J/A+A/698/A279 Dusty massive stars in 3 northern galaxies (de Wit+, 2025)
Investigating episodic mass loss in evolved massive stars:
III. Spectroscopy of dusty massive stars in three northern galaxies.
de Wit S., Munoz-Sanchez G., Maravelias G., Bonanos A.Z., Antoniadis K.,
Garcia-Alvarez D., Britavskiy N., Ruiz A., Philippopoulou A.
<Astron. Astrophys. 698, A279 (2025)>
=2025A&A...698A.279D 2025A&A...698A.279D (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Galaxies, nearby ; Stars, supergiant ; H II regions ;
Radial velocities ; Optical ; Infrared
Keywords: catalogs - circumstellar matter - stars: evolution -
stars: massive - stars: mass-loss - stars: supergiants
Abstract:
Mass loss in massive stars is crucial to understanding how these stars
evolve and explode. Despite increasing evidence of its importance,
episodic mass loss remains poorly understood. Here we report the
results of an optical spectroscopic survey of evolved massive stars in
NGC 6822, IC 10, and IC 1613 conducted as part of the ASSESS project
(Episodic Mass Loss in Evolved Massive Stars: Key to Understanding the
Explosive Early Universe), which investigated the role of episodic
mass loss by targeting stars with infrared excesses indicating a dusty
circumstellar environment. We assigned a spectral class to 122 unique
sources, the majority of which are dusty. The rate of evolved massive
stars was over 60% for the highest-priority targets. We discovered two
blue supergiants, one yellow supergiant, and one emission-line object,
and confirmed two supernova remnant candidates, a Wolf-Rayet star, and
two HII regions. Twenty-eight unique sources were classified as red
supergiants (RSGs), 21 of which are new discoveries. In IC 10, we
increased the sample of spectroscopically confirmed RSGs from 1 to 17.
We used the marcs models to obtain their surface properties, most
importantly the effective temperature, and used spectral energy
distribution fitting to obtain the stellar luminosity for 17 of them.
The dusty RSGs are cooler, more luminous, more extinguished, and more
evolved than the non-dusty ones, in agreement with previous findings.
By investigating the optical photometric variability of the RSGs from
light curves that cover a period of over a decade, we found that the
dusty RSGs are more variable. We further highlight a very extinguished
emission-line object, two RSGs that display a significant change in
spectral type between two observed epochs, and four dusty K-type RSGs
that may have undergone episodic.
Description:
Table 3 contains the ID, coordinates, photometric catalog, spectral
classification, and comments on the spectral features from our survey
of dusty targets in IC 10, NGC 6822, and IC 1613.
Table 4 contains the stellar parameters of the RSGs derived by fitting
the MARCS models.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table3.dat 511 124 General photometric catalog with spec. classes
table4.dat 145 30 Stellar parameters of the RSG sample
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See also:
I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
II/349 : Pan-STARRS release 1 (PS1) Survey - DR1 (Chambers+, 2016)
II/367 : VISTA Hemisphere Survey Survey (VHS) catalog DR5
(McMahon+, 2020)
J/ApJS/216/10 : DUSTiNGS. I. The Good Source Catalog (Boyer+, 2015)
J/ApJS/219/42 : Spitzer point source catalogs in 7 nearby galaxies
(Khan+, 2015)
J/A+A/686/A77 : Spectral class. of dusty massive stars (Bonanos+, 2024)
J/A+A/689/A46 : Physical properties of red supergiants (de Wit+, 2024)
http://wsa.roe.ac.uk/uhsDR1.html : UKIRT Hemisphere Survey: J-band data release
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 12 A12 --- ID ID of the target (1)
14- 22 F9.5 deg RAdeg Right Ascension (J2000)
24- 32 F9.5 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
34 A1 --- Field [AB-] Field of observations,
see Table A2 (G2) (2)
36- 37 A2 --- Prio Priority of the target, see Table A1 (G1) (3)
39- 44 F6.3 mag Gmag ?=- Gaia G magnitude
46- 51 F6.3 mag BPmag ?=- Gaia BP magnitude
53- 58 F6.3 mag RPmag ?=- Gaia RP magnitude
60- 65 F6.3 mas plx ?=- Gaia parallax
67- 71 F5.3 mas e_plx ?=- Gaia parallax error
73- 78 F6.3 mas/yr pmRA ?=- Gaia proper motion in RA
