J/A+A/708/A17 NLTE/LTE abundances of MW's thin disk CCs (Nunnari+, 2026)
Classical Cepheids in the Galactic thin disk.
I. Abundance gradients through non-local thermodynamic equilibrium spectral
analysis.
Nunnari A., D'Orazi V., Fiorentino G., Braga V.F., Bono G., Fabrizio M.,
Jonsson H., Kudritzki R.-P., da Silva R., Bergemann M., Poggio E.,
Otto J.M., Baeza-Villagra K., Bragaglia A., Ceci G., Dall'Ora M., Inno L.,
Lardo C., Matsunaga N., Monelli M., Sanchez-Benavente M., Sneden C.,
Tantalo M., Thevenin F., Kovtyukh V., Di Criscienzo M., Boecek Topcu G.
<Astron. Astrophys. 708, A17 (2026)>
=2026A&A...708A..17N 2026A&A...708A..17N (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Stars, variable ; Stars, standard ; Milky Way ; Spectroscopy ;
Optical ; Abundances ; Effective temperatures ; Proper motions ;
Velocity dispersion ; Positional data ; Stars, distances ;
Parallaxes, trigonometric ; Space velocities
Keywords: stars: variables: Cepheids - Galaxy: abundances - Galaxy: disk -
Galaxy: structure
Abstract:
Classical Cepheids (CCs) have long been considered excellent tracers
of the chemical evolution of the Milky Way's young disk. We present a
homogeneous, Non-Local Thermodynamical Equilibrium (NLTE)
spectroscopic analysis of 401 Galactic CCs, based on 1,351
high-resolution optical spectra, spanning Galactocentric distances
from 4.6 to 29.3 kpc. Using PySME with MARCS atmospheres and
state-of-the-art grids of NLTE departure coefficients, we derive
atmospheric parameters and abundances for key species tracing multiple
nucleosynthetic channels (O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu).
Our sample-the largest CC NLTE dataset to date achieves high internal
precision and enables robust modeling of present-day thin-disk
abundance patterns and radial gradients. We estimate abundance
gradients using three analytic prescriptions (linear, logarithmic,
bilinear with a break) within a Bayesian, outlier-robust framework,
and we also apply Gaussian Process Regression to capture
non-parametric variations. We find that NLTE atmospheric parameters
differ systematically from LTE determinations. Moreover, iron and most
elemental abundance profiles are better described by non-linear
behavior rather than by single-slope linear models: logarithmic fits
generally outperform simple linear models, while bilinear fits yield
inconsistent break radii across elements. Gaussian Process models
reveal a consistent outer-disk flattening of [X/H] for nearly all
studied elements. The [X/Fe] ratios are largely flat with
Galactocentric radius, indicating coherent chemical scaling with iron
across the thin disk, with modest positive offsets for Na and Al and
mild declines for Mn and Cu. Finally, Cepheid kinematics confirm
thin-disk orbits for the great majority of the sample. Comparison with
recent literature shows overall agreement but highlights NLTE-driven
differences, especially in outer-disk abundances. These results
provide tighter empirical constraints for chemo-dynamical models of
the Milky Way and set the stage for future NLTE mapping with upcoming
large spectroscopic surveys.
Description:
In this study, we apply a complete NLTE approach deriving both
atmospheric parameters and chemical abundances for Galactic CCs by
using high resolution optical spectra. Although the statistical
sampling in the inner (Galactocentric distance, RGC≲5kpc) and in the
outer (RGC~>20kpc) disk is sparse, there is solid empirical evidence
for radial gradients for most of the elements that have been
investigated. More specifically, our dataset spans a wide range in
Galactocentric distances (RGC=5-29 kpc) and provides homogeneous
NLTE abundances for light (O), odd-Z (Na, Al, Cu), α (Mg, S, Si,
Ca, Ti), and iron peak (Mn, Fe) elements. The current analysis is a
stepping stone for exploiting thousands of new high-resolution spectra
for CCs that will be collected from upcoming large spectroscopic
surveys in optical (4MOST) and near-infrared (MOONS).
As mentionned in our paper, The current spectroscopic sample includes
401 CCs distributed across the thin disk. Among them, 379 CCs have
already been collected and discussed in Da Silva et al.
(2023A&A...678A.195D 2023A&A...678A.195D, Cat. J/A+A/678/A195). We added 66
High-Resolution (HR) spectra for 22 CCs (proprietary plus public
archives): 10 with RGC≲6kpc and 4 with RGC~>10kpc. We use
PySME to generate synthetic spectra based on a given set of
atmospheric parameters. It determines the optimal values for the
selected atmospheric parameters by fitting the synthetic spectra to
the observed data, taking into account the data uncertainties. The
free parameters in the fitting process can include one or more stellar
parameters, specific elemental abundances, and parameters related to
atomic transitions in the line list.
