J/A+A/704/A220 Abudances of 41 open clusters (Bijavara Seshashayana+, 2025)
Stellar Population Astrophysics (SPA) with the TNG:
23 IR elemental abundances of 114 giant stars in 41 open clusters.
Bijavara Seshashayana S., Joensson H., D'Orazi V., Bragaglia A., Jian M.,
Andreuzzi G., Dal Ponte M.
<Astron. Astrophys. 704, A220 (2025)>
=2025A&A...704A.220B 2025A&A...704A.220B (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Milky Way ; Clusters, open ; Stars, giant ; Abundances ;
Spectra, infrared
Keywords: Sun: fundamental parameters - stars: abundances - stars: atmospheres -
Galaxy: disk - Galaxy: evolution -
open clusters and associations: general
Abstract:
Open clusters have been extensively used as tracers of Galactic
chemical evolution, as their constituent stars possess shared
characteristics, including age, Galactocentric radius, metallicity,
and chemical composition. By examining the trends of elemental
abundances with metallicity, age, and Galactocentric radius, valuable
insights can be gained into the distribution and nucleosynthetic
origins of chemical elements across the Galactic disk. The infrared
domain in particular facilitates the observation of some elemental
abundances that can be challenging or impossible to discern in the
optical; for example, K and F.
The objective of this study is to derive the stellar parameters and
elemental abundances of up to 23 elements in 114 stars spanning 41
open clusters using high-resolution infrared spectroscopy. In
addition, the present study aims to examine the chemical evolution of
the Galactic disk. This is achieved by investigating radial abundance
gradients, variations in abundance between clusters, and the
dependence of chemical abundances on the cluster age.
Abundances for up to 23 elements, C, N, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, K, Ca,
Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Ce, Nd, and Yb, were derived and
compared with available literature values where possible. Non-local
thermodynamic equilibrium analysis was utilized for the elements C,
Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, and Cu. For each element,
Galactic trends were examined by analyzing both [X/Fe] and [X/H] as
functions of [Fe/H], stellar age, and Galactocentric radius. In
particular, the radial abundance gradient of Ytterbium is presented
for the first time, thereby extending the observational constraints on
heavy neutron-capture elements.
Radial abundance gradients for a wide range of elements in the
Galactic disk are found, with [X/Fe] slopes ranging from -0.061 to
+0.065dex/kpc. The observed gradients are consistent with an
inside-out formation scenario for the Galactic disk, wherein chemical
enrichment proceeds from the inner regions to the outer ones over
time. The observed [X/Fe] trends across multiple nucleosynthetic
groups, including alpha elements, odd-Z elements, iron-peak elements,
and neutron-capture elements such as Y, Ce, Nd, and Yb, reflect the
diverse production sites and timescales associated with each group. In
particular, the positive [Zn/H] and [Zn/Fe] gradients suggest a
distinctive nucleosynthetic origin for Zn, possibly linked to
metallicity-dependent yields. The positive gradient in [Yb/Fe]
(0.065±0.031dex/kpc) provides significant new constraints on
neutron-capture enrichment processes and the chemical evolution of the
Galactic disk.
Description:
High-resolution near-infrared spectra of 114 red giant stars in 41
Galactic open clusters observed within the Stellar Population
Astrophysics (SPA) project using GIANO-B at the 3.58 m Telescopio
Nazionale Galileo (TNG).