80- 84 F5.3 mas/yr e_pmRA ?=- Gaia proper motion in RA error
86- 91 F6.3 mas/yr pmDE ?=- Gaia proper motion in DE
93- 97 F5.3 mas/yr e_pmDE ?=- Gaia proper motion in DE error
99-103 F5.2 mag 3.6mag ?=- Spitzer [3.6] magnitude
105-108 F4.2 mag e_3.6mag ?=- Spitzer [3.6] magnitude error
110-114 F5.2 mag 4.5mag ?=- Spitzer [4.5] magnitude
116-119 F4.2 mag e_4.5mag ?=- Spitzer [4.5] magnitude error
121-125 F5.2 mag 5.8mag ?=- Spitzer [5.8] magnitude
127-130 F4.2 mag e_5.8mag ?=- Spitzer [5.8] magnitude error
132-136 F5.2 mag 8.0mag ?=- Spitzer [8.0] magnitude
138-141 F4.2 mag e_8.0mag ?=- Spitzer [8.0] magnitude error
143-147 F5.2 mag 24mag ?=- Spitzer [24] magnitude
149-152 F4.2 mag e_24mag ?=- Spitzer [24] magnitude error
154-158 F5.2 mag gmag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 g magnitude
160-163 F4.2 mag e_gmag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 g magnitude error
168-172 F5.2 mag rmag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 r magnitude
174-177 F4.2 mag e_rmag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 r magnitude error
182-186 F5.2 mag imag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 i magnitude
188-191 F4.2 mag e_imag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 i magnitude error
193-197 F5.2 mag zmag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 z magnitude
199-202 F4.2 mag e_zmag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 z magnitude error
204-208 F5.2 mag ymag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 y magnitude
210-213 F4.2 mag e_ymag ?=- Pan-STARRS1 y magnitude error
215-219 F5.2 mag JmagUHS ?=- UHS J magnitude
221-224 F4.2 mag e_JmagUHS ?=- UHS J magnitude error
226-230 F5.2 mag JmagVHS ?=- VHS J magnitude
232-235 F4.2 mag e_JmagVHS ?=- VHS J magnitude error
237-241 F5.2 mag KsmagVHS ?=- VHS Ks magnitude
243-246 F4.2 mag e_KsmagVHS ?=- VHS Ks magnitude error
248-251 F4.2 --- GMAGmad ?=- Median Absolute Deviation of G
253-256 A4 --- ZTF-rMAD Median Absolute Deviation of ZTF-r
258-261 A4 --- ATL-oMAD Median Absolute Deviation of ATL-o
263-276 A14 --- SpClass Spectral classification
278-511 A234 --- SpecCom Comments on spectral classification
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Note (1): A and B suffixes indicate the epoch of the observations (See SpecCom).
Note (2): "-" value indicates long-slit observations.
Note (3): "R5" means that the object was randomly observed, but
after cross-matching with our catalogs, it corresponds with priority 5.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 12 A12 --- ID ID of the target
14- 23 F10.5 deg RAdeg Right Ascension (J2000)
25- 33 F9.5 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
35 A1 --- Field [AB-] Field of observations, see Table A2 (G2)
37 A1 --- Prio Priority of the target, see Table A1 (G1)
39- 40 I2 --- S/N Signal-to-noise ratio
42- 48 A7 --- SpType Spectral Type
50- 52 A3 --- Flag Fitting flag (1)
54- 57 I4 K Teff Teff derive from the TiO bands fit
59- 62 I4 K b_Teff Lower value of Teff
64- 67 I4 K B_Teff Upper value of Teff
69- 72 A4 --- Teffi Teff in the i-band scaled from the TiO
74- 77 F4.2 mag E(B-V) E(B-V)
79- 82 F4.2 mag b_E(B-V) Lower value of E(B-V)
84- 87 F4.2 mag B_E(B-V) Upper value of E(B-V)
89- 93 F5.2 [cm/s2] logg Surface gravity log(g) from Ca II fit
95- 99 F5.2 [cm/s2] B_logg Upper value of log(g)
101-105 F5.2 [cm/s2] b_logg Lower value of log(g)
107-110 I4 km/s HRV Heliocentric radial velocity
112-115 I4 km/s b_HRV Lower value of Vrad
117-120 I4 km/s B_HRV Upper value of Vrad
122-125 F4.2 [Lsun] logL ?=- Luminosity log(L/Lsun)
127-130 F4.2 [Lsun] e_logL ?=- Error of logL
132-135 I4 Rsun Radius ?=- Stellar radius
137-140 I4 Rsun b_Radius ?=- Lower value of Radius
142-145 I4 Rsun E_Radius ?=- Upper value of Radius
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Note (1): Flag meanings as follows:
1 = Bad fit by eye
2 = log(g) close to upper limit of the grid log(g)=1.0
3 = TiO bands fit in minor disagreement, unreliable Teff
4 = Bad Ca II triplet fit, unreliable log(g)
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Global notes:
Note (G1): Table A.1 : Distribution of targets and target priorities per galaxy.
