J/A+A/702/A178 RSG mass-loss rates in SMC, MW and NGC 6822 (Antoniadis+, 2025)
Investigating the metallicity dependence of the mass-loss rate relation of red
supergiants.
Antoniadis K., Zapartas E., Bonanos A.Z., Maravelias G., Vlassis S.,
Munoz-Sanchez G., Nally C., Meixner M., Jones O.C., Lenkic L.,
Kavanagh P.J.
<Astron. Astrophys. 702, A178 (2025)>
=2025A&A...702A.178A 2025A&A...702A.178A (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Magellanic Clouds ; Milky Way ; Mass loss ; Stars, late-type ;
Stars, supergiant ; Photometry ; Optical ; Infrared ; Ultraviolet
Keywords: circumstellar matter - stars: evolution - stars: late-type -
stars: massive - stars: mass-loss - supergiants
Abstract:
Red supergiants (RSGs) are cool and evolved massive stars exhibiting
enhanced mass loss compared to their main sequence phase, affecting
their evolution and fate. However, the theory of the wind-driving
mechanism is not well- established and the metallicity dependence has
not been determined. We aim to uniformly measure the mass-loss rates
of large samples of RSGs in different galaxies with -0.7≲[Z]≲0 to
investigate whether there is a potential correlation with metallicity.
We collected photometry from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared for
all our RSG candidates to construct their spectral energy distribution
(SED). Our final sample includes 893 RSG candidates in the Small
Magellanic Cloud (SMC), 396 in NGC 6822, 527 in the Milky Way, 1425 in
M31, and 1854 in M33. Each SED was modelled using the radiative
transfer code DUSTY under the same assumptions to derive the mass-loss
rate. The mass-loss rates range from approximately 10-9M☉/yr
to 10-5M☉/yr with an average value of 1.5x10-7M☉/yr.
We provided a new mass-loss rate relation as a function of luminosity
and effective temperature for both the SMC and Milky Way and compared
our mass-loss rates with those derived in the Large Magellanic Cloud
(LMC). The turning point in the mass-loss rate vs. luminosity relation
differs by around 0.2dex between the LMC and SMC. The mass-loss rates
of the Galactic RSGs at log(L/L☉)<4.5 were systematically lower
than those determined in the other galaxies, possibly due to
uncertainties in the interstellar extinction. We found 60-70% of the
RSGs to be dusty. The results for M31 and M33 are inconclusive because
of source blending at distances above 0.5Mpc, given the resolution of
Spitzer. Overall, we found similar mass-loss rates among the galaxies,
indicating no strong correlation with metallicity.
Description:
Table C.1 contains the photometric datasets, the derived mass-loss
rates and other physical parameters of RSGs in the SMC.
Table C.2 contains the photometric datasets, the derived mass-loss
rates and other physical parameters of RSGs in the MW.
Table C.3 contains the photometric datasets, the derived mass-loss
rates and other physical parameters of RSGs in NGC 6822.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
tablec1.dat 1159 893 Catalogue of 893 RSG candidates in the SMC
tablec2.dat 2161 527 Catalogue of 527 RSGs in the Milky Way
tablec3.dat 1412 396 Catalogue of 396 RSGs candidates in NGC 6822
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
I/455 : Gaia DR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
II/236 : UBVR CCD survey of the Magellanic clouds (Massey+, 2002)
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+, 2003)
II/288 : IRSF Magellanic Clouds Point Source Catalog (Kato+ 2007)
II/297 : AKARI/IRC mid-IR all-sky Survey (ISAS/JAXA, 2010)
II/298 : AKARI/FIS All-Sky Survey Point Source Catalogues
(ISAS/JAXA, 2010)
II/305 : SAGE LMC and SMC IRAC Source Catalog (IPAC, 2009)
II/312 : GALEX-DR5 (GR5) sources from AIS and MIS (Bianchi+, 2011)
II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+, 2013)
II/351 : VISTA Magellanic Survey (VMC) catalog (Cioni+, 2011)
II/352 : VISTA Hemisphere Survey (VHS) catalog (McMahon+, 2013)
II/349 : Pan-STARRS release 1 (PS1) Survey - DR1 (Chambers+, 2016)
II/335 : GALEX UV sources revised catalog (GUVcat_AIS GR6+7)
(Bianchi+, 2017)
J/PASA/36/33 : SkyMapper Southern Survey: Second data release (DR2)
(Onken+, 2019)
J/AJ/142/103 : Cool evolved stars in SAGE-SMC and SAGE-LMC (Boyer+, 2011)
J/A+A/578/A3 : MC new survey of supergiants (Gonzalez-Fernandez+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/451/3504 : Classification of IRS sources in the SMC (Ruffle+, 2015)
J/A+A/629/A91 : A source catalog for the SMC (Yang+, 2019)
J/A+A/647/A167 : Using H-bump to identify RSGs in NGC6822 (Yang+, 2021)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablec1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- ID [1/893] Assigned ID
5- 9 I5 --- IDY19 ?=0 ID from Yang et al.
