J/A+A/697/A12 Euclid ERO Perseus cluster dwarfs (Marleau+, 2025)
Euclid: Early Release Observations.
Dwarf galaxies in the Perseus galaxy cluster.
Marleau F.R., Cuillandre J.-C., Cantiello M., Carollo D., Duc P.-A.,
Habas R., Hunt L.K., Jablonka P., Mirabile M., Mondelin M., Poulain M.,
Saifollahi T., Sanchez-Janssen R., Sola E., Urbano M., Zoller R.,
Bolzonella M., Lancon A., Laureijs R., Marchal O., Schirmer M., Stone C.,
Boselli A., Ferre-Mateu A., Hatch N.A., Kluge M., Montes M., Sorce J.G.,
Venhola A., Golden-Marx J.B., Aghanim N., Amara A., Andreon S.,
Auricchio N., Baldi M., Balestra A., Bardelli S., Bender R., Bodendorf C.,
Branchini E., Brescia M., Brinchmann J., Camera S., Candini G.P.,
Capobianco V., Carbone C., Carretero J., Casas S., Castellano M.,
Cavuoti S., Cimatti A., Congedo G., Conselice C.J., Conversi L., Copin Y.,
Courbin F., Courtois H.M., Cropper M., Da Silva A., Degaudenzi H.,
Di Giorgio A.M., Dinis J., Douspis M., Dupac X., Dusini S., Ealet A.,
Farina M., Farrens S., Ferriol S., Fosalba P., Fotopoulou S., Frailis M.,
Franceschi E., Fumana M., Galeotta S., Garilli B., Gillard W., Gillis B.,
Giocoli C., Gomez-Alvarez P., Grazian A., Grupp F., Guzzo L., Hailey M.,
Haugan S.V.H., Hoar J., Hoekstra H., Holmes W., Hook I., Hormuth F.,
Hornstrup A., Hu D., Hudelot P., Jahnke K., Jhabvala M., Keihanen E.,
Kermiche S., Kiessling A., Kitching T., Kohley R., Kubik B., Kummel M.,
Kunz M., Kurki-Suonio H., Lahav O., Le Mignant D., Ligori S., Lilje P.B.,
Lindholm V., Lloro I., Maino D., Maiorano E., Mansutti O., Marggraf O.,
Markovic K., Martinet N., Marulli F., Massey R., Maurogordato S.,
Medinaceli E., Mei S., Mellier Y., Meneghetti M., Merlin E., Meylan G.,
Moresco M., Moscardini L., Munari E., Nakajima R., Nichol R.C., Niemi S.-M.,
Padilla C., Paltani S., Pasian F., Pedersen K., Percival W.J., Pettorino V.,
Pires S., Polenta G., Poncet M., Popa L.A., Pozzetti L., Raison F.,
Rebolo R., Refregier A., Renzi A., Rhodes J., Riccio G., Rix H.-W. ,
Romelli E., Roncarelli M., Rossetti E., Saglia R., Sapone D., Scaramella R.,
Schneider P., Secroun A., Seidel G., Seiffert M., Serrano S., Sirignano C.,
Sirri G., Stanco L., Tallada-Crespi P., Taylor A.N., Teplitz H.I.,
Tereno I., Toledo-Moreo R., Tsyganov A., Tutusaus I., Valentijn E.A.,
Valenziano L., Vassallo T., Verdoes Kleijn G., Veropalumbo A., Wang Y.,
Weller J., Williams O.R., Zamorani G., Zucca E., Baccigalupi C., Biviano A.,
Burigana C., De Lucia G., George K., Scottez V., Viel M., Simon P., Mora A.,
Scott D.
<Astron. Astrophys. 697, A12 (2025)>
=2025A&A...697A..12M 2025A&A...697A..12M (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Clusters, galaxy ; Galaxies, dwarf ; Morphology ;
Photometry, infrared ; Optical
Keywords: galaxies: clusters: general - galaxies: dwarf -
galaxies: fundamental parameters - galaxies: nuclei -
galaxies: clusters: individual: Abell 426 -
galaxies: star clusters: general
Abstract:
We make use of the unprecedented depth, spatial resolution, and field
of view of the Euclid Early Release Observations (EROs) of the Perseus
galaxy cluster to detect and characterise the dwarf galaxy population
in this massive system. Using a dedicated annotation tool, the Euclid
high resolution VIS and combined VIS+NIR colour images were visually
inspected and dwarf galaxy candidates were identified. Their
morphologies, the presence of nuclei, and their globular cluster (GC)
richness were visually assessed, complementing an automatic detection
of the GC candidates. Structural and photometric parameters, including
Euclid filter colours, were extracted from 2-dimensional fitting.