The data tables include:
(i) an overview of the observed clusters and stars,
(ii) a combined atomic and molecular line list used in the analysis,
(iii) element completeness per cluster,
(iv) derived stellar parameters and CNO abundances,
(v) per-star abundances for 23 elements, and
(vi-viii) mean cluster abundances grouped by element type.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 123 114 Overview of observed clusters and stars
table2.dat 35 193 Combined atomic and molecular line list
table3.dat 132 114 Stellar parameters and CNO abundances
table4.dat 92 72 Comparison of parameters with literature values
refs.dat 80 20 References
table5.dat 66 41 Per-cluster element completeness
table6.dat 169 114 Per-star abundances [Mg/Fe]-[V/Fe]
table7.dat 169 114 Per-star abundances [Cr/Fe]-[Yb/Fe]
table8.dat 118 41 Mean cluster abundances [Mg/Fe]-[K/Fe]
table9.dat 87 41 Mean cluster abundances [Ti/Fe]-[Ni/Fe]
table10.dat 87 41 Mean cluster abundances [Cu/Fe]-[Yb/Fe]
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 21 A21 --- Cluster Cluster name
23- 26 F4.2 Gyr Age Cluster age (1)
28- 32 F5.2 kpc Rgc Cluster Galactocentric distance
35- 38 F4.2 mag Av Cluster visual extinction
40- 58 A19 --- StarID Internal star identifier
60- 78 I19 --- GaiaDR3 Gaia DR3 source ID
80- 95 F16.12 deg RAdeg Right Ascension (J2000)
99-116 F18.14 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
118-123 F6.3 mag Gmag Gaia G-band magnitude
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Note (1): Cluster ages and A_V values are from Cantat-Gaudin et al.,
(2020A&A...640A...1C 2020A&A...640A...1C, Cat. J/A+A/640/A1) except for NGC 6791
(Brogaard et al. 2021A&A...652A..12K 2021A&A...652A..12K, Cat. J/A+A/652/A12).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- Species Element and ionisation stage (e.g., Fe I, CO)
6- 15 F10.4 0.1nm lambda Air wavelength
20- 25 F6.3 eV EP Excitation potential
27- 32 F6.3 --- loggf log(gf) value
35 I1 --- Ref Reference for atomic/molecular data (1)
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Note (1): References as follows:
1 = loggf of OH is from Brooke et al. (2016ApJS..226....1J 2016ApJS..226....1J, Cat. J/ApJS/226/1)
2 = loggf of CO is from Li et al. (2015ApJS..216...15L 2015ApJS..216...15L)
3 = loggf of CN is from Sneden et al. (2014ApJS..214...26S 2014ApJS..214...26S, Cat. J/ApJS/214/26)
4 = loggf of FeI is from Kurucz (2014dapb.book...39K 2014dapb.book...39K )
5 = Spectral line data of the MgI, SiI, TiI and TiII atomic lines used in the
method for determining stellar parameters. As a starting point, an updated
version of the VALD line list (Piskunov et al., 1995A&AS..112..525P 1995A&AS..112..525P;
Kupka et al., 2000BaltA...9..590K 2000BaltA...9..590K; Ryabchikova et al., 2015, Phys. Scr.
90, 054005) were used. For lines lacking reliable experimental transition
probabilities, log(gf) values were determined astrophysically from a
high S/N reflected solar spectrum of Ceres observed with IGRINS
(Montelius et al., 2022A&A...665A.135M 2022A&A...665A.135M).
Additional details are available in Montelius et al., 2022A&A...665A.135M 2022A&A...665A.135M,
Nandakumar et al. (2023A&A...675A..23N 2023A&A...675A..23N, 2024A&A...684A..15N 2024A&A...684A..15N),
Nandakumar et al. (2023A&A...676A..79N 2023A&A...676A..79N).
6 = Spectral line data of the HF, SI, CaI, NaI, AlII, KI, VI, CrI, MnI, CoI,
NiI, CuI, ZnI, YI, CeII, NdII, and YbI atomic lines used in determining
abundances of respective elements. The log(gf) values were derived either
from high-resolution solar spectra --- the Ceres IGRINS spectrum
Montelius et al., 2022A&A...665A.135M 2022A&A...665A.135M for H-band lines, and the infrared
solar flux spectrum of Wallace et al. (2003assi.book.....W 2003assi.book.....W) for K-band
lines --- or through astrophysical calibration using Arcturus spectra
Hinkle et al. (1995PASP..107.1042H 1995PASP..107.1042H).
Ce and Nd H-band lines, and all K-band lines are from Nandakumar et al.
