J/A+A/699/A145 Accretion properties of YSOs within 500pc (Delfini+, 2025)
Star formation and accretion rates within 500 pc as traced by Gaia DR3
XP spectra.
Delfini L., Vioque M., Ribas A., Hodgkin S.
<Astron. Astrophys. 699, A145 (2025)>
=2025A&A...699A.145D 2025A&A...699A.145D (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Stars, pre-main sequence ; Stars, emission ; Accretion ; Optical
Keywords: accretion, accretion disks - protoplanetary disks -
stars: emission-line, Be - stars: formation -
stars: pre-main sequence - stars: variables: T Tauri, Herbig Ae/Be
Abstract:
Accretion rates from protoplanetary disks onto forming stars are a key
ingredient in star formation and protoplanetary disk evolution.
Extensive efforts surveying different individual star forming regions
with spectroscopy and narrow-band photometry have been performed to
derive accretion rates on large populations of young stellar objects
(YSOs).
We use Gaia DR3 XP spectra to perform the first all-sky homogeneous
analysis of YSO accretion properties within 500pc.
We characterise the Hα line emission of YSOs within 500pc by
using the Hα pseudo-equivalent widths and XP spectra provided by
Gaia DR3. We derive accretion luminosities and mass accretion rates,
together with stellar parameters, for 145975 candidate YSO Hα
emitters all-sky.
We describe filtering strategies to select specific sub-samples of
YSOs from this catalogue. We identify a large population of
low-accreting YSO candidates untraced by previous accretion rates
surveys. We find previous surveys have mostly focused on YSO
populations with significant infrared excess from disk emission. The
population of low-accreting YSOs is mostly spatially dispersed, away
from star forming regions or the more clustered environments of star
formation. Many YSOs appear entirely disconnected from young
populations, and they are reminiscent of the long lived "Peter Pan"
YSOs. We find Lacc proportional to Lstar(1.41±0.02) and Macc
proportional to Mstar(2.4±0.1) for the purest all-sky sample of
YSO candidates. By fitting an exponential function to the fraction of
accreting stars in clusters of different ages in the Sco-Cen complex,
we obtain an accretion timescale of τacc=2.7±0.4Myr. The
percentage of accretors found by fitting a power-law function is 70%
at 2Myr and 2.8% at 10Myr.
With this new catalogue of Hα emitters we significantly increase
the number of YSO candidates with accretion rate estimations in the
local neighbourhood. This allows us to study accretion timescales and
the spatial and physical properties of YSO accretion from a large,
all-sky, and homogeneous sample for the first time.
Description:
In this paper, we used the pseudo-equivalent width of the H-alpha
line from the Gaia DR3 XP spectra to obtain stellar parameters,
accretion luminosity and mass accretion rate for 145975 Young Stellar
Object candidates within 500 pc. We provide values calculated with two
different extinction corrections: GSP-Phot extinction, using the
extinction provided in Gaia DR3, and med-GSP-Phot extinction, obtained
by taking the median of the GSP-Phot extinctions of neighbouring
stars. We also provide the fraction of accretors, median accretion
luminosity, and median mass accretion rate, for various clusters of
Sco-Cen as well as other star-forming regions and groups within 500pc.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 2974 145975 Stellar parameters and accretion properties for
sources within 500pc, calculated from the Gaia
DR3 H-alpha pseudo-equivalent width
table4.dat 863 34 Fraction of accretors and median accretion
properties for 34 Sco-Cen clusters
table6.dat 391 15 Fraction of accretors and median accretion
properties for various star-forming regions
and groups within 500pc
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
II/311 : WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri+ 2012)
J/A+A/677/A59 : SigMA clusters in Sco-Cen (Ratzenboeck+, 2023)
J/A+A/678/A71 : Cluster ages in Sco-Cen (Ratzenboeck+, 2023)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 19 I19 --- GaiaDR3 Gaia DR3 unique source identifier
(GaiaDR3)
21- 40 F20.16 deg RAdeg Gaia Right ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
(RAdeg)
42- 61 F20.16 deg DEdeg Gaia Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0
(DEdeg)
63- 82 F20.16 deg GLON Gaia Galactic longitude (l)
