J/A+A/695/A198 X-Shooting ULLYSES XI. OB stars in LMC, SMC (Bestenlehner+, 2025)
X-Shooting ULLYSES: Massive stars at low metallicity.
XI. Pipeline-determined physical properties of Magellanic Cloud OB stars.
Bestenlehner J.M., Crowther Paul A., Hawcroft C., Sana H., Tramper F.,
Vink J.S., Brands S.A., Sander A.A.C., the XShootU collaboration
<Astron. Astrophys. 695, A198 (2025)>
=2025A&A...695A.198B 2025A&A...695A.198B (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Magellanic Clouds ; Stars, OB ; MK spectral classification ;
Effective temperatures ; Radial velocities ; Stars, masses
Keywords: stars: atmospheres - stars: early-type - stars: massive -
stars: mass-loss - stars: winds, outflows
Abstract:
The proximity and low dust extinction of the Magellanic Clouds
provides an ideal environment for metal-poor massive stars to be
studied in detail. The Hubble Space Telescope ULLYSES initiative has
provided exquisite ultraviolet spectroscopy of a large sample of OB
stars in the Magellanic Clouds, and its legacy value has been enhanced
through the acquisition of optical VLT/XShooter spectroscopy
(XShootU).
We aim to determine the spectral types and physical properties of 122
LMC and 103 SMC OB stars observed via XShootU. Physical parameters are
required for these to serve as templates in spectral libraries of
metal-poor massive stars. We also aim to identify double-lined
binaries and OeBe stars for which analysis requires non- standard
treatment.
We have applied a pipeline designed to analyse large spectroscopic
samples of hot luminous stars to XShootU spectroscopic datasets,
together with grids of synthetic model spectra computed with the
non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium atmospheric code FASTWIND at LMC
and SMC metallicities.
We have determined physical and wind properties of 97 LMC and 77 SMC
massive stars, ranging from O2 to B9 subtypes, representing the
majority of the XShootU OB sample (OeBe and candidate SB2 systems are
excluded). Results are broadly in agreement with previous optical
spectroscopic studies, with evolutionary masses spanning 12-117M☉
in the LMC and 11-74M☉ in the SMC. We have determined a revised
Teff - spectral type calibration for Magellanic Cloud stars,
identified stars with peculiar radial velocities, and compared wind
properties of high luminosity O stars with dense winds, revealing
∼0.27dex higher wind momenta of LMC stars with respect to SMC
counterparts. Incorporating the recent empirical metallicity
dependence of Z0.22 for wind velocities, this suggests a mass-loss
dependence of Z0.5 for luminous O stars. Studies incorporating
ultraviolet mass-loss diagnostics are required for OB stars with weak
winds and/or low luminosities.
Description:
Tables A1 and A2.
Physical parameters of XshootU single+SB1 targets in the SMC and LMC,
ordered in spectral type. Results include ionizing photons predicted
below 912 Angstrom (QH) and 504 Angstrom (QHeI) edges, but
negligible emission is predicted below the ionized helium limit at 228
Angstrom. Physical quantities shown in parentheses are not considered
reliable. Solely spectral type information is provided for ULLYSES
archival VLT/Xshooter targets.
Tables A3 and A4.