(2019A&A...629A..91Y 2019A&A...629A..91Y Cat, J/A+A/629/A91)
11- 20 F10.7 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000)
22- 31 F10.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
33- 41 F9.6 mag 2MASSJ 2MASS J-band magnitude (G1)
43- 47 F5.3 mag e_2MASSJ J-band magnitude error (G1)
49- 57 F9.6 mag 2MASSH 2MASS H-band magnitude (G1)
59- 63 F5.3 mag e_2MASSH H-band magnitude error (G1)
65- 73 F9.6 mag 2MASSKs 2MASS Ks-band magnitude (G1)
75- 79 F5.3 mag e_2MASSKs Ks-band magnitude error (G1)
81- 89 F9.6 mag IRAC1 Spitzer IRAC1 band (G1)
91- 95 F5.3 mag e_IRAC1 IRAC1-band magnitude error (G1)
97- 106 F10.6 mag IRAC2 ? Spitzer IRAC2 band magnitude (G1)
108- 112 F5.3 mag e_IRAC2 ?=0 IRAC2-band magnitude error (G1)
114- 122 F9.6 mag IRAC3 Spitzer IRAC3 band magnitude (G1)
124- 128 F5.3 mag e_IRAC3 IRAC3-band magnitude error (G1)
130- 137 F8.4 mag IRAC4 ? Spitzer IRAC4 band magnitude (G1)
139- 143 F5.3 mag e_IRAC4 ?=0 IRAC4-band magnitude error (G1)
145- 150 F6.3 mag MIPS24 ?=0 Spitzer MIPS24 band magnitude (G1)
152- 156 F5.3 mag e_MIPS24 ?=0 MIPS24-band magnitude error (G1)
158- 167 F10.6 mag WISE1 ? WISE1-band magnitude (G1)
169- 173 F5.3 mag e_WISE1 ?=0 WISE1-band magnitude error (G1)
175- 184 F10.6 mag WISE2 ? WISE2-band magnitude (G1)
186- 190 F5.3 mag e_WISE2 ?=0 WISE2-band magnitude error (G1)
192- 200 F9.5 mag WISE3 ? WISE3-band magnitude (G1)
202- 206 F5.3 mag e_WISE3 WISE3-band magnitude error (G1)
208- 212 F5.3 mag WISE4 ?=0 WISE4-band magnitude (G1)
214- 218 F5.3 mag e_WISE4 ?=0 WISE4-band magnitude error (G1)
220- 228 F9.5 mag VMCY ? VMC Y-band magnitude (G1)
230- 234 F5.3 mag e_VMCY ?=0 VMC Y-band magnitude error (G1)
236- 245 F10.6 mag VMCJ ? VMC J-band magnitude (G1)
247- 251 F5.3 mag e_VMCJ ?=0 VMC J-band magnitude error (G1)
253- 262 F10.6 mag VMCKs ? VMC Ks-band magnitude (G1)
264- 268 F5.3 mag e_VMCKs ?=0 VMC Ks-band magnitude error (G1)
270- 279 F10.6 mag IRSFJ ? IRSF J-band magnitude (G1)
281- 284 F4.2 mag e_IRSFJ ?=0 IRSF J magnitude error (G1)
286- 295 F10.6 mag IRSFH ? IRSF H-band magnitude (G1)
297- 300 F4.2 mag e_IRSFH ?=0 IRSF H magnitude error (G1)
302- 311 F10.6 mag IRSFKs ? IRSF Ks-band magnitude (G1)
313- 316 F4.2 mag e_IRSFKs ?=0 IRSF Ks magnitude error (G1)
318- 324 F7.3 mag ImagD ? DENIS I-band magnitude (G1)
326- 329 F4.2 mag e_ImagD ?=0 I-band magnitude error (G1)
331- 340 F10.6 mag JmagD ? DENIS J-band magnitude (G1)
342- 345 F4.2 mag e_JmagD ?=0 J-band magnitude error (G1)
347- 356 F10.6 mag KmagD ? DENIS Ks-band magnitude (G1)
358- 361 F4.2 mag e_KmagD ?=0 Ks-band magnitude error (G1)
363- 372 F10.6 mag N3mag ? AKARI N3-band magnitude (G1)
374- 378 F5.3 mag e_N3mag ?=0 N3-band magnitude error (G1)