(2023A&A...675A..23N 2023A&A...675A..23N). Additional details are available in
Jonsson et al. (2014A&A...564A.122J 2014A&A...564A.122J), Montelius et al.,
2022A&A...665A.135M 2022A&A...665A.135M, Nandakumar et al. (2023A&A...675A..23N 2023A&A...675A..23N),
Nandakumar et al. (2023A&A...676A..79N 2023A&A...676A..79N, 2024A&A...684A..15N 2024A&A...684A..15N).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 21 A21 --- Cluster Cluster name
23- 39 A17 --- StarID Internal star identifier
41- 44 I4 K Teff Effective temperature
46- 47 I2 K e_Teff Uncertainty in effective temperature
49- 52 F4.2 [cm/s2] logg Surface gravity
54- 58 F5.3 [cm/s2] e_logg Uncertainty in surface gravity
60- 65 F6.3 --- [Fe/H] Metallicity, [Fe/H]
67- 71 F5.3 --- e_[Fe/H] Uncertainty in metallicity, [Fe/H]
73- 76 F4.2 km/s vmic Microturbulent velocity
78- 82 F5.3 km/s e_vmic Uncertainty in microturbulent velocity
84- 88 F5.2 km/s vmac Macroturbulent Velocity
90- 94 F5.3 km/s e_vmac Uncertainty in macroturbulent velocity
96-101 F6.3 --- [C/Fe] Abundance [C/Fe]
103-107 F5.3 --- e_[C/Fe] 1σ uncertainty in abundance [C/Fe]
109-113 F5.3 --- [N/Fe] Abundance [N/Fe]
115-119 F5.3 --- e_[N/Fe] 1σ uncertainty in abundance [N/Fe]
121-126 F6.3 --- [O/Fe] Abundance [O/Fe]
128-132 F5.3 --- e_[O/Fe] 1σ uncertainty in abundance [O/Fe]
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 21 A21 --- Cluster Cluster name
23 I1 --- Nstars ? Number of stars in common
25- 31 F7.1 K dTeff ? Effective temperature difference,
this work - literature
34- 36 I3 K e_dTeff ? Effective temperature difference error,
this work - literature
39- 43 F5.2 [cm/s2] dlogg ? Surface gravity difference,
this work - literature
45- 48 F4.2 [cm/s2] e_dlogg ? Surface gravity difference error,
this work - literature
50- 54 F5.2 --- d[Fe/H] ? Metallicity, [Fe/H], difference,
this work - literature
56- 59 F4.2 --- e_d[Fe/H] ? Metallicity, [Fe/H], difference error,
this work - literature
61- 92 A32 --- Ref Literature reference code, in refs.dat file
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 15 A15 --- Ref Reference code
17- 35 A19 --- BibCode BibCdoe
37- 58 A22 --- Aut Auhor's name
60- 80 A21 --- Com Comments
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 21 A21 --- Cluster Cluster name
22 I1 --- Nstars Number of stars analysed in this cluster
(total 114)
24 I1 --- NC Number of stars measured for NC element
(total 114)
26 I1 --- N Number of stars measured for N element
(total 114)
28 I1 --- F Number of stars measured for F element
(total 2)
30 I1 --- Mg Number of stars measured for Mg element
(total 114)
32 I1 --- Si Number of stars measured for Si element
(total 114)
34 I1 --- S Number of stars measured for S element
(total 114)
36 I1 --- Ca Number of stars measured for Ca element
(total 112)
38 I1 --- Na Number of stars measured for Na element
(total 113)
40 I1 --- Al Number of stars measured for Al element
(total 114)
42 I1 --- K Number of stars measured for K element
(total 112)
44 I1 --- Ti Number of stars measured for Ti element
(total 114)
46 I1 --- V Number of stars measured for V element
(total 110)
48 I1 --- Cr Number of stars measured for Cr element
(total 114)
50 I1 --- Mn Number of stars measured for Mn element
(total 114)
52 I1 --- Co Number of stars measured for Co element
(total 114)
54 I1 --- Ni Number of stars measured for Ni element
(total 113)