84- 103 E20.14 deg GLAT Gaia Galactic latitude (b)
105- 124 F20.16 mas plx Gaia parallax (plx)
126- 137 F12.10 mas e_plx Standard error of parallax (e_plx)
139- 148 F10.7 mag RPmag Gaia integrated RP mean magnitude
(RPmag)
150- 159 F10.7 mag Gmag ? Gaia integrated G mean magnitude
(Gmag)
161- 173 E13.6 mag BP-RP ? Gaia BP-RP colour index (bp_rp)
175- 179 A5 --- XPcont Flag indicating the availability of Gaia
mean BP/RP spectrum in continuous
representation for this source
(hasxpcontinuous)
181- 192 F12.8 nm pEWHa Gaia Halpha pseudo-equivalent width
(ewespelshalpha)
194- 205 F12.10 nm e_pEWHa Uncertainty of Halpha pseudo-equivalent
width (eewespels_halpha)
207- 218 F12.7 pc rgeo Median of the geometric distance
posterior (Bailer-Jones+, 2021,
Cat. I/352) (rmedgeo)
220- 230 F11.7 pc b_rgeo 16th percentile of the geometric
distance posterior (rlogeo)
232- 243 F12.7 pc B_rgeo 84th percentile of the geometric
distance posterior (rhigeo)
245- 264 F20.16 nm EWHa Equivalent-width of the H-alpha line
(EW)
266- 285 F20.16 nm b_EWHa 16th percentile of equivalent-width of
the H-alpha line (EW_lower)
287- 306 F20.16 nm B_EWHa 84th percentile of equivalent-width of
the H-alpha line (EW_upper)
308- 313 E6.4 mag AG ? Gaia extinction in G band from
GSP-Phot (ag_gspphot) (1)
315- 320 E6.4 mag b_AG ? 16th percentile of extinction in
G band (aggspphotlower)
322- 327 E6.4 mag B_AG ? 84th percentile of extinction in
G band (aggspphotupper)
329- 334 E6.4 mag ARP ? Gaia extinction in RP band from
GSP-Phot (arp_gspphot) (1)
336- 341 E6.4 mag b_ARP ? 16th percentile of extinction in
RP band (arpgspphotlower)
343- 348 E6.4 mag B_ARP ? 84th percentile of extinction in
RP band (arpgspphotupper)
350- 355 E6.4 mag ABP ? Gaia extinction in BP band from
GSP-Phot (abp_gspphot) (1)
357- 362 E6.4 mag b_ABP ? 16th percentile of extinction in
BP band (abpgspphotlower)
364- 369 E6.4 mag B_ABP ? 84th percentile of extinction in
BP band (abpgspphotupper)
371- 389 F19.16 mag RPmagCE ? Extinction-corrected RP magnitude
using GSP-Phot extinction
(RPmaggspphot)
391- 409 F19.16 mag b_RPmagCE ? Lower limit to GSP-Phot RP magnitude
(RPmaggspphot_lower)
411- 429 F19.16 mag B_RPmagCE ? Upper limit to GSP-Phot RP magnitude
(RPmaggspphot_upper)
431- 452 E22.17 W/nm/m2 FcontNE Continuum flux density at the Halpha
line, not corrected for extinction
(fluxcontnoext)
454- 475 E22.17 W/nm/m2 b_FcontNE 16th percentile of the non-extinction
corrected Halpha continuum flux
(fluxcontnoext_lower)
477- 498 E22.17 W/nm/m2 B_FcontNE 84th percentile of the non-extinction
corrected Halpha continuum flux
(fluxcontnoext_upper)
500- 521 E22.17 W/nm/m2 FcontCE ? Continuum flux density at the Halpha
line, corrected using GSP-Phot
extinction (fluxcontgspphot)
523- 544 E22.17 W/nm/m2 b_FcontCE ? 16th percentile of the GSP-Phot Halpha
continuum flux density
(fluxcontlower_gspphot)
546- 567 E22.17 W/nm/m2 B_FcontCE ? 84th percentile of the GSP-Phot Halpha
continuum flux density
(fluxcontupper_gspphot)
569- 590 E22.17 W/nm/m2 FHaNE Halpha line-flux, not corrected for
extinction (FHalpha_noext)
592- 613 E22.17 W/nm/m2 B_FHaNE 84th percentile of the non-extinction
corrected Halpha line-flux
(FHalphauppernoext)
615- 636 E22.17 W/nm/m2 b_FHaNE 16th percentile of the non-extinction
corrected Halpha line-flux
(FHalphalowernoext)
638- 658 E21.17 Lsun LHaNE Halpha line-luminosity, not corrected
for extinction (LHalpha_noext)
660- 680 E21.17 Lsun B_LHaNE 84th percentile of the non-extinction
corrected Halpha line-luminosity
(LHalphauppernoext)
682- 703 E22.18 Lsun b_LHaNE 16th percentile of the non-extinction
corrected Halpha line-luminosity
(LHalphalowernoext)
705- 726 E22.17 W/m2 FHaCE ? Halpha line-flux, corrected using
GSP-Phot extinction (FHalpha_gspphot)
728- 749 E22.17 W/m2 B_FHaCE ? 84th percentile of the GSP-Phot Halpha
line-flux (FHalphauppergspphot)
751- 772 E22.17 W/m2 b_FHaCE ? 16th percentile of the GSP-Phot Halpha
line-flux (FHalphalowergspphot)
774- 794 E21.17 Lsun LHaCE ? Halpha line-luminosity, corrected
using GSP-Phot extinction
(LHalpha_gspphot)
796- 816 E21.17 Lsun B_LHaCE ? 84th percentile of the GSP-Phot Halpha
line-luminosity (LHalphauppergspphot)
818- 838 E21.17 Lsun b_LHaCE ? 16th percentile of the GSP-Phot Halpha
line-luminosity (LHalphalowergspphot)
840- 858 F19.16 [Lsun] logLaccNE Accretion luminosity, not corrected for
extinction (logLaccnoext)