380- 389 F10.6 mag N4mag ? AKARI N4-band magnitude (G1)
391- 395 F5.3 mag e_N4mag ?=0 N4-band magnitude error (G1)
397- 406 F10.6 mag S7mag ? AKARI S7-band magnitude (G1)
408- 412 F5.3 mag e_S7mag ?=0 S7-band magnitude error (G1)
414- 422 F9.5 mag S11mag ? AKARI S11-band magnitude (G1)
424- 428 F5.3 mag e_S11mag ?=0 S11-band magnitude error (G1)
430- 435 F6.3 mag L15mag ?=0 AKARI L15-band magnitude (G1)
437- 441 F5.3 mag e_L15mag ?=0 L15-band magnitude error (G1)
443- 447 F5.3 mag L24mag ?=0 AKARI L24-band magnitude (G1)
449- 453 F5.3 mag e_L24mag ?=0 L24-band magnitude error (G1)
455- 464 F10.6 mag SkyMapu ? SkyMapper u-band magnitude (G1)
466- 470 F5.3 mag e_SkyMapu ?=0 u-band magnitude error (G1)
472- 478 F7.3 mag SkyMapv ? SkyMapper v-band magnitude (G1)
480- 484 F5.3 mag e_SkyMapv ?=0 v-band magnitude error (G1)
486- 494 F9.5 mag SkyMapg ? SkyMapper g-band magnitude (G1)
496- 500 F5.3 mag e_SkyMapg ?=0 g-band magnitude error (G1)
502- 511 F10.6 mag SkyMapr ? SkyMapper r-band magnitude (G1)
513- 517 F5.3 mag e_SkyMapr ?=0 r-band magnitude error (G1)
519- 528 F10.6 mag SkyMapi ? SkyMapper i-band magnitude (G1)
530- 534 F5.3 mag e_SkyMapi ?=0 i-band magnitude error (G1)
536- 545 F10.6 mag SkyMapz ? SkyMapper z-band magnitude (G1)
547- 551 F5.3 mag e_SkyMapz ?=0 z-band magnitude error (G1)
553- 562 F10.6 mag NSCu ? NSC u-band magnitude (G1)
564- 568 F5.3 mag e_NSCu ?=0 u-band magnitude error (G1)
570- 578 F9.5 mag NSCg ? NSC g-band magnitude (G1)
580- 584 F5.3 mag e_NSCg ?=0 g-band magnitude error (G1)
586- 595 F10.6 mag NSCr ? NSC r-band magnitude (G1)
597- 601 F5.3 mag e_NSCr ?=0 r-band magnitude error (G1)
603- 612 F10.6 mag NSCi ? NSC i-band magnitude (G1)
614- 618 F5.3 mag e_NSCi ?=0 i-band magnitude error (G1)
620- 629 F10.6 mag NSCz ? NSC z-band magnitude (G1)
631- 635 F5.3 mag e_NSCz ?=0 z-band magnitude error (G1)
637- 645 F9.5 mag NSCY ? NSC Y-band magnitude (G1)
647- 651 F5.3 mag e_NSCY ?=0 Y-band magnitude error (G1)
653- 659 F7.3 mag M02V ? M02 V-band magnitude (G1)
661- 664 F4.2 mag e_M02V ?=0 M02 V magnitude error (G1)
666- 669 F4.2 mag M02B-V ?=0 M02 B-V colour (G1)
671- 674 F4.2 mag e_M02B-V ?=0 M02 B-V colour error (G1)
676- 680 F5.2 mag M02U-B ?=0 M02 U-B colour (G1)
682- 685 F4.2 mag e_M02U-B ?=0 M02 U-B colour error (G1)
687- 690 F4.2 mag M02V-R ?=0 M02 V-R colour (G1)
692- 695 F4.2 mag e_M02V-R ?=0 M02 V-R colour error (G1)
697- 706 F10.6 mag GALEXFUV ? GALEX FUV-band magnitude (G1)
708- 712 F5.3 mag e_GALEXFUV ?=0 FUV-band magnitude error (G1)
714- 723 F10.6 mag GALEXNUV ? GALEX NUV-band magnitude (G1)
725- 729 F5.3 mag e_GALEXNUV ?=0 NUV-band magnitude error (G1)
731- 735 A5 --- ClassSAGE IR color classification from Boyer et al.
