J/A+A/702/A258 Catalogue of inspected PRGs - CIPRG (Dobrycheva+, 2025)
Discovery of the polar ring galaxies with deep learning.
Dobrycheva D.V., Hetmantsev O.O., Vavilova I.B., Shportko A., Gugnin O.,
Kompaniiets O.V.
<Astron. Astrophys. 702, A258 (2025)>
=2025A&A...702A.258D 2025A&A...702A.258D (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Galaxies ; Redshifts ; Optical
Keywords: methods: data analysis - techniques: image processing -
catalogs - galaxies: general - galaxies: peculiar
Abstract:
Polar ring galaxies (PRGs) play an important role in understanding the
evolution of galaxies, especially as unique cases of gas accretion and
merging process between early and late morphological galaxy types.
Regardless of their spectacular shape, these objects are very few in
number and hard to find. Most of them were visually discovered, and
then several of them were photometrically validated and kinematically
confirmed galaxies (PRGs) are vary rare objects that are important for
understanding galaxy evolution.
The aim of our research is to create a catalogue of candidates
for PRGs using existing catalogues of PRGs. After revision of existing
catalogues to develop an image-based approach with machine learning
methods for the search and discovery of PRGs in a big sky survey. We
visually inspected galaxies from existing catalogues of PRGs and
created a training sample based on high-quality SDSS images. Our
training sample is extremely small - only 87 objects where are strong
and good PRGs candidates. For the first time, we applied deep learning
to search for PRGs.
Augmentation, image segmentation, ensemble, and transfer learning
techniques were applied to mitigate the problem of an insufficient
dataset (87 strong and good PRGs). To search for PRGs, we applied our
models to the SDSS catalogue of galaxies at z<0.1 (Vavilova et al.,
2022, 2022KNIT...28....3V 2022KNIT...28....3V). Transfer learning with synthetic GALFIT
images demonstrated that, despite overtraining, we were able to find
galaxies with a ring pattern. Our deep learning approach has resulted
in the discovery of three PRGs (SDSS J140644.42+471602.0;
SDSS J133650.48+492745.3; SDSS J095717.30+364953.5). Four PRGs were
discovered through the visual inspection of ∼2200 galaxies from the
Catalogue of the SDSS Ring galaxies at z<0.1
(SDSS J095851.32+320422.9; SDSS J104211.05+234448.2;
SDSS J162212.63+272032.2; SDSS J104600.10+090627.2). One galaxy
discovered with transfer learning, SDSS J140644.42+471602.0, was
studied using CIGALE software to determine its spectral energy
distribution from IR to UV bands.
Finally, we present a catalogue of 179 galaxies, among them 87 objects
are strong and good PRG candidates, 79 objects are weak candidates,
seven objects are from our current research and six objects from new
research of Skrybina et al., 2024 (arXiv:2406.13496), Akhil et al.,
2024MNRAS.530.2907A 2024MNRAS.530.2907A, Freitas-Lemes et al. 2024Ap&SS.369...93F 2024Ap&SS.369...93F, and
Stanonik et al., 2009ApJ...696L...6S 2009ApJ...696L...6S. This catalogue will be useful
for the CNN approach and theoretical studies. Our strategies represent
valuable opportunities for future development of deep learning models
to increase PRG identification in sky surveys.
Description:
The catalogue of inspected PRGs consists of 179 galaxies:
166 objects from strong, good, and weak categories in Whitmore et al.
(1990AJ....100.1489W 1990AJ....100.1489W), Moiseev et al. (2011MNRAS.418..244M 2011MNRAS.418..244M), and
Reshetnikov & Mosenkov (2019MNRAS.483.1470R 2019MNRAS.483.1470R) catalogues; six objects
found in studies by Skrybina et al. (2024, arXiv:2406.13496), Akhil et
al. (2024MNRAS.530.2907A 2024MNRAS.530.2907A), Freitas-Lemes et al. (2024Ap&SS.369...93F 2024Ap&SS.369...93F),
and Stanonik et al. (2009ApJ...696L...6S 2009ApJ...696L...6S.); three PRGs discovered by
us using the deep learning approach, and four PRGs found visually by
us in the catalogue of SDSS ring galaxies. This catalogue contains
types, assigned to all 179 galaxies, after visual inspection through
SDSS and DESI Legacy Survey, which is helpful for PRG identification
and theoretical studies.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
ciprg.dat 161 179 Catalog of inspected polar ring galaxies
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See also:
J/other/KNIT/28.3 : Galaxies at 0.02<z<0.1 morphological catalog
(Vavilova+, 2022)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: ciprg.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 24 A24 --- Name Colloquial name
26- 44 I19 --- SDSSobjID ? Long object SDSS identification
46- 55 F10.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) from SDSS
57- 66 F10.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) from SDSS
68- 92 A25 --- Catalogue Name of the catalogue or publication
from which the object was taken (1)
94-116 A23 --- Type Type assigned to the object in the
study it was taken from (2)
118 I1 --- SDSS Availability in SDSS (3)
120 I1 --- DESILegacy Availability in DESI Legacy Survey (4)
122-127 A6 --- VisualSDSS Type assigned after visual inspection
through SDSS (5)
129-136 A8 --- VisualDESI Type assigned after visual inspection
through DESI Legacy Survey (6)
138 I1 --- ArtifactSDSS [0/1] Presence of an artifact
in the SDSS image (7)
140 I1 --- ArtifactDESI [0]? Presence of an artifact in the
DESI Legacy Survey image (8)
142-149 F8.6 --- zph ? Photometric redshift taken from SDSS
151-161 F11.9 --- zsp ? Spectroscopic redshift taken from SDSS
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Note (1): Name of the study from which the object was taken as follows:
Akhil et al. 2024 = 2024MNRAS.530.2907A 2024MNRAS.530.2907A
Dobrycheva et al. 2025 = this paper
Freitas-Lemes et al. 2024 = 2024Ap&SS.369...93F 2024Ap&SS.369...93F
Moiseev et al. 2011 = 2011MNRAS.418..244M 2011MNRAS.418..244M
Reshetnikov et al. 2019 = 2019MNRAS.483.1470R 2019MNRAS.483.1470R
Skryabina et al. 2024 = 2024MNRAS.532..883S 2024MNRAS.532..883S
Stanonik et al. 2009 = 2009ApJ...696L...6S 2009ApJ...696L...6S
Whitmore et al. 1990 = 1990AJ....100.1489W 1990AJ....100.1489W
Note (2): Type that was assigned to the object in the study it was taken from.
Note (3): Availability in the SDSS as follows:
0 = unavailable in the SDSS
1 = available in the SDSS
Note (4): Availability in the DESI Legacy Survey as follows:
0 = unavailable in the DESI Legacy Survey
1 = available in the DESI Legacy Survey
Note (5): Type assigned after visual inspection through SDSS as follows:
strong = galaxies with clearly visible polar rings
good = galaxies with dim polar ring features
weak = galaxies, in which polar rings a hardly differentiated
Note (6): Type assigned after visual inspection through DESI Legacy Survey
as follows:
strong = galaxies with clearly visible polar rings
good = galaxies with dim polar ring features
weak = galaxies, in which polar rings a hardly differentiated
Note (7): Presence of an artifact in the SDSS image as follows:
0 = no artifact in the SDSS image
1 = artifact is present in the SDSS image
Note (8): Presence of an artifact in the DESI Legacy Survey image as follows
as follows:
0 = no artifact in the DESI Legacy Survey image
1 = artifact is present in the DESI Legacy Survey image
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Acknowledgements:
Daria Dobrycheva, dariadobrycheva(at)gmail.com
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 13-Sep-2025