860- 878 F19.16 [Lsun] B_logLaccNE 84th percentile of the non-extinction
corrected accretion luminosity
(logLaccupper_noext)
880- 898 E19.16 [Lsun] b_logLaccNE 16th percentile of the non-extinction
corrected accretion luminosity
(logLacclower_noext)
900- 917 F18.16 [Lsun] E_logLaccNE Upper error of the non-extinction
corrected accretion luminosity
(elogLaccupnoext)
919- 936 F18.16 [Lsun] e_logLaccNE Lower error of the non-extinction
corrected accretion luminosity
(elogLacclownoext)
938- 956 F19.16 [Lsun] logLaccCE ? Accretion luminosity, corrected using
GSP-Phot extinction (logLaccgspphot)
958- 976 F19.16 [Lsun] B_logLaccCE ? 84th percentile of the GSP-Phot
accretion luminosity
(logLaccupper_gspphot)
978- 996 E19.16 [Lsun] b_logLaccCE ? 16th percentile of the GSP-Phot
accretion luminosity
(logLacclower_gspphot)
998-1015 F18.16 [Lsun] E_logLaccCE ? Upper error of the GSP-Phot accretion
luminosity (elogLaccupgspphot)
1017-1034 F18.16 [Lsun] e_logLaccCE ? Lower error of the GSP-Phot accretion
luminosity (elogLacclowgspphot)
1036-1054 A19 --- AllWISE ? WISE All-Sky Release Catalog name,
JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s (AllWISE)
1056-1066 F11.7 deg RAWdeg ? WISE Right ascension (J2000) (RAJ2000)
1068-1078 F11.7 deg DEWdeg ? WISE Declination (J2000) (DEJ2000)
1080-1085 F6.3 mag W1mag ? WISE W1 magnitude (3.35um) (W1mag)
1087-1092 F6.3 mag W2mag ? WISE W2 magnitude (4.6um) (W2mag)
1094-1099 F6.3 mag W3mag ? WISE W3 magnitude (11.6um) (W3mag)
1101-1106 F6.3 mag W4mag ? WISE W4 magnitude (22.1um) (W4mag)
1108-1113 F6.3 mag Jmag ? 2MASS J magnitude (1.25um) (Jmag)
1115-1120 F6.3 mag Hmag ? 2MASS H magnitude (1.65um) (Hmag)
1122-1127 F6.3 mag Ksmag ? 2MASS Ks magnitude (2.17um) (Ksmag)
1129-1133 F5.3 mag e_W1mag ? Mean error on W1 magnitude (e_W1mag)
1135-1139 F5.3 mag e_W2mag ? Mean error on W2 magnitude (e_W2mag)
1141-1145 F5.3 mag e_W3mag ? Mean error on W3 magnitude (e_W3mag)
1147-1151 F5.3 mag e_W4mag ? Mean error on W4 magnitude (e_W4mag)
1153-1157 F5.3 mag e_Jmag ? Mean error on J magnitude (e_Jmag)
1159-1163 F5.3 mag e_Hmag ? Mean error on H magnitude (e_Hmag)
1165-1169 F5.3 mag e_Ksmag ? Mean error on Ks magnitude (e_Ksmag)
1171-1178 E8.6 arcsec angDist ? Distance separating the positions of
the Gaia DR3 source and the associated
WISE source (angDist)
1180-1196 F17.13 nm lambda ? Wavelength at which linefinder
detects Halpha emission, corresponding
to the extremum (wavelength_nm)
1198-1219 E22.17 W/nm/m2 LineFlux ? Value of flux at the given wavelength
(line_flux) (2)
1221-1243 E23.17 W/nm/m2 Depth ? Difference between the line flux and
the flux in estimated continuum
(depth) (2)
1245-1262 F18.15 nm Width ? Distance between the closest
inflection points (width) (2)
1264-1282 E19.16 --- Signi ? Ratio between line depth and flux
error at the extremum in the externally
calibrated spectrum (significance) (2)
1284-1302 F19.16 mag GMAGCE ? Absolute Magnitude corrected using
GSP-Phot extinction (Mg_gspphot)
1304-1321 F18.16 mag E_GMAGCE ? Upper error of the GSP-Phot absolute
magnitude (EMggspphot)
1323-1340 F18.16 mag e_GMAGCE ? Lower error of the GSP-Phot absolute
magnitude (eMggspphot)
1342-1360 F19.16 mag BPintCE ? Intrinsic BP magnitude corrected using
GSP-Phot extinction (BPint_gspphot)
1362-1381 E20.16 mag E_BPintCE ? Upper error of GSP-Phot intrinsic
BP magnitude (EBPintgspphot)
1383-1402 E20.16 mag e_BPintCE ? Lower error of GSP-Phot intrinsic
BP magnitude (eBPintgspphot)
1404-1421 F18.16 Msun MassMeanCE ? Stellar mass estimated from the
Baraffe et al. (2015A&A...577A..42B 2015A&A...577A..42B)
tracks using GSP-Phot extinction
(Massmeangspphot)
1423-1440 F18.16 Msun MassStdCE ? Standard deviation of GSP-Phot stellar
mass (Massstdgspphot)
1442-1460 F19.16 [Lsun] logLumMeanCE ? Stellar luminosity (log) estimated
from the Baraffe et al.
(2015A&A...577A..42B 2015A&A...577A..42B) tracks using
GSP-Phot extinction
(Luminositymeangspphot)
1462-1479 E18.16 [Lsun] logLumStdCE ? Standard deviation of GSP-Phot stellar
luminosity (log)
(Luminositystdgspphot)
1481-1498 F18.16 Rsun RadMeanCE ? Stellar radius estimated from the
Baraffe et al. (2015A&A...577A..42B 2015A&A...577A..42B)
tracks using GSP-Phot extinction
(Radiusmeangspphot)
1500-1517 F18.16 Rsun RadStdCE ? Standard deviation of GSP-Phot stellar
radius (Radiusstdgspphot)
1519-1536 F18.13 K TempMeanCE ? Effective temperature estimated from
the Baraffe et al.