(2011AJ....142..103B 2011AJ....142..103B, Cat. J/AJ/142/103)
737- 740 A4 --- S2013YSO YSO classification from Sewilo et al.
(2013ApJ...778...15S 2013ApJ...778...15S, Cat. J/ApJ/778/15)
742- 746 A5 --- ClassIRS MIR spectral classification from Ruffle
et al. (2015MNRAS.451.3504R 2015MNRAS.451.3504R,
Cat J/MNRAS/451/3504)
748- 759 A12 --- Class10MK Optical spectral classification from
Bonanos et al. (2010AJ....140..416B 2010AJ....140..416B,
Cat. J/AJ/140/416)
761- 763 A3 --- SpVarGF15 Spectral variability flag from
Gonzalez-Fernandez et al.
(2015A&A...578A...3G 2015A&A...578A...3G, Cat. J/A+A/578/A3)
765- 769 F5.1 km/s RVGF15 Radial velocity from Gonzalez-Fernandez
et al. (2015A&A...578A...3G 2015A&A...578A...3G,
Cat. J/A+A/578/A3)
771- 780 A10 --- ClassMK Optical spectral classification from
Gonzalez-Fernandez et al.
(2015A&A...578A...3G 2015A&A...578A...3G, Cat. J/A+A/578/A3)
782- 787 F6.2 km/s RVN18 Radial velocity from Neugent et al.
(2018AJ....155..207N 2018AJ....155..207N, Cat. J/AJ/155/207)
789- 795 A7 --- Class18MK Optical spectral classification from
Neugent et al. (2018AJ....155..207N 2018AJ....155..207N,
Cat. J/AJ/155/207)
797- 802 F6.2 km/s RVS Radial velocity from Simbad
804- 818 A15 --- ClassS Spectral classification from Simbad
820- 838 A19 --- MainTypeS Main object type from Simbad
840- 870 A31 --- OTypeS Other object types from Simbad
872- 878 F7.4 mas Plx Gaia parallax
880- 885 F6.4 mas e_Plx Gaia parallax error
887- 891 F5.3 mas/yr PM Gaia proper motion
893- 897 F5.3 mas/yr pmRA Gaia RA proper motion
899- 903 F5.3 mas/yr e_pmRA RA proper motion error
905- 910 F6.3 mas/yr pmDE Gaia Dec proper motion
912- 916 F5.3 mas/yr e_pmDE Dec proper motion error
918- 926 F9.6 mag Gmag Gaia G-band magnitude
928- 935 F8.6 mag e_Gmag Gaia G-band magnitude error
937- 945 F9.6 mag BPmag Gaia BP-band magnitude
947- 954 F8.6 mag e_BPmag Gaia BP-band magnitude error
956- 964 F9.6 mag RPmag Gaia RP-band magnitude
966- 973 F8.6 mag e_RPmag Gaia RP-band magnitude error
975- 982 F8.6 mag BP-RP Gaia BP-RP colour
984- 990 F7.2 km/s RV ? Gaia radial velocity
992- 997 F6.2 km/s e_RV ? Radial velocity error
999-1007 F9.5 mag OGLEI ? OGLE I-band magnitude
1009-1015 F7.3 mag OGLEV ? OGLE V-band magnitude
1017-1034 F18.11 Lsun L Luminosity
1036-1060 F25.16 --- chi2min Minimum modified chi-squared
1062-1066 F5.2 [Msun/yr] logMdot ? log mass-loss rate
1068-1072 F5.2 [Msun/yr] e_logMdot ? logMdot lower error limit
1074-1078 F5.2 [Msun/yr] E_logMdot ? logMdot upper error limit
1080-1083 I4 K TeffB19 ? Effective temperature from
J-K prescription
1085-1088 I4 K TDUSTY ? Effective temperature from
DUSTY best-fit model
1090-1092 I3 K e_TDUSTY ? TDUSTY lower error limit
1094-1096 I3 K E_TDUSTY ? TDUSTY upper error limit
1098-1101 I4 K Tin ? Inner shell temperature
1103-1105 I3 K e_Tin ? Tin lower error limit
1107-1109 I3 K E_Tin ? Tin upper error limit
1111-1119 F9.5 --- tau ? Optical depth at V-band
1121-1139 F19.16 --- e_tau ? tau lower error limit
1141-1159 F19.16 --- E_tau ? tau upper error limit