XShootU stars excluded from analysis (binarity, OeBe star, or a
Wolf-Rayet star), sorted by (new) spectral type.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
tablea1.dat 477 79 Physical parameters of single+SB1 targets
in the SMC
tablea2.dat 494 102 Physical parameters of single+SB1 targets
in the LMC
tablea3.dat 160 27 Excluded SMC targets
tablea4.dat 160 30 Excluded LMC targets
refs.dat 69 72 References
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See also:
J/A+A/675/A154 : X-Shooting ULLYSES. I. Project Description (Vink+, 2023)
J/A+A/688/A104 : X-Shooting ULLYSES. II. Data Release 1 (Sana+, 2024)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000)
4- 5 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000)
7- 13 F7.4 s RAs Right ascension (J2000)
16 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
17- 18 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000)
20- 21 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000)
23- 29 F7.4 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000)
32- 67 A36 --- Alias Target name and alias
69- 83 A15 --- SpTypelit Spectral type from literature
85- 89 A5 --- r_SpTypelit Reference to literature spectral type,
in refs.dat file
91-110 A20 --- SpTypenew New/updated spectral type
112-114 I3 km/s RV ? Radial velocity
116-120 F5.1 kK Teff ? Effective temperature
122-126 F5.1 kK E_Teff ? Error of Teff (upper value)
128-132 F5.1 kK e_Teff []? Error of Teff (lower value)
134-137 F4.2 [cm/s2] logg ? Surface gravity
138 A1 --- f_logg [)] Note on logg (G2)
141-145 F5.2 [cm/s2] E_logg ? Error on logg (upper value)
146 A1 --- fElogg [)] Note on E_logg (G2)
149-153 F5.2 [cm/s2] e_logg []? Error on logg (lower value)
154 A1 --- felogg [)] Note on e_logg (G2)
157-160 F4.1 Rsun Rstar ? Stellar radius
161 A1 --- f_Rstar [)] Note on Rstar (G2)
164-168 F5.1 Rsun E_Rstar ? Error on Rstar (upper value)
169 A1 --- fERstar [)] Note on E_Rstar (G2)
172-175 F4.1 Rsun e_Rstar []? Error on Rstar (lower value)
176 A1 --- feRstar [)] Note on e_Rstar (G2)
179-182 F4.2 [Lsun] logL ? Luminosity
183 A1 --- f_logL [)] Note on logL (G2)
186-190 F5.2 [Lsun] E_logL ? Error on logL (upper value)
191 A1 --- fElogL [)] Note on E_logL (G2)
194-198 F5.2 [Lsun] e_logL []? Error on logL (lower value)
199 A1 --- felogL [)] Note on e_logL (G2)
202-206 F5.2 --- Y ? He abundances in mass fraction
208-212 F5.2 --- E_Y ? Error on Y (upper value)
214-218 F5.2 --- e_Y []? Error on Y (lower value)
220-223 F4.1 --- N ? N abundances: log(N/H)+12
225-228 A4 --- E_N ? Error on N (upper value)
230-233 F4.1 --- e_N []? Error on N (lower value)
235-237 I3 km/s vsini ? Projected rotational velocities
239-241 I3 km/s E_vsini ? Error on vesini (upper value)
243-245 I3 km/s e_vsini []? Error on vesini (lower value)
247-250 F4.1 [s-1] logQH ? Predicted ionizing photons below 912Å
251 A1 --- f_logQH [)] Note on logQH (G2)
254-257 F4.1 [s-1] logQHeI ? Predicted ionizing photons below 504Å
258 A1 --- f_logQHeI [)] Note on logQHeI (G2)
261-283 A23 --- Note1 Notes (G3)
285-288 F4.2 [cm/s2] loggc ? Corrected gravity from centrifugal force