56 I1 --- Cu Number of stars measured for Cu element
(total 114)
58 I1 --- Zn Number of stars measured for Zn element
(total 53)
60 I1 --- Y Number of stars measured for Y element
(total 67)
62 I1 --- Ce Number of stars measured for Ce element
(total 112)
64 I1 --- Nd Number of stars measured for Nd element
(total 111)
66 I1 --- Yb Number of stars measured for Yb element
(total 106)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 21 A21 --- Cluster Cluster name
23- 40 A18 --- StarID Internal star identifier
41- 46 F6.3 --- [Mg/Fe] Abundance ratio for Mg
48- 52 F5.3 --- e_[Mg/Fe] Abundance ratio for Mg error (1σ)
54- 59 F6.3 --- [Si/Fe] Abundance ratio for Si
61- 65 F5.3 --- e_[Si/Fe] Abundance ratio for Si error (1σ)
67- 72 F6.3 --- [S/Fe] Abundance ratio for S
74- 78 F5.3 --- e_[S/Fe] Abundance ratio for S error (1σ)
80- 85 F6.3 --- [Ca/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for Ca
87- 91 F5.3 --- e_[Ca/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for Ca error (1σ)
93- 98 F6.3 --- [F/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for F
100-104 F5.3 --- e_[F/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for F error (1σ)
106-111 F6.3 --- [Na/Fe] Abundance ratio for Na
113-117 F5.3 --- e_[Na/Fe] Abundance ratio for Na error (1σ)
119-124 F6.3 --- [Al/Fe] Abundance ratio for Al
126-130 F5.3 --- e_[Al/Fe] Abundance ratio for Al error (1σ)
132-137 F6.3 --- [K/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for K
139-143 F5.3 --- e_[K/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for K error (1σ)
145-150 F6.3 --- [Ti/Fe] Abundance ratio for Ti
152-156 F5.3 --- e_[Ti/Fe] Abundance ratio for Ti error (1σ)
158-163 F6.3 --- [V/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for V
165-169 F5.3 --- e_[V/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for V error (1σ)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 21 A21 --- Cluster Cluster name
23- 39 A17 --- StarID Internal star identifier
41- 46 F6.3 --- [Cr/Fe] Abundance ratio for Cr
48- 52 F5.3 --- e_[Cr/Fe] Abundance ratio for Cr error (1σ)
54- 59 F6.3 --- [Mn/Fe] Abundance ratio for Mn
61- 65 F5.3 --- e_[Mn/Fe] Abundance ratio for Mn error (1σ)
67- 72 F6.3 --- [Co/Fe] Abundance ratio for Co
74- 78 F5.3 --- e_[Co/Fe] Abundance ratio for Co error (1σ)
80- 85 F6.3 --- [Ni/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for Ni
87- 91 F5.3 --- e_[Ni/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for Ni error (1σ)
93- 98 F6.3 --- [Cu/Fe] Abundance ratio for Cu
100-104 F5.3 --- e_[Cu/Fe] Abundance ratio for Cu error (1σ)
106-111 F6.3 --- [Zn/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for Zn
113-117 F5.3 --- e_[Zn/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for Zn error (1σ)
119-124 F6.3 --- [Y/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for Y
126-130 F5.3 --- e_[Y/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for Y error (1σ)
132-137 F6.3 --- [Ce/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for Ce
139-143 F5.3 --- e_[Ce/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for Ce error (1σ)
145-150 F6.3 --- [Nd/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for Nd
152-156 F5.3 --- e_[Nd/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for Nd error (1σ)
158-163 F6.3 --- [Yb/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for Yb