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablec2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- ID [1/527] Assigned ID
5- 32 A28 --- Alias Alias
34- 37 A4 --- SpTypeA Adopted mean Spectral type
39- 460 A422 --- SpType Spectral type(s)
462- 795 A334 --- r_SpType Spectral type references
797-1072 A276 --- Source Source cited for the SpType
1074-1080 F7.2 K Teff Effective temperature
1082-1086 F5.1 K e_Teff Effective temperature error
1088-1104 A17 --- 2MASS ID from 2MASS
1106-1115 F10.6 deg RAdeg 2MASS right ascension (J2000)
1117-1126 F10.6 deg DEdeg 2MASS declination (J2000)
1128-1144 F17.15 mag J0mag 2MASS J magnitude (G1)
1146-1150 F5.3 mag Jmsigcom Combined J magnitude error (G1)
1152-1169 F18.15 mag H0mag ? 2MASS H magnitude (G1)
1171-1175 F5.3 mag Hmsigcom Combined H magnitude error (G1)
1177-1194 F18.15 mag K0mag ? 2MASS K_s magnitude (G1)
1196-1213 F18.16 mag Kmsigcom Combined K_s magnitude error (G1)
1215-1232 F18.16 mas plx Gaia parallax
1234-1251 F18.16 mas e_plx parallax error
1253-1263 F11.8 mas/yr PM Gaia total proper motion
1265-1284 F20.16 mas/yr pmRA Gaia RA proper motion
1286-1303 F18.16 mas/yr e_pmRA RA proper motion error
1305-1324 F20.16 mas/yr pmDE Gaia DE proper motion
1326-1343 F18.16 mas/yr e_pmDE Dec proper motion error
1345-1354 F10.8 --- RUWE renormalised unit weight error
1356-1373 F18.15 mag Gmag Gaia G magnitude (G1)
1375-1391 F17.14 mag BPmag Gaia BP magnitude (G1)
1393-1409 F17.14 mag RPmag Gaia RP magnitude (G1)
1411-1423 F13.8 mag RV ? Gaia radial velocity
1425-1436 F12.9 mag e_RV ? radial velocity error
1438-1450 A13 --- f_RV Photometric variability flag
1452-1462 F11.5 pc rgeo Median of the geometric distance
posterior from Bailer-Jones et al.
(2021, Cat. I/352)
1464-1474 F11.5 pc b_rgeo 16th percentile of the geometric distance
posterior
1476-1486 F11.5 pc B_rgeo 84th percentile of the geometric distance
posterior
1488-1509 A22 --- SClass Simbad Classification
1511-1518 A8 --- Region Region from Healy et al.
(2024MNRAS.529.3630H 2024MNRAS.529.3630H)
1520-1536 F17.14 mag WISE1 ? WISE1 band magnitude (G1)
1538-1554 F17.14 mag WISE2 ? WISE2 band magnitude (G1)
1556-1574 F19.16 mag WISE3 ? WISE3 band magnitude (G1)
1576-1581 F6.3 mag WISE4 ? WISE4 band magnitude (G1)
1583-1588 F6.3 mag e_WISE1 ? WISE1 magnitude error (G1)
1590-1595 F6.3 mag e_WISE2 ? WISE2 magnitude error (G1)
1597-1602 F6.3 mag e_WISE3 ? WISE3 magnitude error (G1)
1604-1609 F6.3 mag e_WISE4 ? WISE4 magnitude error (G1)
1611-1614 A4 --- ccf Contamination and confusion flag
1616 I1 --- ex [0/1]? Extended source flag
1618-1621 A4 --- var Variability flag
1623-1626 A4 --- qph Photometric quality flag
1628-1632 I5 --- FlagsSkyM ? SkyMapper quality flag
1634-1652 F19.15 mag SkyMapu ? SkyMapper u-band magnitude (G1)
1654-1660 F7.4 mag e_SkyMapu ? u-band magnitude error (G1)
1662-1679 F18.14 mag SkyMapv ? SkyMapper v-band magnitude (G1)
1681-1687 F7.4 mag e_SkyMapv ? v-band magnitude error (G1)
1689-1706 F18.14 mag SkyMapg ? SkyMapper g-band magnitude (G1)
1708-1714 F7.4 mag e_SkyMapg ? g-band magnitude error (G1)