(2015A&A...577A..42B 2015A&A...577A..42B) tracks using
GSP-Phot extinction
(Temperaturemeangspphot)
1538-1556 F19.14 K TempStdCE ? Standard deviation of GSP-Phot
effective temperature
(Temperaturestdgspphot)
1558-1575 F18.16 [cm/s2] loggMeanCE ? Surface gravity (log) estimated from
the Baraffe et al.
(2015A&A...577A..42B 2015A&A...577A..42B) tracks using
GSP-Phot extinction (loggmeangspphot)
1577-1594 F18.16 [cm/s2] loggStdCE ? Standard deviation of GSP-Phot surface
gravity (log) (loggstdgspphot)
1596-1600 F5.1 --- NAGMean Number of neighbouring stars used to
calculate med-GSP-Phot extinction from
GSP-Phot extinction in G band
(aggspphotcount_med-gspphot)
1602-1622 E21.17 mag AGMean ? Mean of GSP-Phot extinction in G band
(aggspphotmean_med-gspphot)
1624-1643 E20.16 mag AGStd ? Standard deviation of med-GSP-Phot
extinction (aggspphotstd_med-gspphot)
1645-1650 E6.4 mag AGMin ? Minimum GSP-Phot extinction
(aggspphotmin_med-gspphot)
1652-1671 E20.16 mag AG25 ? 25th percentile of GSP-Phot extinction
in RP band (aggspphot25%_med-gspphot)
1673-1690 E18.16 mag AG50 ? Median (50th percentile) of GSP-Phot
extinction in G band
(aggspphot50%_med-gspphot) (3)
1692-1711 E20.16 mag AG75 ? 75th percentile of GSP-Phot extinction
in G band (aggspphot75%_med-gspphot)
1713-1718 E6.4 mag AGMax ? Maximum GSP-Phot extinction in G band
(aggspphotmax_med-gspphot)
1720-1724 F5.1 --- NARPMean Number of neighbouring stars used to
calculate the med-GSP-Phot extinction
from GSP-Phot extinction in RP band
(arpgspphotcount_med-gspphot)
1726-1746 E21.17 mag ARPMean ? Mean of GSP-Phot extinction in RP band
(arpgspphotmean_med-gspphot)
1748-1767 E20.16 mag ARPStd ? Standard deviation of GSP-Phot
extinction in RP band
(arpgspphotstd_med-gspphot)
1769-1774 E6.4 mag ARPMin ? Minimum GSP-Phot extinction in RP band
(arpgspphotmin_med-gspphot)
1776-1795 E20.16 mag ARP25 ? 25th percentile of GSP-Phot extinction
in RP band
(arpgspphot25%_med-gspphot)
1797-1814 E18.16 mag ARP50 ? Median (50th percentile) GSP-Phot
extinction in RP band
(arpgspphot50%_med-gspphot) (3)
1816-1835 E20.16 mag ARP75 ? 75th percentile of GSP-Phot extinction
in RP band
(arpgspphot75%_med-gspphot)
1837-1842 E6.4 mag ARPMax ? Maximum GSP-Phot extinction in RP band
(arpgspphotmax_med-gspphot)
1844-1848 F5.1 --- NABPMean Number of neighbouring stars used to
calculate the med-GSP-Phot extinction
from GSP-Phot extinction in BP band
(abpgspphotcount_med-gspphot)
1850-1870 E21.17 mag ABPMean ? Mean of GSP-Phot extinction in BP band
(abpgspphotmean_med-gspphot)
1872-1892 E21.17 mag ABPStd ? Standard deviation of GSP-Phot
extinction in BP band
(abpgspphotstd_med-gspphot)
1894-1899 E6.4 mag ABPMin ? Minimum GSP-Phot extinction in BP band
(abpgspphotmin_med-gspphot)
1901-1920 E20.16 mag ABP25 ? 25th percentile of GSP-Phot extinction
in BP band
(abpgspphot25%_med-gspphot)
1922-1939 E18.16 mag ABP50 ? Median (50th percentile) GSP-Phot
extinction in BP band
(abpgspphot50%_med-gspphot) (3)
1941-1960 E20.16 mag ABP75 ? 75th percentile of GSP-Phot extinction
in BP band
(abpgspphot75%_med-gspphot)
1962-1967 E6.4 mag ABPMax ? Maximum GSP-Phot extinction in BP band
(abpgspphotmax_med-gspphot)
1969-1973 F5.1 --- NSep Number of neighbouring stars used for
separation calculation
(Separationcountmed-gspphot)
1975-1995 E21.17 arcsec SepRMean ? Mean angular separation of
neighbouring stars used in med-GSP-Phot
extinction calculation
(Separationmeanmed-gspphot)
1997-2014 F18.16 arcsec SepStd ? Standard deviation of angular
separation (Separationstdmed-gspphot)
2016-2037 E22.17 arcsec SepMin ? Minimum angular separation among
neighbouring stars
(Separationminmed-gspphot)
2039-2059 E21.17 arcsec Sep25 ? 25th percentile of angular separation
(Separation25%med-gspphot)
2061-2081 E21.17 arcsec Sep50 ? Median (50th percentile) angular
separation (Separation50%med-gspphot)
2083-2103 E21.17 arcsec Sep75 ? 75th percentile of angular separation
(Separation75%med-gspphot)
2105-2125 E21.17 arcsec SepMax ? Maximum angular separation among
neighbouring stars
(Separationmaxmed-gspphot)
2127-2145 F19.16 mag BPint ? Intrinsic BP magnitude corrected using
med-GSP-Phot extinction
(BPint_med-gspphot)
2147-2166 E20.16 mag E_BPint ? Upper error of med-GSP-Phot intrinsic
BP magnitude (EBPintmed-gspphot)
2168-2187 E20.16 mag e_BPint ? Lower error of med-GSP-Phot intrinsic
BP magnitude (eBPintmed-gspphot)
2189-2207 F19.16 mag GMAG ? Absolute Magnitude corrected using
med-GSP-Phot extinction
(Mg_med-gspphot)
2209-2226 E18.16 mag E_GMAG ? Upper error of the med-GSP-Phot
absolute magnitude (EMgmed-gspphot)
2228-2245 E18.16 mag e_GMAG ? Lower error of the med-GSP-Phot
absolute magnitude (eMgmed-gspphot)
2247-2264 F18.16 Msun MassMeanB ? Stellar mass estimated from the
Baraffe et al. (2015A&A...577A..42B 2015A&A...577A..42B)
tracks using med-GSP-Phot extinction
(Massmeanmed-gspphot)
2266-2283 F18.16 Msun MassStdB ? Standard deviation of med-GSP-Phot
stellar mass (Massstdmed-gspphot)
2285-2303 F19.16 [Lsun] logLumMeanB ? Stellar luminosity (log) estimated
from the Baraffe et al.