289 A1 --- f_loggc [)] Note on loggc (G2)
292-295 F4.2 [cm/s2] E_loggc ? Error on logg_c (upper value)
296 A1 --- fEloggc [)] Note on E_loggc (G2)
299-303 F5.2 [cm/s2] e_loggc []? Error on logg_c (lower value)
304 A1 --- feloggc [)] Note on e_loggc (G2)
306-310 F5.1 Msun Mspec ? Spectroscopic stellar mass (G4)
311 A1 --- f_Mspec [)] Note on Mspec (G2)
313-319 F7.1 Msun E_Mspec ? Error on Mspec (upper value) (G4)
320 A1 --- fEMspec [)] Note on E_Mspec (G2)
323-328 F6.1 Msun e_Mspec []? Error on Mspec (lower value) (G4)
329 A1 --- feMspec [)] Note on e_Mspec (G2)
334-337 F4.1 Msun Mevol ? Evolutionary stellar mass (G5)
338 A1 --- f_Mevol Note on Mevol (G5)
339-342 F4.1 Msun E_Mevol ? Error on Mevol (upper value) (G5)
343 A1 --- fEMevol Note on E_Mevol (G5)
345-349 F5.1 Msun e_Mevol []? Error on Mevol (lower value) (G5)
350 A1 --- feMevol Not on e_Mevol (G5)
352-355 F4.1 Msun Minit ? Initial stellar mass (G5)
356 A1 --- f_Minit Note on Minit (G5)
357-360 F4.1 Msun E_Minit ? Error on Minit (upper value) (G5)
361 A1 --- fEMinit Note on E_Minit (G5)
363-367 F5.1 Msun e_Minit []? Error on Minit (lower value) (G5)
368 A1 --- feMinit Note on e_Minit (G5)
369-372 F4.1 Myr Age ? Stellar age (G5)
373 A1 --- f_Age Note on Age
374-377 F4.1 Myr E_Age ? Error on Age (upper value) (G5)
378 A1 --- fEAge Note on E_Age
381-384 F4.1 Myr e_Age []? Error on Age (lower value) (G5)
385 A1 --- feAge Note on e_Age
386-390 F5.1 --- logQ ? Wind strength parameter Q, in
Msun/yr/Rsun3/2.km-3/2.s^3/2 units (G6)
391 A1 --- f_logQ [)] Note on logQ (G6)
394-397 F4.1 --- E_logQ ? Error on logQ (upper value), in
Msun/yr/Rsun3/2.km-3/2.s^3/2 units (G6)
398 A1 --- fElogQ [)] Note on E_logQ (G6)
401-404 F4.1 --- e_logQ []? Error on logQ (lower value), in
Msun/yr/Rsun3/2.km-3/2.s^3/2 units (G6)
405 A1 --- felogQ [)] Note on e_logQ (G6)
408-411 I4 km/s vinfty ? Terminal velocity
413-415 I3 km/s e_vinfty []? Error on vinfty
417-421 A5 --- Line Line used to determine vinfty (G7)
423 A1 --- rLine Reference for vinfty (G8)
425-430 F6.2 [Msun/yr] logMdot ? Mass-loss rate (G6)
431 A1 --- f_logMdot [)] Note on logMdot (G6)
433-436 F4.2 [Msun/yr] E_logMdot ? Error on logMdot (upper value) (G6)
437 A1 --- fElogMdot [)] Note on E_logMdot (G6)
440-444 F5.2 [Msun/yr] e_logMdot []? Error on logMdot (lower value) (G6)
445 A1 --- felogMdot [)] Note on e_logMdot (G6)
448-452 F5.2 [g.cm/s2] logDmom ? Reduced wind momentum (G6)
453 A1 --- f_logDmom [)] Note on logDmom (G6)
456-459 F4.2 [g.cm/s2] E_logDmom ? Error on logDmom (upper value) (G6)
460 A1 --- fElogDmom [)] Note on E_logDmom (G6)
463-467 F5.2 [g.cm/s2] e_logDmom []? Error on logDmom (lower value) (G6)
468 A1 --- felogDmom [)] Note on e_logDmom (G6)
471-475 F5.2 mag AV ? Total extinction
477 I1 --- Note2 ? Notes (G9)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000)
4- 5 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000)
7- 13 F7.4 s RAs Right ascension (J2000)
16 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
17- 18 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000)
20- 21 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000)