165-169 F5.3 --- e_[Yb/Fe] ?=- Abundance ratio for Yb error (1σ)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 21 A21 --- Cluster Cluster name
23- 27 F5.2 --- [Fe/H] Mean [Fe/H] abundance
29- 32 F4.2 --- e_[Fe/H] Mean [Fe/H] abundance error (1σ)
34- 37 F4.2 --- [Mg/Fe] Mean [Mg/Fe] abundance
39- 42 F4.2 --- e_[Mg/Fe] Mean [Mg/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
44- 48 F5.2 --- [Si/Fe] Mean [Si/Fe] abundance
50- 53 F4.2 --- e_[Si/Fe] Mean [Si/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
55- 58 F4.2 --- [S/Fe] Mean [S/Fe] abundance
60- 63 F4.2 --- e_[S/Fe] Mean [S/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
65- 69 F5.2 --- [Ca/Fe] ?=- Mean [Ca/Fe] abundance
71- 74 F4.2 --- e_[Ca/Fe] ?=- Mean [Ca/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
76- 80 F5.2 --- [F/Fe] ?=- Mean [F/Fe] abundance
82- 85 F4.2 --- e_[F/Fe] ?=- Mean [F/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
87- 91 F5.2 --- [Na/Fe] ?=- Mean [Na/Fe] abundance
93- 96 F4.2 --- e_[Na/Fe] ?=- Mean [Na/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
98-102 F5.2 --- [Al/Fe] ?=- Mean [Al/Fe] abundance
104-107 F4.2 --- e_[Al/Fe] ?=- Mean [Al/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
109-113 F5.2 --- [K/Fe] ?=- Mean [K/Fe] abundance
115-118 F4.2 --- e_[K/Fe] ?=- Mean [K/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table9.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 21 A21 --- Cluster Cluster name
23- 27 F5.2 --- [Ti/Fe] Mean [Ti/Fe] abundance
29- 32 F4.2 --- e_[Ti/Fe] Mean [Ti/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
34- 38 F5.2 --- [V/Fe] Mean [V/Fe] abundance
40- 43 F4.2 --- e_[V/Fe] Mean [V/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
45- 49 F5.2 --- [Cr/Fe] Mean [Cr/Fe] abundance
51- 54 F4.2 --- e_[Cr/Fe] Mean [Cr/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
56- 60 F5.2 --- [Mn/Fe] Mean [Mn/Fe] abundance
62- 65 F4.2 --- e_[Mn/Fe] Mean [Mn/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
67- 71 F5.2 --- [Co/Fe] Mean [Co/Fe] abundance
73- 76 F4.2 --- e_[Co/Fe] Mean [Co/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
78- 82 F5.2 --- [Ni/Fe] Mean [Ni/Fe] abundance
84- 87 F4.2 --- e_[Ni/Fe] Mean [Ni/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table10.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 21 A21 --- Cluster Cluster name
23- 27 F5.2 --- [Cu/Fe] Mean [Cu/Fe] abundance
29- 32 F4.2 --- e_[Cu/Fe] Mean [Cu/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
34- 38 F5.2 --- [Zn/Fe] ?=- Mean [Zn/Fe] abundance
40- 43 F4.2 --- e_[Zn/Fe] ?=- Mean [Zn/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
45- 49 F5.2 --- [Y/Fe] ?=- Mean [Y/Fe] abundance
51- 54 F4.2 --- e_[Y/Fe] ?=- Mean [Y/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
56- 60 F5.2 --- [Ce/Fe] ?=- Mean [Ce/Fe] abundance
62- 65 F4.2 --- e_[Ce/Fe] ?=- Mean [Ce/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
67- 71 F5.2 --- [Nd/Fe] Mean [Nd/Fe] abundance
73- 76 F4.2 --- e_[Nd/Fe] Mean [Nd/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
78- 82 F5.2 --- [Yd/Fe] ?=- Mean [Yd/Fe] abundance
84- 87 F4.2 --- e_[Yd/Fe] ?=- Mean [Yd/Fe] abundance error (1σ)
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Acknowledgements:
From Shilpa Bijavara Seshashayana, shilpa.bijavara-seshashayana(at)mau.se
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 08-Nov-2025