J/A+A/701/A288 [CI] and CO lines across cosmic time (Topkaras+, 2025)
Tight correlation of star formation with [CI] and CO lines across cosmic time.
Topkaras T., Bisbas T.G., Zhang Z.-Y., Ossenkopf-Okada V.
<Astron. Astrophys. 701, A288 (2025)>
=2025A&A...701A.288T 2025A&A...701A.288T (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Galaxies, IR ; Interstellar medium ; Carbon monoxide
Keywords: ISM: atoms - ISM: molecules - galaxies: evolution -
galaxies: high-redshift - galaxies: ISM - galaxies: star formation
Abstract:
Cold molecular gas tracers, such as CI and CO lines, have been widely
used to infer specific characteristics of the ISM and to derive
star-formation relations among galaxies.
However, there is still a lack of systematic studies of the
star-formation scaling relation of CO and [CI] lines across cosmic
time on multiple physical scales.
We used observations of the ground state transitions of [CI], CO, and
[CII], for 885 sources collected from the literature, to infer
possible correlations between line luminosities of L' [CI](1-0),
L'CO(1-0), and L'[CII] with star formation rates (SFR). With linear
regression, we fit the relations between SFR and molecular mass
derived from CO, CI, and CII lines.
The relation between [CI] and CO based total molecular masses is
weakly super linear. Nevertheless, they can be calibrated against each
other. For αCO=0.8 and 4.0M☉/(K.(km/s).pc2) we derive
α[CI]=3.9 and ∼17M☉/(K.(km/s).pc2) , respectively. Using
the lmfit package, we derived relation slopes of SFR-L'[CI](1-0),
SFR-L'CO(1-0), and SFR-L'[CII](1-0) to be β=1.06±0.02,
1.24±0.02, and 0.74±0.02, respectively. With a Bayesian-inference
linmix method, we find consistent results.
Our relations for [CI](1-0) and CO(1-0) indicate that they trace
similar molecular gas contents, across different redshifts and
different types of galaxies. This suggests that these correlations do
not have strong evolution with cosmic time.
Description:
All data were taken from the literature. See Table B.1 of the paper
for more information regarding the sample. All computed quantities
were calculated based on the literature line fluxes, redshifts and
magnification factors. [CII] data table also includes the z>7 sources
presented as literature sample.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
tablee1.dat 232 886 Total sample initial details
tablee2.dat 246 803 Final computed values for [CI] and CO
tablee3.dat 124 137 Final computed quantities for [CII]
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablee1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 21 A21 --- Source Source name
23- 24 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000)
25 A1 --- --- [:]
26- 27 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000)
28 A1 --- --- [:]
29- 35 F7.4 s RAs Right ascension (J2000)
37 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
38- 39 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000)
40 A1 --- --- [:]
41- 42 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000)
43 A1 --- --- [:]
44- 49 F6.3 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000)
50- 55 F6.3 --- z [-0.01/7.61] Redshift
57- 65 F9.3 Mpc DL Luminosity distance
67- 85 F19.16 --- mu [1/80] Magnification factor
87- 95 F9.3 K.km/s.pc2 ICI ?=0 CI intensity (in K(km/s)pc2)
97-104 F8.3 K.km/s.pc2 e_ICI ?=0 CI intensity error (in K(km/s)pc2)
106-116 F11.3 K.km/s.pc2 ICO(1-0) ?=0 CO(1-0) intensity (in K(km/s)pc2)
118-128 F11.3 K.km/s.pc2 e_ICO(1-0) ?=0 CO(1-0) intensity error
(in K(km/s)pc2)
130-135 F6.3 K.km/s.pc2 ICO(2-1) ?=0 CO(2-1) intensity (in K(km/s)pc2)
137-141 F5.3 K.km/s.pc2 e_ICO(2-1) ?=0 CO(2-1) intensity error
(in K(km/s)pc2)
143-152 F10.3 K.km/s.pc2 ICII ?=0 CII intensity (in K(km/s)pc2)
154-161 F8.3 K.km/s.pc2 e_ICII ?=0 CII intensity error (in K(km/s)pc2)
163-180 F18.3 Lsun LIR Infrared luminosity
182-204 E23.17 Lsun e_LIR Infrared luminosity error
206-220 A15 --- Obs Observatory
222-232 A11 --- Type Type
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablee2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 17 A17 --- Source Source name
19- 41 F23.10 K.km/s.pc2 L'CI(1-0) ?=0 CI(1-0) luminosity (in K(km/s)pc2)
43- 64 F22.10 K.km/s.pc2 e_L'CI(1-0) ?=0 CI(1-0) luminosity error
(in K(km/s)pc2)
66- 86 F21.8 K.km/s.pc2 L'CO(1-0) ?=0 CO(1-0) luminosity (in K(km/s)pc2)
88-109 F22.10 K.km/s.pc2 e_L'CO(1-0) ?=0 CO(1-0) luminosity error
(in K(km/s)pc2)
111-132 F22.9 Msun MH20CI ?=0 Total H2 mass calculated with
[CI](1-0) velocity integrated flux
134-154 F21.8 Msun e_MH20CI ?=0 Total H2 mass calculated with
[CI](1-0) velocity integrated flux error
156-176 F21.8 Msun MH20CO ?=0 Total H2 mass calculated with
CO(1-0) velocity integrated flux
178-198 F21.9 Msun e_MH20CO ?=0 Total H2 mass calculated with
CO(1-0) velocity integrated flux error
200-222 F23.17 Msun/yr SFR ?=0 Star formation rate
224-246 F23.18 Msun/yr e_SFR ?=0 Star formation rate error
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablee3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 18 A18 --- Source Source name
20- 44 F25.13 K.km/s.pc2 L'CII ?=0 CII luminosity (in K(km/s)pc2)
46- 71 F26.14 K.km/s.pc2 e_L'CII ?=0 CII luminosity error (in K(km/s)pc2)
73- 95 F23.18 Msun/yr SFR ?=0 Star formation rate
97-124 E28.22 Msun/yr e_SFR ?=0 Star formation rate error
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Acknowledgements:
Theodoros Topkaras, topkaras(at)ph1.uni-koeln.de
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 18-Aug-2025