23- 29 F7.4 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000)
32- 75 A44 --- Alias Target name and alias
77- 98 A22 --- SpTypelit Spectral type from literature
100-104 A5 --- r_SpTypelit Reference to literature spectral type,
in refs.dat files
106-126 A21 --- SpTypenew New/updated spectral type
128-130 I3 km/s RV ? Radial velocity
132-135 F4.1 kK Teff ? Effective temperature
136 A1 --- f_Teff [)] Note on Teff (G2)
139-142 F4.1 kK E_Teff ? Error of Teff (upper value)
143 A1 --- fETeff [)] Note on E_Teff (G2)
145-149 F5.1 kK e_Teff []? Error of Teff (lower value)
150 A1 --- feTeff [)] Note on e_Teff (G2)
152-155 F4.2 [cm/s2] logg ? Surface gravity (G2)
156 A1 --- f_logg [)] Note on logg (G2)
158-162 F5.2 [cm/s2] E_logg ? Error on logg (upper value)
163 A1 --- fElogg [)] Note on E_logg (G2)
166-170 F5.2 [cm/s2] e_logg []? Error on logg (lower value)
171 A1 --- felogg [)] Note on e_logg (G2)
174-178 F5.1 Rsun Rstar ? Stellar radius (G2)
179 A1 --- f_Rstar [)] Note on Rstar (G2)
181-185 F5.1 Rsun E_Rstar ? Error on Rstar (upper value) (G2)
186 A1 --- fERstar [)] Note on E_Rstar (G2)
188-192 F5.1 Rsun e_Rstar []? Error on Rstar (lower value) (G2)
193 A1 --- feRstar [)] Note on e_Rstar (G2)
195-198 F4.2 [Lsun] logL ? Luminosity (G2)
199 A1 --- f_logL [)] Note on logL (G2)
201-205 F5.2 [Lsun] E_logL ? Error on logL (upper value) (G2)
206 A1 --- fElogL [)] Note on E_logL (G2)
209-213 F5.2 [Lsun] e_logL []? Error on logL (lower value) (G2)
214 A1 --- felogL [)] Note on e_logL (G2)
217-220 F4.2 --- Y ? He abundances in mass fraction
221 A1 --- f_Y [)] Note on Y (G2)
223-227 F5.2 --- E_Y ? Error on Y (upper value)
228 A1 --- fEY [)] Note on E_Y (G2)
231-235 F5.2 --- e_Y []? Error on Y (lower value)
236 A1 --- feY [)] Note on e_Y (G2)
239-242 F4.1 --- N ? N abundances: log(N/H)+12
244-247 F4.1 --- E_N ? Error on N (upper value)
249-252 F4.1 --- e_N []? Error on N (lower value)
254-256 I3 km/s vsini ? Projected rotational velocities
258-260 I3 km/s E_vsini ? Error on vesini (upper value)
262-264 I3 km/s e_vsini []? Error on vesini (lower value)
266-269 F4.1 [s-1] logQH ? Predicted ionizing photons below 912Å
(G2)
270 A1 --- f_logQH [)] Note on logQH (G2)
273-276 F4.1 [s-1] logQHeI ? Predicted ionizing photons below 504Å
(G2)
277 A1 --- f_logQHeI [)] Note on logQHeI (G2)
279 A1 --- n_logQHeI [u]
280-301 A22 --- Note1 Notes (G3)
303-306 F4.2 [cm/s2] loggc ? Corrected gravity from centrifugal force
(G2)
307 A1 --- f_loggc [)] Note on loggc (G2)
310-313 F4.2 [cm/s2] E_loggc ? Error on logg_c (upper value) (G2)
314 A1 --- fEloggc [)] Note on E_loggc (G2)
317-321 F5.2 [cm/s2] e_loggc []? Error on logg_c (lower value) (G2)
322 A1 --- feloggc [)] Note on e_loggc (G2)
325-329 F5.1 Msun Mspec ? Spectroscopic stellar mass (G4)
330 A1 --- f_Mspec [)] Note on Mspec (G2)
333-338 F6.1 Msun E_Mspec ? Error on Mspec (upper value) (G4)
339 A1 --- fEMspec [)] Note on E_Mspec (G2)
342-347 F6.1 Msun e_Mspec []? Error on Mspec (lower value) (G4)
348 A1 --- feMspec [)] Note on e_Mspec (G2)
350-354 F5.1 Msun Mevol ? Evolutionary stellar mass (G5)