(2015A&A...577A..42B 2015A&A...577A..42B) tracks using
med-GSP-Phot extinction
(Luminositymeanmed-gspphot)
2305-2322 E18.16 [Lsun] logLumStd ? Standard deviation of med-GSP-Phot
stellar luminosity (log)
(Luminositystdmed-gspphot)
2324-2341 F18.16 Rsun RadMean ? Stellar radius estimated from the
Baraffe et al. (2015A&A...577A..42B 2015A&A...577A..42B)
tracks using med-GSP-Phot extinction
(Radiusmeanmed-gspphot)
2343-2360 F18.16 Rsun RadStd ? Standard deviation of med-GSP-Phot
stellar radius (Radiusstdmed-gspphot)
2362-2379 F18.13 K TempMean ? Effective temperature estimated from
the Baraffe et al.
(2015A&A...577A..42B 2015A&A...577A..42B) tracks using
med-GSP-Phot extinction
(Temperaturemeanmed-gspphot)
2381-2399 F19.14 K TempStd ? Standard deviation of med-GSP-Phot
effective temperature
(Temperaturestdmed-gspphot)
2401-2418 F18.16 [cm/s2] loggMean ? Surface gravity (log) estimated from
the Baraffe et al.
(2015A&A...577A..42B 2015A&A...577A..42B) tracks using
med-GSP-Phot extinction
(loggmeanmed-gspphot)
2420-2437 F18.16 [cm/s2] loggStd ? Standard deviation of med-GSP-Phot
surface gravity (log)
(loggstdmed-gspphot)
2439-2457 F19.16 mag RPmagMed ? Extinction-corrected RPmag using
med-GSP-Phot extinction
(RPmag_med-gspphot)
2459-2477 F19.16 mag b_RPmagMed ? Lower limit to med-GSP-Phot RPmag
(RPmagmed-gspphotlower)
2479-2497 F19.16 mag B_RPmagMed ? Upper limit to med-GSP-Phot RPmag
(RPmagmed-gspphotupper)
2499-2520 E22.17 W/nm/m2 FcontMed ? Continuum flux density at the Halpha
line, corrected using med-GSP-Phot
extinction (fluxcontmed-gspphot)
2522-2543 E22.17 W/nm/m2 b_FcontMed ? 16th percentile of the med-GSP-Phot
Halpha continuum flux density
(fluxcontlower_med-gspphot)
2545-2566 E22.17 W/nm/m2 B_FcontMed ? 84th percentile of the med-GSP-Phot
Halpha continuum flux density
(fluxcontupper_med-gspphot)
2568-2589 E22.17 W/nm/m2 FHaMed ? Halpha line-flux, corrected using
med-GSP-Phot extinction
(FHalpha_med-gspphot)
2591-2612 E22.17 W/nm/m2 B_FHaMed ? 84th percentile of the med-GSP-Phot
Halpha line-flux
(FHalphauppermed-gspphot)
2614-2635 E22.17 W/nm/m2 b_FHaMed ? 16th percentile of the med-GSP-Phot
Halpha line-flux
(FHalphalowermed-gspphot)
2637-2657 E21.17 Lsun LHaMed ? Halpha line-luminosity, corrected
using med-GSP-Phot extinction
(LHalpha_med-gspphot)
2659-2679 E21.17 Lsun B_LHaMed ? 84th percentile of the med-GSP-Phot
Halpha line-luminosity
(LHalphauppermed-gspphot)
2681-2701 E21.17 Lsun b_LHaMed ? 16th percentile of the med-GSP-Phot
Halpha line-luminosity
(LHalphalowermed-gspphot)
2703-2721 F19.16 [Lsun] logLaccMed ? Accretion luminosity, corrected using
med-GSP-Phot extinction
(logLaccmed-gspphot)
2723-2741 E19.16 [Lsun] B_logLaccMed ? 84th percentile of the med-GSP-Phot
accretion luminosity
(logLaccupper_med-gspphot)
2743-2761 F19.16 [Lsun] b_logLaccMed ? 16th percentile of the med-GSP-Phot
accretion luminosity
(logLacclower_med-gspphot)
2763-2780 F18.16 [Lsun] E_logLaccMed ? Upper error of the med-GSP-Phot
accretion luminosity
(elogLaccupmed-gspphot)
2782-2799 F18.16 [Lsun] e_logLaccMed ? Lower error of the med-GSP-Phot
accretion luminosity
(elogLacclowmed-gspphot)
2801-2822 E22.17 Msun/yr MaccCE ? Mass accretion rate, corrected with
GSP-Phot extinction (Macc_gspphot)
2824-2845 E22.17 Msun/yr B_MaccCE ? 84th percentile of the GSP-Phot mass
accretion rate (Maccuppergspphot)
2847-2868 E22.17 Msun/yr b_MaccCE ? 16th percentile of the GSP-Phot mass
accretion rate (Macclowergspphot)
2870-2891 E22.17 Msun/yr MaccMed ? Mass accretion rate, corrected with
med-GSP-Phot extinction
(Macc_med-gspphot)
2893-2914 E22.17 Msun/yr B_MaccMed ? 84th percentile of the GSP-Phot mass
accretion rate (Maccuppermed-gspphot)