1716-1733 F18.14 mag SkyMapr ? SkyMapper r-band magnitude (G1)
1735-1741 F7.4 mag e_SkyMapr ? r-band magnitude error (G1)
1743-1760 F18.14 mag SkyMapi ? SkyMapper i-band magnitude (G1)
1762-1768 F7.4 mag e_SkyMapi ? i-band magnitude error (G1)
1770-1787 F18.14 mag SkyMapz ? SkyMapper z-band magnitude (G1)
1789-1795 F7.4 mag e_SkyMapz ? z-band magnitude error (G1)
1797-1814 F18.9 Jy F3.6ap1 ? Spitzer [3.6] band flux
1816-1825 F10.4 Jy e_F3.6ap1 ? [3.6] flux error
1827-1844 F18.9 Jy F4.5ap1 ? Spitzer [4.5] band flux
1846-1855 F10.4 Jy e_F4.5ap1 ? [4.5] flux error
1857-1875 F19.9 Jy F5.8ap1 ? Spitzer [5.8] band flux
1877-1885 F9.3 Jy e_F5.8ap1 ? [5.8] flux error
1887-1904 F18.9 Jy F8.0ap1 ? Spitzer [8.0] band flux
1906-1915 F10.4 Jy e_F8.0ap1 ? [8.0] flux error
1917-1926 F10.1 Jy F24-PSF ? Spitzer [24] band flux
1928-1937 F10.4 Jy e_F24-PSF ? [24] flux error
1939-1957 F19.16 mag madW1 ? Median absolute deviation of WISE1 band
1959-1977 F19.16 mag madW2 ? Median absolute deviation of WISE2 band
1979-1996 F18.16 --- JRatio Ratio of best-fit model J-band over
2MASS J-band (JfitObs_ratio) (2)
1998-2013 F16.14 Lsun logL log Luminosity
2015-2032 F18.16 Lsun e_logL logL lower error limit
2034-2051 F18.16 Lsun E_logL logL upper error limit
2053-2072 F20.16 --- chi2min Minimum modified chi-squared
2074-2079 F6.2 [Msun/yr] logMdot log mass-loss rate
2081-2084 F4.2 [Msun/yr] e_logMdot logMdot lower error limit
2086-2089 F4.2 [Msun/yr] E_logMdot logMdot upper error limit
2091-2094 I4 K TDUSTY Effective temperature from DUSTY
best-fit model
2096-2098 I3 K e_TDUSTY TDUSTY lower error limit
2100-2102 I3 K E_TDUSTY TDUSTY upper error limit
2104-2107 I4 K Tin Inner shell temperature
2109-2111 I3 K e_Tin Tin lower error limit
2113-2115 I3 K E_Tin Tin upper error limit
2117-2123 F7.5 --- tau Optical depth at V-band
2125-2142 F18.16 --- e_tau tau lower error limit
2144-2161 F18.16 --- E_tau tau lower error limit
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (2): The good fits in the near-IR are considered those with JRatio>0.65.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablec3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 I3 --- ID [1/396] Assigned ID
5- 20 F16.12 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000)
22- 38 F17.13 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
40- 46 F7.3 mag VmagLGGS ? LGGS V-band mag (G1)
48- 52 F5.3 mag e_VmagLGGS ?=0 V-band magnitude error (G1)
54- 59 F6.3 mag B-VLGGS ? LGGS B-V colour (G1)
61- 66 F6.3 mag e_B-VLGGS ? B-V colour error (G1)
68- 73 F6.3 mag U-BLGGS ? LGGS U-B colour (G1)
75- 80 F6.3 mag e_U-BLGGS ? U-B colour error (G1)
82- 87 F6.3 mag V-RLGGS ? LGGS V-R colour (G1)
89- 94 F6.3 mag e_V-RLGGS ? V-R colour error (G1)
96- 101 F6.3 mag R-ILGGS ? LGGS R-I colour (G1)
103- 108 F6.3 mag e_R-ILGGS ? R-I colour error (G1)
110- 116 F7.3 mag JmagUKIRT ? UKIRT J-band magnitude (G1)
118- 122 F5.3 mag e_JmagUKIRT ?=0 J-band magnitude error (G1)
124- 130 F7.3 mag HmagUKIRT ? UKIRT H-band magnitude (G1)
132- 139 F8.6 mag e_HmagUKIRT ?=0 H-band magnitude error (G1)