355 A1 --- f_Mevol Note on Mevol (G5)
356-359 F4.1 Msun E_Mevol ? Error on Mevol (upper value) (G5)
360 A1 --- fEMevol Note on E_Mevol (G5)
362-366 F5.1 Msun e_Mevol []? Error on Mevol (lower value) (G5)
367 A1 --- feMevol Note on e_Mevol (G5)
368-372 F5.1 Msun Minit ? Initial stellar mass (G5)
373 A1 --- f_Minit Note on Minit (G5)
374-377 F4.1 Msun E_Minit ? Error on Minit (upper value) (G5)
378 A1 --- fEMinit Note on E_Minit (G5)
379-383 F5.1 Msun e_Minit []? Error on Minit (lower value) (G5)
384 A1 --- feMinit Note on e_Minit (G5)
385-388 F4.1 Myr Age ? Stellar age (G5)
389 A1 --- f_Age Note on Age (G5)
391-393 F3.1 Myr E_Age ? Error on Age (upper value) (G5)
394 A1 --- fEAge Note on E_Age (G5)
397-400 F4.1 Myr e_Age []? Error on Age (lower value) (G5)
401 A1 --- feAge Note on e_Age (G5)
402-406 F5.1 --- logQ ? Wind strength parameter Q, in
Msun/yr/Rsun3/2.km-3/2.s^3/2 units
(G6)
407 A1 --- f_logQ [)] Note on logQ (G6)
410-413 F4.1 --- E_logQ ? Error on logQ (upper value), in
Msun/yr/Rsun3/2.km-3/2.s^3/2 units
(G6)
414 A1 --- fElogQ [)] Note on E_logQ (G6)
417-420 F4.1 --- e_logQ []? Error on logQ (lower value), in
Msun/yr/Rsun3/2.km-3/2.s^3/2 units
(G6)
421 A1 --- felogQ [)] Note on e_logQ (G6)
424-427 I4 km/s vinfty ? Terminal velocity
429-431 I3 km/s e_vinfty ? Error on vinfty
433-437 A5 --- Line Line used to determine v_infty (G7)
439 A1 --- rLine Reference for vinfty (G8)
441-446 F6.2 [Msun/yr] logMdot ? Mass-loss rate (G6)
447 A1 --- f_logMdot [)] Note on logMdot (G6)
450-453 F4.2 [Msun/yr] E_logMdot ? Error on logMdot (upper value) (G6)
454 A1 --- fElogMdot [)] Note on E_logMdot (G6)
456-460 F5.2 [Msun/yr] e_logMdot []? Error on logMdot (lower value) (G6)
461 A1 --- felogMdot [)] Note on e_logMdot (G6)
464-468 F5.2 [g.cm/2] logDmom ? Reduced wind momentum (G6)
469 A1 --- f_logDmom [)] Note on logDmom (G6)
472-475 F4.2 [g.cm/2] E_logDmom ? Error on logDmom (upper value) (G6)
476 A1 --- fElogDmom [)] Note on E_logDmom (G6)
479-483 F5.2 [g.cm/2] e_logDmom []? Error on logDmom (lower value) (G6)
484 A1 --- felogDmom [)] Note on e_logDmom (G6)
488-492 F5.2 mag AV ? Total extinction
494 I1 --- Note2 ? Notes (G9)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea3.dat tablea4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000)
4- 5 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000)
7- 13 F7.4 s RAs Right ascension (J2000)
16 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
17- 18 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000)
20- 21 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000)
23- 29 F7.4 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000)
32- 80 A49 --- Alias Target name and alias
81-101 A21 --- SpTypelit Spectral type from literature (G10)
103-108 A6 --- r_SpTypelit Reference to literature spectral type,
in refs.dat file
110-134 A25 --- SpTypenew ? New/updated spectral type
136-143 A8 --- Note ? Notes (G10)
145-160 A16 --- r_Note ? Reference for Note, in refs.dat file
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Global notes:
Note (G2): Note as follows:
) = Physical quantities not considered reliable.