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Galaxy P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 R Total
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IC 10 2 3 6 0 39 73 - 123
Field A 1 2 2 0 16 16 18 55
long-slit 0 0 0 0 5 0 25 30
IC 1613 2 0 0 0 7 8 - 17
long-slit 0 0 0 0 3 0 4 7
NGC 6822 11 4 1 0 75 6 - 97
Field A 3 1 0 0 19 0 11 34
Field B 4 2 1 0 19 1 7 35
long-slit 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2
Total observed 9 5 3 0 63 17 65 163
Total classified 6 5 1 0 39 8 65 124
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Notes. Two sources in IC 10 (IC10-5660 and IC10-9165) were observed in both
the MOS and long-slit modes.
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Note (G2): Table A.2 : OSIRIS observations.
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Galaxy Field R.A. (J2000) Dec. UT Date MJDT Mode Texp AM S
or (s) (")
Target
ID
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NGC 6822 A 19:44:54.07 -14:50:36.3 29/06/2020 59029.17 PRE 1x15 1.55 1.4
NGC 6822 B 19:44:53.67 -14:44:55.1 29/06/2020 59029.18 PRE 1x15 1.57 1.3
IC 10 A 00:20:05.19 59:18:46.8 29/06/2020 59029.18 PRE 1x15 1.32 1.4
NGC 6822 A 19:44:54.07 -14:50:36.3 15/08/2020 59076.94 MOS 2x1350 1.40 0.5
NGC 6822 A 19:44:54.07 -14:50:36.3 15/08/2020 59076.97 MOS 2x1350 1.38 0.6
IC 10 A 00:20:05.19 59:18:46.8 16/08/2020 59077.10 MOS 2x1350 1.20 0.7
IC 10 A 00:20:05.19 59:18:46.8 16/08/2020 59077.13 MOS 2x1350 1.17 0.7
NGC 6822 B 19:44:53.67 -14:44:55.1 16/08/2020 59077.93 MOS 2x1350 1.41 0.8
NGC 6822 B 19:44:53.67 -14:44:55.1 16/08/2020 59077.96 MOS 2x1350 1.38 0.8
NGC 6822 106 19:45:11.69 -14:50:48.5 3/08/2022 59794.00 LSS 3x1200 1.38 0.8
IC 1613 23465 01:04:17.83 02:13:24.7 6/08/2022 59797.15 LSS 3x1000 1.19 0.9
IC 1613 d2 01:04:22.33 02:07:28.5 7/08/2022 59798.18 LSS 3 x1200 1.13 0.8
IC 10 d1 00:19:33.29 59:20:30.8 19/08/2022 59810.97 LSS 3 x1200 1.56 0.9
IC 10 35694 00:20:58.17 59:21:34.4 24/08/2022 59815.13 LSS 3 x1200 1.16 0.9
IC 10 d2 00:19:58.81 59:19:53.9 24/08/2022 59815.02 LSS 3 x1200 1.33 0.8
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Notes : UT date : UT date at the start of the observations
MJD : MJD at the start of the OB
Mode : PRE, MOS, and LSS correspond to the pre-imaging,
multi-object spectroscopy, and long-slit modes
AM : Airmass, Mean value of the first and last exposure
(except for PRE mode)
S : Seeing
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Acknowledgements:
Gonzalo Munoz-Sanchez, gonzalomu16(at)gmail.com
References:
Dye et al., 2018MNRAS.473.5113D 2018MNRAS.473.5113D
The UKIRT Hemisphere Survey: definition and J-band data release.
de Wit et al., Paper I 2024A&A...686A..77B 2024A&A...686A..77B, Cat. J/A+A/686/A77
de Wit et al., Paper II 2024A&A...689A..46D 2024A&A...689A..46D, Cat. J/A+A/689/A46
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 11-May-2025