2916-2938 E23.17 Msun/yr b_MaccMed ? 16th percentile of the GSP-Phot mass
accretion rate (Macclowermed-gspphot)
2940-2944 A5 --- FlgCMD Flag indicating whether the source
falls within the YSO-compatible region
of the CMD (flag_CMD) (4)
2946-2950 A5 --- FlgGaiaScan Flag indicating whether the source falls
in the sky regions affected by the Gaia
scanning-law (flagGaiaScanning) (4)
2952-2956 A5 --- Flgabove ? Flag indicating whether accretion is
observed above the level of
chromospheric emission
(flagabovechromospheric_level) (4)
2958-2962 A5 --- FlgIR Flag indicating signals of strong
infrared excess (flag_IR) (4)
2964-2968 A5 --- Flg-pEW Flag indicating pEW less than -1
(flag_pEW) (4)
2970-2974 A5 --- Flg-comb Flag of sources with both flag-IR and
flag-pEW = True (flag_combined) (4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): GSP-Phot extinction is the broadband extinction provided as part of
Gaia DR3, inferred by the General Stellar Parametrizer from Photometry
Aeneas (Andrae et al., 2023A&A...674A..27A 2023A&A...674A..27A).
Note (2): values obtained from the GaiaXPy linefinder tool.
Note (3): med-GSP-Phot extinction is obtained by taking the median of the
GSP-Phot extinctions of neighbouring stars within a 5pc radius
Note (4): The quality flags can be used to select specific sub-samples of YSO
candidates. They are discussed in detail in Sect. 2.7 of the paper.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 --- SigMA [1/35] Membership label for each cluster
(SigMA) (1)
4- 7 I4 --- NpEWtot Number of sources per cluster with
measured Gaia pseudo-equivalent width
(NpEWtot)
9- 10 I2 --- Nacc Number of accretors per cluster (sources
with pseudo-equivalent width less
than -1nm) (N_acc)
12- 29 F18.16 --- facc Fraction of accretors per cluster (f_acc)
31- 48 F18.16 --- e_facc Error of fraction of accretors (efacc)
50- 53 A4 --- Region Traditional Sco-Cen subregions
(Region) (1)
55- 70 A16 --- Group Cluster Name (Group) (1)
72- 75 F4.1 Myr AgeP-BpRp Age from PARSEC models and Bp-Rp colors
(AgeP-BpRp) (1)
77- 80 F4.1 Myr e_AgeP-BpRp Lower P-BpRp 1 sigma age interval
(e_AgeP-BpRp) (1)
82- 85 F4.1 Myr E_AgeP-BpRp Upper P-BpRp 1 sigma age interval
(E_AgeP-BpRp) (1)
87- 90 F4.1 Myr AgeP-GRp Age from PARSEC models and G-Rp colors
(AgeP-GRp) (1)
92- 95 F4.1 Myr e_AgeP-GRp Lower P-GRp 1 sigma age interval
(e_AgeP-GRp) (1)
97-100 F4.1 Myr E_AgeP-GRp Upper P-GRp 1 sigma age interval
(E_AgeP-GRp) (1)
102-105 F4.1 Myr AgeB-BpRp Age from BHAC15 models and Bp-Rp colors
(AgeB-BpRp) (1)
107-110 F4.1 Myr e_AgeB-BpRp Lower B-BpRp 1 sigma age interval
(e_AgeB-BpRp) (1)
112-115 F4.1 Myr E_AgeB-BpRp Upper B-BpRp 1 sigma age interval
(E_AgeB-BpRp) (1)
117-120 F4.1 Myr AgeB-GRp Age from BHAC15 models and G-Rp colors
(AgeB-GRp) (1)
122-125 F4.1 Myr e_AgeB-GRp Lower B-GRp 1 sigma age interval
(e_AgeB-GRp) (1)
127-130 F4.1 Myr E_AgeB-GRp Upper B-GRp 1 sigma age interval
(E_AgeB-GRp) (1)
132-135 F4.1 --- NExt1 ? Number of sources per cluster with
med-GSP-Phot extinction available
(count_med-gspphot)
137-154 F18.16 Msun Mass1 ? Median mass (corrected with
med-GSP-Phot extinction) of the cluster
(Massmedianmed-gspphot)
156-179 E24.16 Lsun Lacc1 ? Median accretion luminosity (corrected
with med-GSP-Phot extinction) of the
cluster (Laccmedianmed-gspphot)
181-202 E22.16 Msun/yr Macc1 ? Median mass accretion rate (corrected
with med-GSP-Phot extinction) of the
cluster (Maccmedianmed-gspphot)
204-227 E24.16 Lsun b_Lacc1 ? 16th percentile of med-GSP-Phot
accretion luminosity
(Lacc16med-gspphot)
229-251 E23.15 Lsun B_Lacc1 ? 84th percentile of med-GSP-Phot
accretion luminosity
(Lacc84med-gspphot)
253-274 E22.16 Msun/yr b_Macc1 ? 16th percentile of med-GSP-Phot mass
accretion rate (Macc16med-gspphot)