Note (G3): Notes as follows:
a = Temperature too hot. NV reproduced, NIV too weak and NIII not matched
b = Strong HeI suggesting SB2?
c = Poor fit - clumped model required
d = Strong nebular lines, resulting in poor fit
e = logQ overestimated due to strong nebular Hα
f = Wings of Hα in emission but not fitted. vesini underestimated
g = SiIII too strong
h = SiIII too strong, emission in wings of Hα, Hβ, Hδ
i = Poor normalisation: lower Teff
j = NV too strong, Teff too high
k = Teff too low due to presence of HeI (crowded region, contamination?)
l = Data reduction issue with CIV. Broad NIV λ7116 complex
m = Teff too low since NV too weak, strong nebular contamination:
He abundances too low, Clumped model needed. SB2
(Pollock et al. submitted)
n = Teff too high, NV too strong, NIII too weak
o = Teff too high, HeI not reproduced
p = CIV too strong, NIII not reproduced
q = Teff too low, NV not reproduced, but HeI-II ok
r = Teff too low and logQ to high due to nebular contamination
s = Poor normalisation, Teff too high
t = Teff too high, NIV too strong and NIII too weak
u = Teff too low, very poor normalisation, HeII not reproduced
v = Hα not well matched: logQ underestimated
w = Spectral energy distribution infers unphysical reddening E(B-V)≤0
x = Hα emission wings not reproduced, oddly shaped Hβ.
Teff too low
Note (G4): Spectroscopic masses are determined from surface gravities adjusted
for centrifugal forces, loggc.
Note (G5): evolutionary masses, initial masses and ages are from BONNSAI (logL,
Teff, vesini), applied to Brott et al. (2011A&A...530A.115B 2011A&A...530A.115B) and
Kohler et al. (2015A&A...573A..71K 2015A&A...573A..71K) evolutionary models (values with colons
exclude ve_sin-i constraint).
] = Masses and ages for late B stars estimated from SMC evolutionary models
of Schootemeijer et al. (2019A&A...625A.132S 2019A&A...625A.132S).
Note (G6): Wind properties are obtained from the wind density parameter Q plus
measured wind velocities (terminal velocities). Mass-loss rates adopt a
wind clumping factor of 10 (fv=0.1), although are insensitive to Hα
for low wind densities logQ←13.2.
) = Quantities shown in parentheses are not considered reliable.
Note (G7): Measured wind velocities from CIV λ1548Å,
NV λ1238Å or SiIV λ1393 Å.
Note (G8): Notes as follows:
a = SEI fits (Hawcroft et al. 2024, 2024A&A...688A.105H 2024A&A...688A.105H)
b = This study vinfty = vblack (Prinja et al., 1990ApJ...361..607P 1990ApJ...361..607P)
c = This study vinfty∼0.85vedge (Prinja & Crowther, 1998MNRAS.300..828P 1998MNRAS.300..828P;
Crowther et al., 2016MNRAS.458..624C 2016MNRAS.458..624C)
d = Using equation 6 from Hawcroft et al. (2024A&A...688A.105H 2024A&A...688A.105H)
Note (G9): Note as follows:
1 = LMC grid adopted.
2 = No HST UV spectroscopy.
Note (G10):
a = Initially selected for ULLYSES, but ultimately omitted from the UV
spectroscopic programme
b = Archival VLT/Xshooter (PI Kalari)
c = Excluded from analysis owing to spectral variability between XShootU epochs
d = Archival VLT/Xshooter (PI Mehner)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 6 A6 --- Ref Reference code
8- 26 A19 --- BibCode BibCode
28- 52 A25 --- Aut Author's name
54- 69 A16 ---- Com Comments
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acknowledgements:
Joachim Bestenlehner,
References:
Vink et al., Paper I 2023A&A...675A.154V 2023A&A...675A.154V, Cat. J/A+A/675/A154
Sana et al., Paper II 2024A&A...688A.104S 2024A&A...688A.104S, Cat. J/A+A/688/A104
Hawcroft et al., Paper III 2024A&A...688A.105H 2024A&A...688A.105H,
Sander et al., Paper IV 2024A&A...689A..30S 2024A&A...689A..30S
Martins et al., Paper V 2024A&A...689A..31M 2024A&A...689A..31M
Backs et al., Paper VI 2024A&A...692A..88B 2024A&A...692A..88B
Bernini-Peron et al., Paper VII 2024A&A...692A..89B 2024A&A...692A..89B
Ramachandran et al., Paper VIII 2024A&A...692A..90R 2024A&A...692A..90R
Verhamme et al., Paper IX 2024A&A...692A..91V 2024A&A...692A..91V
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 06-Mar-2025