Based on this analysis, a total of 1100 dwarf candidates were found
across the image, with 606 appearing to be new identifications. The
majority (96%) are classified as dwarf ellipticals, 53% are nucleated,
26% are GC-rich, and 6% show disturbed morphologies. A relatively high
fraction of galaxies, 8%, are categorised as ultra diffuse galaxies.
The majority of the dwarfs follow the expected scaling relations of
galaxies. Globally, the GC specific frequency, SN, of the Perseus
dwarf candidates is intermediate between those measured in the Virgo
and Coma clusters. While the dwarf candidates with the largest GC
counts are found throughout the Euclid field of view, the dwarfs
located around the east-west strip, where most of the brightest
cluster members are found, exhibit larger SN values, on average. The
spatial distribution of the dwarfs, GCs, and intracluster light show a
main iso-density/isophotal centre displaced to the west of the bright
galaxy light distribution. The ERO imaging of the Perseus cluster
demonstrates the unique capability of Euclid to concurrently detect
and characterise large samples of dwarf galaxies, their nuclei, and
their GC systems, allowing us to construct a detailed picture of the
formation and evolution of galaxies over a wide range of mass scales
and environments.
Description:
As part of the Euclid ERO series of papers, we have used Euclid
imaging of the Perseus cluster to demonstrate the capabilities of the
telescope for dwarf galaxy science. The depth, spatial resolution, and
FoV have allowed us to detect and characterize 1100 dwarf galaxy
candidates in a 0.7deg2 field, slightly offset from the BCG,
NGC1275. We visually classified their morphologies, extracted their
photometric and structural properties, quantified their GC
populations, and mapped their spatial distribution across the cluster.
table A.1: Visual properties of the sample of dwarf galaxies
candidates. The column definitions are as follows: unique identifier
(ID), right ascension in degree (RA), declination in degree (Dec),
morphology (dE, dI), GC-rich flag (dwarfs with N_GC > 2 GCs),1455
presence of nucleus flag (Nucleated), disturbed flag (Disturbed).
table A.2: Photometric and structural properties of the dwarf galaxy
candidates.
table A.3: Aperture magnitudes and extinction corrections (EC) in the
Euclid Y_E, J_E and H_E bands for each dwarf galaxy candidate.
table B.1: Visual properties of the galaxies from our initial list of
sources with a score below the threshold of 0.7 (corresponding to 5/7
classifiers). The column definitions are as follows: unique identifier
(ID), right ascension in degree (RA), declination in degree (Dec),
morphology (dE, dI), GC-rich flag (dwarfs with N_GC > 2 GCs), presence
of nucleus flag (Nucleated), disturbed flag (Disturbed).
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
tablea1.dat 45 1100 Visual properties of the sample of
dwarf galaxies candidates
tablea2.dat 110 1100 Photometric and structural properties of the
dwarf galaxy candidates.
