J magnitude
1465-1470 F6.3 mag e_Jmag ?=- Error on 2MASS J magnitude
1472-1477 F6.3 mag Hmag ?=- 2MASS H magnitude
1479-1484 F6.3 mag e_Hmag ?=- Error on 2MASS H magnitude
1486-1491 F6.3 mag Ksmag ?=- 2MASS Ks magnitude
1493-1499 F7.3 mag e_Ksmag ?=- Error on 2MASS Ks magnitude
1501-1503 A3 --- Qf2M 2MASS JHKs three-character quality flag
1505-1510 F6.3 mag W1mag ?=- WISE W1 magnitude
1512-1518 F7.3 mag e_W1mag ?=- Error on WISE W1 magnitude
1520-1525 F6.3 mag W2mag ?=- WISE W2 magnitude
1527-1533 F7.3 mag e_W2mag ?=- Error on WISE W2 magnitude
1535-1540 F6.3 mag W3mag ?=- WISE W3 magnitude
1542-1548 F7.3 mag e_W3mag ?=- Error on WISE W3 magnitude
1550-1555 F6.3 mag W4mag ?=- WISE W4 magnitude
1557-1563 F7.3 mag e_W4mag ?=- Error on WISE W4 magnitude
1565-1568 A4 --- QfW WISE W1W2W3W4 four-character quality flag
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Note (1): IDstar is a unique identifier that sorts the table by right ascension
but prioritising that components of the same system (equal IDsystem) are
together and sorted by decreasing brightness.
Note (2): Name of the star, Simbad-searchable, obeying the following priority
(n designates a natural number): Proper name > Variable in constellation
(V* V n Con; but not suspected variables, SV*) > Henry Draper
(HD n, with n ≤ 225300) > Gliese-Jahreiss (GJ n, only if n < 4000) >
Bonner Durchmusterung (BD-n n) > Luyten (LP n-n) >
Giclas (G n-n, only if unique Giclas designation) > Luyten (LHS n) >
other designations in chronological order (Haro, StKM/StM, 1RXS/RXS,
HIP, LSPM, PM, NLTT, GSC, TYC, MCC, R78b, I81, 2MUCD) > Catalog identifier
(Gaia DR3, 2MASS, UCAC4).
Note (3): Gliese-Jahreiss (GJ) designation entry, when available. This includes
the first catalogue by Gliese (1957MiARI...8....1G 1957MiARI...8....1G) and its update
(Gliese 1969VeARI..22....1G 1969VeARI..22....1G), the supplement by Wooley et al. (1970), and the
succeeding editions (Gliese & Jahreiss, 1979A&AS...38..423G 1979A&AS...38..423G, Cat. V/35).
Note (4): "HHMMm-DDd" are the truncated equatorial coordinates. For close stars
with separations less than 5 arcsec, a position of the star in the system is
added as "N", "S", "E" or "W".
Note (5): Spectral type in numerical format as:
10.0 = O0.0V, 20.0 = B0.0V, 30.0 = A0.0V, 40.0 = F0.0V,
50.0 = G0.0V, 60.0 = K0.0V, 70.0 = M0.0V, 70.5 = M0.5V, 80.0 = L0.
The values 0.0 and 999 are reserved for white dwarfs and stars with a
luminosity class other than main sequence (V), respectively.
Spectral types were rounded when necessary (e.g. M0.0 instead of M0.1,
or M4.0 instead of M3.8). "This work" refers to spectral type photometric
estimation from absolute magnitudes as Cifuentes et al.
(2020A&A...642A.115C 2020A&A...642A.115C).
Note (6): "Candidate" and "Multiple+" must be read as "new unresolved binary
candidate".
Note (7): The system nomenclature follows the scheme in Fig. 11.
Note (8): Definitions of SB1, SB2, ST2, ST3, and SQ are shown in Table A.4.
Note (9): WDS discoverer code or literature reference.
Note (10): Abbreviations follow the scheme outlined in Table 8.
Note (11): Measured eastward from the north in the epoch 2016.0. In the
programmatic computation of this parameter caution must be taken regarding the
"quadrant ambiguity", i.e., a 180-deg erroneous difference.
Note (12): The reference is displayed when the value is not calculated in this
work using Gaia data. The reference for s02 is Gaia in all cases. This also
applies to the orbital periods.
Note (13): For triple or higher-order systems, this association refers to the
primary component.
Note (14): Orbital: Orbital model for an astrometric binary;
OrbitalTargetedSearch: Orbital model for a priori known systems, with a subset
containing suffix "Validated";
SB1: Single-lined spectroscopic binary;
SB2: Double-lined spectroscopic binary;
SB2C: Double-lined spectroscopic binary with circular orbit;
AstroSpectroSB1: Combined astrometric and single lined spectroscopic orbital
model.
Note (15): It refers to unknown unresolved binaries. That is, if an unresolved
companion already exists (e.g. an spectroscopic binary), the value is "false"
regardless of the criteria for unresolved binarity.
Note (16): The photometric uncertainties in the Gaia passbands have been
calculated by us Δlambda=|-2.5ln(10)ΔFlambda/Flambda|,
where Flambda and ΔFlambda are the flux and its error in the
"lambda" passband, using the errors in the corresponding fluxes, and the
zero points as provided by VizieR.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 9 A9 --- Ref Reference code
10- 28 A19 --- BibCode BibCode
30- 56 A27 --- Aut Author's name
58-122 A65 --- Com Comments
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Acknowledgements:
Carlos Cifuentes, ccifuentes(at)cab.inta-csic.es
References:
Alonso-Floriano et al., Paper I 2015A&A...577A.128A 2015A&A...577A.128A, Cat. J/A+A/577/A128
Cortes-Contreras et al., Paper II 2017A&A...597A..47C 2017A&A...597A..47C, Cat. J/A+A/597/A47
Jeffers et al., Paper III 2018A&A...614A..76J 2018A&A...614A..76J, Cat. J/A+A/614/A76
Diez Alonso et al., Paper IV 2019A&A...621A.126D 2019A&A...621A.126D, Cat. J/A+A/621/A126
Cifuentes et al., Paper V 2020A&A...642A.115C 2020A&A...642A.115C, Cat. J/A+A/642/A115
(End) Carlos Cifuentes [CAB, Spain], Patricia Vannier [CDS] 03-Dec-2024