276-297 E22.16 Msun/yr B_Macc1 ? 84th percentile of med-GSP-Phot mass
accretion rate (Macc84med-gspphot)
299-302 F4.1 --- NExt2 ? Number of sources per cluster with
med-GSP-Phot extinction available used
for mass-adjusted median calculations
(countcorrectedmed-gspphot)
304-321 F18.16 Msun Mass2 ? Median mass-adjusted mass (corrected
with med-GSP-Phot extinction) of the
cluster
(Massmediancorrected_med-gspphot) (2)
323-345 E23.15 Lsun Lacc2 ? Median mass-adjusted accretion
luminosity (corrected with med-GSP-Phot
extinction) of the cluster
(Laccmediancorrected_med-gspphot) (2)
347-368 E22.16 Msun/yr Macc2 ? Median mass-adjusted mass accretion
rate (corrected with med-GSP-Phot
extinction) of the cluster
(Maccmediancorrected_med-gspphot) (2)
370-391 E22.16 Lsun b_Lacc2 ? 16th percentile of mass-adjusted
med-GSP-Phot accretion luminosity
(Lacc16corrected_med-gspphot) (2)
393-415 E23.15 Lsun B_Lacc2 ? 84th percentile of mass-adjusted
med-GSP-Phot accretion luminosity
(Lacc84corrected_med-gspphot) (2)
417-438 E22.16 Msun/yr b_Macc2 ? 16th percentile of mass-adjusted
med-GSP-Phot mass accretion rate
(Macc16corrected_med-gspphot) (2)
440-461 E22.16 Msun/yr B_Macc2 ? 84th percentile of mass-adjusted
med-GSP-Phot mass accretion rate
(Macc84corrected_med-gspphot) (2)
463-466 F4.1 --- NExt3 ? Number of sources per cluster with
GSP-Phot extinction available used for
mass-adjusted median calculations
(count_gspphot) (2)
468-485 F18.16 Msun Mass3 ? Median mass-adjusted mass (corrected
with GSP-Phot extinction) of the cluster
(Massmediangspphot) (2)
487-509 E23.15 Lsun Lacc3 ? Median accretion luminosity (corrected
with GSP-Phot extinction)
(Laccmediangspphot)
511-532 E22.16 Msun/yr Macc3 ? Median mass accretion rate (corrected
with GSP-Phot extinction) of the cluster
(Maccmediangspphot)
534-557 E24.16 Lsun b_Lacc3 ? 16th percentile of GSP-Phot accretion
luminosity (Lacc16gspphot)
559-581 E23.15 Lsun B_Lacc3 ? 84th percentile of GSP-Phot accretion
luminosity (Lacc84gspphot)
583-604 E22.16 Msun/yr b_Macc3 ? 16th percentile of GSP-Phot mass
accretion rate (Macc16gspphot)
606-627 E22.16 Msun/yr B_Macc3 ? 84th percentile of GSP-Phot mass
accretion rate (Macc84gspphot)
629-632 F4.1 --- NExt4 ? Number of sources per cluster with
GSP-Phot extinction available used for
mass-adjusted median calculations
(countcorrectedgspphot)
634-651 F18.16 Msun Mass4 ? Median mass-adjusted mass (corrected
with GSP-Phot extinction) of the cluster
(Massmediancorrected_gspphot)
653-673 E21.15 Lsun Lacc4 ? Median mass-adjusted accretion
luminosity (corrected with GSP-Phot
extinction) of the cluster
(Laccmediancorrected_gspphot)
675-696 E22.16 Msun/yr Macc4 ? Median mass-adjusted mass accretion
rate (corrected with med-GSP-Phot
extinction) of the cluster
(Maccmediancorrected_gspphot)
698-718 E21.15 Lsun b_Lacc4 ? 16th percentile of mass-adjusted
GSP-Phot accretion luminosity
(Lacc16corrected_gspphot)
720-741 E22.14 Lsun B_Lacc4 ? 84th percentile of mass-adjusted
GSP-Phot accretion luminosity
(Lacc84corrected_gspphot)
743-764 E22.16 Msun/yr b_Macc4 ? 16th percentile of mass-adjusted
GSP-Phot mass accretion rate
(Macc16corrected_gspphot)
766-788 E23.16 Msun/yr B_Macc4 ? 84th percentile of mass-adjusted
GSP-Phot mass accretion rate
(Macc84corrected_gspphot)
789-806 F18.16 --- SlLacc-Lstar ? Slope of accretion luminosity - stellar
luminosity correlation per cluster
(slopeLaccLstar)
808-825 F18.16 --- e_SlLacc-Lstar ? Error of Lacc-Lstar slope
(eslopeLacc_Lstar)
827-844 F18.16 --- SlMacc-Mstar ? Slope of mass accretion rate - stellar
mass correlation per cluster
(slopeMaccMstar)
846-863 F18.16 --- e_SlMacc-Mstar ? Error of Macc-Mstar slope