141- 147 F7.3 mag KmagUKIRT ? UKIRT K-band magnitude (G1)
149- 153 F5.3 mag e_KmagUKIRT ?=0 K-band magnitude error (G1)
155- 166 F12.8 mag JmagVHS ? VHS J-band magnitude (G1)
168- 179 F12.8 mag KsmagVHS ? VHS Ks-band magnitude (G1)
181- 194 F14.12 mag e_JmagVHS ?=0 VHS J-band magnitude error (G1)
196- 209 F14.12 mag e_KsmagVHS ?=0 VHS Ks-band magnitude error (G1)
211- 220 F10.6 mag JmagIRSF ? IRSF J-band magnitude (G1)
222- 226 F5.3 mag e_JmagIRSF ?=0 J-band magnitude error (G1)
228- 237 F10.6 mag HmagIRSF ? IRSF H-band magnitude (G1)
239- 243 F5.3 mag e_HmagIRSF ?=0 H-band magnitude error (G1)
245- 254 F10.6 mag KsmagIRSF ? IRSF Ks-band magnitude (G1)
256- 260 F5.3 mag e_KsmagIRSF ?=0 Ks-band magnitude error (G1)
262- 271 F10.6 mag JmagHAWKI ? HAWKI J-band magnitude (G1)
273- 277 F5.3 mag e_JmagHAWKI ?=0 J-band magnitude error (G1)
279- 288 F10.6 mag KsmagHAWKI ? HAWKI Ks-band magnitude (G1)
290- 294 F5.3 mag e_KsmagHAWKI ?=0 Ks-band magnitude error (G1)
296- 307 F12.8 mag IRAC1 ? Spitzer IRAC1 magnitude (G1)
309- 321 F13.11 mag e_IRAC1 ?=0 IRAC1 magnitude error (G1)
323- 334 F12.8 mag IRAC2 ? Spitzer IRAC2 magnitude (G1)
336- 348 F13.11 mag e_IRAC2 ?=0 IRAC2 magnitude error (G1)
350- 361 F12.8 mag IRAC3 ? Spitzer IRAC3 magnitude (G1)
363- 375 F13.11 mag e_IRAC3 ?=0 IRAC3 magnitude error (G1)
377- 388 F12.8 mag IRAC4 ? Spitzer IRAC4 magnitude (G1)
390- 402 F13.11 mag e_IRAC4 ?=0 IRAC4 magnitude error (G1)
404- 416 F13.9 mag MIPS24 ? Spitzer MIPS24 magnitude (G1)
418- 430 F13.11 mag e_MIPS24 ?=0 MIPS24 magnitude error (G1)
432- 452 F21.16 mas plx ?=-999 Gaia parallax
454- 471 F18.15 mas e_plx ? parallax error
473- 493 F21.16 mas/yr pmRA ?=-999 Gaia RA proper motion
495- 512 F18.15 mas/yr e_pmRA ? RA proper motion error
514- 534 F21.16 mas/yr pmDE ?=-999 Gaia Dec proper motion
536- 553 F18.15 mas/yr e_pmDE ? Dec proper motion error
555- 563 F9.5 mag gMagPS ? PS1 g-band magnitude (G1)
565- 578 F14.12 mag e_gMagPS ?=0 g-band magnitude error (G1)
580- 589 F10.6 mag rMagPS ? PS1 r-band magnitude (G1)
591- 604 F14.12 mag e_rMagPS ?=0 r-band magnitude error (G1)
606- 615 F10.6 mag iMagPS ? PS1 i-band magnitude (G1)
617- 630 F14.12 mag e_iMagPS ?=0 i-band magnitude error (G1)
632- 641 F10.6 mag zMagPS ? PS1 z-band magnitude (G1)
643- 656 F14.12 mag e_zMagPS ?=0 z-band magnitude error (G1)
658- 666 F9.5 mag yMagPS ? PS1 y-band magnitude (G1)
668- 682 F15.13 mag e_yMagPS ?=0 y-band magnitude error (G1)
684- 700 F17.13 mag Gmag ? Gaia G magnitude (G1)
702- 718 F17.13 mag BPmag ? Gaia BP magnitude (G1)
720- 736 F17.13 mag RPmag ? Gaia RP magnitude (G1)
738- 756 F19.16 mag e_Gmag ? G magnitude error (G1)
758- 776 F19.16 mag e_BPmag ? BP magnitude error (G1)
778- 796 F19.16 mag e_RPmag ? RP magnitude error (G1)
798- 814 F17.13 mag F115W ? JWST F115W magnitude (G1)
816- 832 F17.13 mag F200W ? JWST F200W magnitude (G1)
834- 850 F17.13 mag F356W ? JWST F356W magnitude (G1)
852- 868 F17.13 mag F444W ? JWST F444W magnitude (G1)
870- 887 F18.16 mag e_F115W ?=0 F115W magnitude error (G1)
889- 906 F18.16 mag e_F200W ?=0 F200W magnitude error (G1)
