J/A+A/707/A20 NGC 1068 vel.-int. intensities and luminosities (Lin+, 2026)
The MALATANG survey: Star formation, dense gas, and active galactic nucleus
feedback in NGC 1068.
Lin S., Feng S., Zhang Z.-Y., Zhang C., Tan Q.-H., Wang J., Gao Y.,
Jiang X.-J., Gao Y., Wang X.-L., Wang J., Wang J.-F., Matsushita S.,
Chung A., Kohno K., Tomoka T., Greve R.T.
<Astron. Astrophys. 707, A20 (2026)>
=2026A&A...707A..20L 2026A&A...707A..20L (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Active gal. nuclei ; Interstellar medium ;
Millimetric/submm sources ; Spectroscopy
Keywords: galaxies: ISM - galaxies: individual: NGC 1068 - galaxies: Seyfert -
galaxies: star formation
Abstract:
We investigated the interplay between dense molecular gas, star
formation, and active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback in the luminous
IR galaxy NGC 1068 at sub-kiloparsec scales.
We present the HCN (4-3) and HCO+ (4-3) maps of NGC 1068 obtained with
JCMT as part of the Mapping the dense molecular gas in the strongest
star-forming galaxies (MALATANG) project, and perform spatially
resolved analyses of their correlations with IR luminosity and soft
X-ray emission.
The spatially resolved relations between the luminosities of IR dust
emission and dense molecular gas tracers (LIR-L'dense) are found to be
nearly linear, without clear evidence of excess contributions from AGN
activity. The spatially resolved X-ray emission (Lgas0.5-2KeV)
displays a radially dependent twofold correlation with the star
formation rate (SFR), suggesting distinct gas-heating mechanisms are
at play in areas between the galaxy center and the outer regions. A
super-linear scaling is obtained in galactic center regions with SFR
surface densities
({SIGMA}SFR)>8.2x10-6M☉/yr/kpc2:log(Lgas^0.5-2KeV/erg/s) =
2.2log(SFR/M_☉/yr)+39.1. We further find a statistically
significant super-linear correlation (beta=1.34±0.86) between
Lgas0.5-2KeV/SFR and the HCN(4-3)/CO(1-0) intensity ratio, whereas
no such trend is seen for HCO+(4-3)/CO(1-0) or CO(3-2)/CO(1-0). These
findings indicate that AGN feedback does not dominate star formation
regulation on sub-kiloparsec scales, and that the excitation of dense
gas traced by HCN (4-3) may be more directly influenced by high-energy
feedback processes compared to HCO+ (4-3) and CO (3-2).
Description:
This table provides velocity-integrated intensities and luminosities
of NGC 1068 at sub kpc scale. The HCN (4-3) and HCO+ (4-3) data were
obtained with the JCMT as part of the MALATANG survey. The CO (3-2)
data were retrieved from the JCMT archive (Project ID: M09BC05), while
the CO (1-0) data were taken from the Nobeyama CO Atlas of Nearby
Spiral Galaxies (https://www.nro.nao.ac.jp/~nro45mrt/html/COatlas/).
The infrared maps were obtained from Herschel, and the 0.5-2 keV X-ray
data are from Chandra.
Objects:
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RA (2000) DE Designation(s)
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02 42 40.70 +00 00 47.8 NGC 1068 = UGC 2188
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File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
tablea1.dat 118 81 *Velocity-integrated intensities and luminosities
of NGC 1068 at sub kpc scale
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Note on tablea1.dat: The integrated intensities are derived from main-beam
temperature (Tmb), and all spectra have been smoothed to a velocity
resolution of 26km/s.
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See also:
J/A+A/602/A78 : NGC1068 interferometric mid-IR measurements
(Lopez-Gonzaga+, 2017)
J/A+A/613/A3 : NGC 1068 deep millimeter spectroscopy observations
(Qiu+, 2018)
J/A+A/625/A100 : NGC 1068 SPHERE-VLT images (Rouan+, 2019)
J/A+A/634/A1 : NGC 1068 GRAVITY reconstructed image (GRAVITY+, 2020)
J/A+A/634/A125 : NGC 1068 nucleus molecular line spectra at 2mm (Qiu+, 2020)
J/A+A/660/A83 : NGC1068 I-HCN(1-0) & I-HCO+(1-0) maps (Sanchez-Garcia+, 2022)
J/A+A/678/A206 : Ionized clouds in central arcsecond of NGC1068 (Vermot+, 2023)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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2- 4 I3 arcsec oRA Offset in right ascension from
reference coordinate
(02:42:40.8, -00:00:47)
6- 8 I3 arcsec oDE Offset in declination from reference
coordinate (02:42:40.8, -00:00:47)
11- 13 F3.1 K.km/s IHCN43 HCN(4-3) integrated intensity
15- 17 F3.1 K.km/s e_IHCN43 ? HCN(4-3) integrated intensity
uncertainty
19- 20 A2 --- f_IHCN43 HCN(4-3) integrated intensity flag (1)
22- 24 F3.1 K.km/s IHCO+43 HCO+(4-3) integrated intensity
26- 28 F3.1 K.km/s e_IHCO+43 ? HCO+(4-3) integrated intensity
uncertainty
30- 31 A2 --- f_IHCO+43 HCO+(4-3) integrated intensity
flag (1)
33- 38 F6.1 10+4K.km/s/pc2 LHCN43 HCN(4-3) Luminosity
40- 43 F4.1 10+4K.km/s/pc2 e_LHCN43 ? HCN(4-3) Luminosity uncertainty
45- 46 A2 --- f_LHCN43 HCN(4-3) Luminosity flag (1)
48- 52 F5.1 10+4K.km/s/pc2 LHCO+43 HCO+(4-3) Luminosity
54- 57 F4.1 10+4K.km/s/pc2 e_LHCO+43 ? HCO+(4-3) Luminosity uncertainty
59- 60 A2 --- f_LHCO+43 HCO+(4-3) Luminosity flag (1)
62- 67 F6.1 10+5K.km/s/pc2 LCO32 CO (3-2) Luminosity
69- 72 F4.1 10+5K.km/s/pc2 e_LCO32 ? CO (3-2) Luminosity uncertainty
74- 75 A2 --- f_LCO32 CO (3-2) Luminosity flag (1)
77- 82 F6.1 10+5K.km/s/pc2 LCO10 CO (1-0) Luminosity
84- 87 F4.1 10+5K.km/s/pc2 e_LCO10 ? CO (1-0) Luminosity uncertainty
89- 90 A2 --- f_LCO10 CO (1-0) Luminosity flag (1)
92- 97 F6.1 10+7Lsun LTIR Total IR luminosity
99-103 F5.1 10+7Lsun e_LTIR ? Total IR luminosity uncertainty
105-106 A2 --- f_LTIR Total IR luminosity flag (1)
108-111 F4.1 [10-7W] logLgas ? 0.5-2keV gas luminosity in log scale
113-115 F3.1 [10-7W] e_logLgas ? 0.5-2keV gas luminosity in log scale
uncertainty
117-118 A2 --- f_logLgas 0.5-2keV gas luminosity flag
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Note (1): Flas as follows:
UL = upper limit (3 sigma)
DT = Detected (Uncertainty contains the noise level, 1 sigma)
NA = not available
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Acknowledgements:
Shuting Lin, linst(at)stu.xmu.edu.cn
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 01-Dec-2025