tablea3.dat 96 1100 Aperture magnitudes and extinction corrections
(EC) in the Euclid YE, JE and HE bands
for each dwarf galaxy candidate
tableb1.dat 39 160 Visual properties of the galaxies from our
initial list of sources with a score below the
threshold of 0.7
(corresponding to 5/7 classifiers)
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See also:
J/MNRAS/422/885 : Ultracompact dwarf galaxies in Perseus (Penny+, 2012)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- ID Name of the dwarf galaxy candidate (EDwC-NNNN)
10 A1 --- n_ID [*] Note (G1)
12- 20 F9.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) of the
dwarf galaxy candidate
22- 30 F9.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) of the
dwarf galaxy candidate
32- 33 A2 --- Morph [dE dI] Morphological type of the
dwarf galaxy candidate
35- 37 A3 --- GC-rich 'Yes' if the dwarf galaxy candidate is
GC-rich, 'No' otherwise
39- 41 A3 --- Nucleated 'Yes' if the dwarf galaxy candidate is
nucleated, 'No' otherwise
43- 45 A3 --- Disturbed 'Yes' if the dwarf galaxy candidate has a
disturbed Morphology, 'No' otherwise
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- ID Name of the dwarf galaxy candidate
(EDwC-NNNN)
10 A1 --- n_ID [*] Note (G1)
12- 16 F5.2 mag IEtot Total IE band magnitude
18- 22 F5.2 mag e_IEtot Total IE band magnitude error
24- 28 F5.2 arcsec Re Effective radius
30- 34 F5.2 arcsec e_Re Effective radius error
36- 39 F4.2 --- n Sersic index
41- 44 F4.2 --- e_n Sersic index error
46- 49 F4.2 --- AR Axis ratio
51- 54 F4.2 --- e_AR Axis ratio error
56- 59 F4.2 rad PA Position angle
61- 65 F5.2 rad e_PA Position angle error
67- 71 F5.2 mag/arcsec2 muIE-0 Central surface brightness in the
IE band
73- 77 F5.2 mag/arcsec2 e_muIE-0 Central surface brightness in the
IE band error
79- 83 F5.2 mag/arcsec2 muIE-e Surface brightness at effective radius
in the IE band
85- 89 F5.2 mag/arcsec2 e_muIE-e Surface brightness at effective radius
in the IE band error
91- 95 F5.2 mag/arcsec2 <muIE-e> Surface brightness within one effective
radius
97-101 F5.2 mag/arcsec2 e_<muIE-e> Surface brightness within one effective
radius error
103-105 I3 --- NGC [-22/108] Number of globular clusters
which has been background and
completeness corrected (1)
107-108 I2 --- e_NGC Number of globular clusters error
110 I1 --- NNSC+GV Number of globular clusters +
nuclear star clusters within Re/3
of the galaxy photocentre
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Note (1): the NGC values can be negative since they are not the raw counts
but the counts corrected for background contamination and completeness.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- ID Name of the dwarf galaxy candidate (EDwC-NNNN)
10 A1 --- n_ID [*] Note (G1)
12- 16 F5.2 mag IEmag ?=- Aperture photometry magnitude in
the IE band
18- 21 F4.2 mag e_IEmag ?=- Aperture photometry magnitude in
the IE band error
23- 26 F4.2 mag EC(IE) Extinction correction in the IE band
28- 31 F4.2 mag e_EC(IE) Extinction correction in the IE band error
33- 37 F5.2 mag YEmag ?=- Aperture photometry magnitude in
the YE band
39- 42 F4.2 mag e_YEmag ?=- Aperture photometry magnitude in
the YE band error
44- 47 F4.2 mag EC(YE) Extinction correction in the YE band
49- 52 F4.2 mag e_EC(YE) Extinction correction in the YE band error
54- 58 F5.2 mag JEmag ?=- Aperture photometry magnitude in
the JE band
60- 63 F4.2 mag e_JEmag ?=- Aperture photometry magnitude in
the JE band error
65- 68 F4.2 mag EC(JE) Extinction correction in the JE band
70- 73 F4.2 mag e_EC(JE) Extinction correction in the JE band error
75- 79 F5.2 mag HEmag ?=- Aperture photometry magnitude in
the HE band
81- 84 F4.2 mag e_HEmag ?=- Aperture photometry magnitude in
the HE band error
86- 89 F4.2 mag EC(HE) Extinction correction in the HE band
91- 94 F4.2 mag e_EC(HE) Extinction correction in the HE band error
96 I1 --- Flag [0/3] Flag identifying the level of
contamination from other sources within the
aperture (1)
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Note (1): Flag that identifies the level of contamination from other sources
within the aperture as follows:
0 = none
1 = stellar spike(s)
2 = faint source(s)
3 = bright source(s)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- Name Name of the galaxy rejected as a
dwarf galaxy candidate
6- 14 F9.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) of the galaxy
16- 24 F9.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) of the galaxy
26- 27 A2 --- Morph [dE dI] Morphological type of the galaxy
29- 31 A3 --- GC-rich 'Yes' if the galaxy is GC-rich,
'No' otherwise
33- 35 A3 --- Nucleated 'Yes' if the galaxy is nucleated,
'No' otherwise
37- 39 A3 --- Disturbed 'Yes' if the galaxy has a disturbed
Morphology, 'No' otherwise
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Blobal notes:
Note (G1): A '*' in the name indicates the candidates that fall just outside
of the Euclid footprint but that were identified in an earlier data product
with a slightly larger FoV.
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Acknowledgements:
Francine Marleau, francine.marleau(at)uibk.ac.at
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 13-Sep-2024