(eslopeMacc_Mstar)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): From Ratzenbock et al., 2023A&A...678A..71R 2023A&A...678A..71R, Cat. J/A+A/678/A71
Note (2): Mass-adjusted values are calculated by only considering the cluster
members with mass in the range 0.06-0.22 solar masses.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 A18 --- Name Name of region or group (Name)
20- 23 F4.1 Myr Age Age of region or group (Age)
25- 27 A3 --- RefMemb Reference for membership (Membership_ref) (1)
29- 31 A3 --- RefAge Reference for age (Age_ref) (1)
33- 35 I3 --- NpEWtot Number of sources with measured Gaia
pseudo-equivalent width (NpEWtot)
37- 38 I2 --- Nacc Number of accretors (sources with
pseudo-equivalent less than -1) (N_acc)
40- 58 F19.16 --- PAgeacc Percentage of accretors (percentage_acc)
60- 77 F18.16 --- e_PAgeacc Error of percentage of accretors
(epercentageacc)
79- 80 I2 --- NExt3 Number of sources GSP-Phot extinction
available (count_gspphot)
82- 99 F18.16 Lsun Lacc3 ? Median accretion luminosity (corrected with
GSP-Phot extinction) (Laccmediangspphot)
101-120 E20.12 Lsun b_Lacc3 ? 16th percentile of GSP-Phot accretion
luminosity (Lacc16gspphot)
122-139 F18.16 Lsun B_Lacc3 ? 84th percentile of GSP-Phot accretion
luminosity (Lacc84gspphot)
141-162 E22.16 Msun/yr Macc3 ? Median mass accretion rate (corrected with
GSP-Phot extinction) (Maccmediangspphot)
164-185 E22.16 Msun/yr b_Macc3 ? 16th percentile of GSP-Phot mass accretion
rate (Macc16gspphot)
187-208 E22.16 Msun/yr B_Macc3 ? 84th percentile of GSP-Phot mass accretion
rate (Macc84gspphot)
210-227 F18.16 Msun Mass3 ? Median mass (corrected with GSP-Phot
extinction) (Massmediangspphot)
229-230 I2 --- NExt1 Number of sources med-GSP-Phot extinction
available (count_med-gspphot)
232-254 E23.15 Lsun Lacc1 ? Median accretion luminosity (corrected with
med-GSP-Phot extinction)
(Laccmedianmed-gspphot)
256-279 E24.16 Lsun b_Lacc1 ? 16th percentile of med-GSP-Phot accretion
luminosity (Lacc16med-gspphot)
281-303 E23.15 Lsun B_Lacc1 ? 84th percentile of med-GSP-Phot accretion
luminosity (Lacc84med-gspphot)
305-326 E22.16 Msun/yr Macc1 ? Median mass accretion rate (corrected with
med-GSP-Phot extinction)
(Maccmedianmed-gspphot)
328-349 E22.16 Msun/yr b_Macc1 ? 16th percentile of med-GSP-Phot mass
accretion rate (Macc16med-gspphot)
351-372 E22.16 Msun/yr B_Macc1 ? 84th percentile of med-GSP-Phot mass
accretion rate (Macc84med-gspphot)
374-391 F18.16 Msun Mass1 ? Median mass (corrected with med-GSP-Phot
extinction) (Massmedianmed-gspphot)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): References for membership and age as follows:
C21 = Cao et al. (2021, in The 20.5th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars,
Stellar Systems, and the Sun (CS20.5), Cambridge Workshop on Cool
Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun, 269)
F10 = Fedele et al. (2010A&A...510A..72F 2010A&A...510A..72F)
H19 = Herczeg et al. (2019ApJ...878..111H 2019ApJ...878..111H, Cat. J/ApJ/878/111)
K18 = Kounkel et al. (2018AJ....156...84K 2018AJ....156...84K, Cat. J/AJ/156/84)
L18 = Luhman (2018AJ....156...76L 2018AJ....156...76L, Cat. J/AJ/156/76)
L22 = Luhman (2022AJ....164..151L 2022AJ....164..151L)
L23 = Luhman (2023AJ....165..269L 2023AJ....165..269L)
L24 = Lee et al. (2024MNRAS.528.4760L 2024MNRAS.528.4760L)
O23 = Olivares et al. (2023A&A...671A...1O 2023A&A...671A...1O, Cat. J/A+A/671/A1)
Z22 = Zhou et al. (2022ApJ...933...77Z 2022ApJ...933...77Z, Cat. J/ApJ/933/77)
Z24 = Zerjal et al. (2024A&A...686A.161Z 2024A&A...686A.161Z, Cat. J/A+A/586/A161)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acknowledgements:
Lavinia Delfini, lavinia.delfini(at)outlook.com
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 14-May-2025