908- 925 F18.16 mag e_F356W ?=0 F356W magnitude error (G1)
927- 944 F18.16 mag e_F444W ?=0 F444W magnitude error (G1)
946- 962 F17.13 mag F770W ? JWST F770W magnitude (G1)
964- 980 F17.13 mag F1000W ? JWST F1000W magnitude (G1)
982- 998 F17.13 mag F1500W ? JWST F1500W magnitude (G1)
1000-1016 F17.13 mag F2100W ? JWST F2100W magnitude (G1)
1018-1035 F18.16 mag e_F770W ?=0 F770W magnitude error (G1)
1037-1054 F18.16 mag e_F1000W ?=0 F1000W magnitude error (G1)
1056-1073 F18.16 mag e_F1500W ?=0 F1500W magnitude error (G1)
1075-1092 F18.16 mag e_F2100W ?=0 F2100W magnitude error (G1)
1094-1103 F10.6 mag WISE1 ? WISE1-band magnitude (G1)
1105-1114 F10.6 mag WISE2 ? WISE2-band magnitude (G1)
1116-1119 I4 mag WISE3 ? WISE3-band magnitude (G1)
1121-1124 I4 mag WISE4 ? WISE4-band magnitude (G1)
1126-1130 F5.3 mag e_WISE1 ?=0 WISE1-band magnitude error (G1)
1132-1136 F5.3 mag e_WISE2 ?=0 WISE2-band magnitude error (G1)
1138-1142 F5.3 mag e_WISE3 ?=0 WISE3-band magnitude error (G1)
1144-1149 F6.3 mag e_WISE4 ? WISE4-band magnitude error (G1)
1151-1168 F18.14 mag MIPS24ML ? Machine-learning MIPS24 prediction
1170-1187 F18.11 Lsun L Luminosity
1189-1208 F20.16 --- chi2min Minimum modified chi-squared
1210-1214 F5.2 [Msun/yr] logMdot log mass-loss rate
1216-1219 F4.2 [Msun/yr] e_logMdot logMdot lower error limit
1221-1224 F4.2 [Msun/yr] E_logMdot logMdot upper error limit
1226-1229 I4 K TdeWit Effective temperature from
J-K prescription from de Wit+2024
1231-1234 I4 K TDUSTY Effective temperature from
DUSTY best-fit model
1236-1238 I3 K e_TDUSTY TDUSTY lower error limit
1240-1242 I3 K E_TDUSTY TDUSTY upper error limit
1244-1247 I4 K Tin Inner shell temperature
1249-1251 I3 K e_Tin Tin lower error limit
1253-1255 I3 K E_Tin Tin upper error limit
1257-1264 F8.5 --- tau Optical depth at V-band
1266-1283 F18.16 --- e_tau tau lower error limit
1285-1302 F18.16 --- E_tau tau upper error limit
1304-1323 F20.16 --- chi2minML Minimum modified chi-squared from
ML results
1325-1329 F5.2 [Msun/yr] logMdotML log mass-loss rate from ML results
1331-1334 F4.2 [Msun/yr] e_logMdotML logMdotML lower error limit
1336-1339 F4.2 [Msun/yr] E_logMdotML logMdotML upper error limit
1341-1344 I4 K TDUSTYML Effective temperature from
DUSTY best-fit model from ML results
1346-1348 I3 K e_TDUSTYML TDUSTYML lower error limit
1350-1352 I3 K E_TDUSTYML TDUSTYML upper error limit
1354-1357 I4 K TinML Inner shell temperature from ML results
1359-1361 I3 K e_TinML TinML lower error limit
1363-1365 I3 K E_TinML TinML upper error limit
1367-1374 F8.5 --- tauML Optical depth at V-band from ML results
1376-1393 F18.16 --- e_tauML tauML lower error limit
1395-1412 F18.16 --- E_tauML tauML upper error limit
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Global Notes:
Note (G1): The photometric magnitudes are corrected for foreground extinction.
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Acknowledgements:
Konstantinos Antoniadis, k.antoniadis(at)noa.gr
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 22-Aug-2025