Thus we use line list presented in tablea2.dat and tablea3.dat. From
our NLTE/LTE grids we provide in table5.dat the sensitivity of each
spectral line to the respective chemical abundance, computed as the
mean abundance variation over 10 CCs spectra, in response to changes
in the atmospheric parameters (Teff, logg, [Fe/H], vmic). Finally,
as results we expose kinematic and chemical properties for 401 CCs in
LTE/NLTE (i.e tablea6.dat) as well as spectrum properties for all 1351
used belonging to the 401 CCs (i.e tablea7.dat).
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
tablea2.dat 26 36 Fe and Ti lines used for the estimation of
the atmospheric parameters
tablea3.dat 26 33 Elemental lines used for the estimation of the
chemical abundances
tablea5.dat 123 36 Sensitivity of elemental lines to the variation
of the atmospheric parameters
tablea6.dat 1916 401 Kinematic and chemical properties for each
Cepheid
tablea7.dat 848 1351 Information for each spectrum and results of
atmospheric parameters and chemical abundances
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
J/A+A/701/A289 : Stellar Population Astrophysics with the TNG
(Dal Ponte+, 2025)
J/A+A/699/A199 : The Great Wave - Young giant sample (Poggio+, 2025)
J/A+A/696/A210 : Cu abundances (Caliskan+, 2025)
J/A+A/690/A246 : Cepheid radial abundance gradients (Trentin+, 2024)
J/A+A/687/A239 : Open clusters abundances (Carbajo-Hijarrubia+, 2024)
J/A+A/684/A91 : High-speed stars. II. (Bonifacio+, 2024)
J/A+A/681/A65 : Cepheids PL relation metallicity dependence
(Trentin+, 2024)
J/A+A/678/A195 : O, S, and Fe abundance in classical Cepheids
(da Silva+, 2023)
J/A+A/669/A119 : Radial abundance gradient with open clusters
(Magrini+, 2023)
J/A+A/661/A104 : Physical parameters of classical Cepheids
(da Silva+, 2022)
J/A+A/659/A167 : Cepheid Period-Wesenheit-Metallicity relation
(Ripepi+, 2022)
J/A+A/645/A106 : Atomic data for the Gaia-ESO Survey (Heiter+, 2021)
J/A+A/631/A80 : Mn lines 3D NLTE formation in late-type stars
(Bergemann+, 2019)
J/A+A/628/A54 : Fe, Mg, Ti in Galactic clusters (Kovalev+, 2019)
J/A+A/619/A134 : ATHOS. Flux ratio based stellar parameterization
(Hanke+, 2018)
J/A+A/616/A82 : Physical parameters of classical Cepheids
(Proxauf+, 2018)
J/A+A/604/A128 : S abundances for 1301 stars from GES (Duffau+, 2017)
J/A+A/586/A125 : Neutron-capture elements abundances in Cepheids
(da Silva+ 2016)
J/A+A/585/A102 : Copper abundances in solar neighborhood stars (Yan+,2016)
J/A+A/580/A17 : α-element abundances of Cepheid stars
(Genovali+, 2015)
J/A+A/580/A24 : Abundances in dwarfs, subgiants, and giants
(da Silva+, 2015)
J/A+A/566/A37 : Iron abundances for 42 Galactic Cepheids (Genovali+,2014)
J/A+A/566/A98 : The Gaia Benchmark Stars - Library
(Blanco-Cuaresma+, 2014)
J/A+A/554/A132 : Iron line list (FeI and FeII) (Genovali+, 2013)
J/A+A/543/A108 : Grid of stellar models, asteroseismology (Lagarde+, 2012)
J/A+A/539/A143 : Nearby B-stars stellar parameters and abundances
(Nieva+, 2012)
J/A+A/469/783 : Code for automatic determination of EW (ARES)
(Sousa+, 2007)
J/MNRAS/510/1894 : Element abundances study of Cepheids (Kovtyukh+, 2022)
J/MNRAS/508/4047 : 47 classical Cepheids HARPSN@TNG spectroscopy
(Ripepi+, 2021)
J/MNRAS/444/3301 : Oxygen abundance in Galactic disc Cepheids
(Korotin+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/429/126 : Atmospheric parameters from Fe lines (Ruchti+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/418/863 : NLTE corrections for Mg and Ca lines (Merle+ 2011)
J/ApJ/852/78 : JHKs, WISE and Spitzer data of Galactic Cepheids
(Wang+, 2018)
J/ApJ/695/580 : Oxygen abundance in M83 (Bresolin+, 2009)
J/AJ/156/171 : Cepheid abund.: multiphase results & spatial gradients
(Luck, 2018)
J/AJ/144/95 : Abundance in stars of the outer galactic disk. IV.
(Yong+, 2012)
J/AJ/142/136 : Spectroscopy of Cepheids. l=30-250° (Luck+, 2011)
J/AJ/142/51 : Galactic Cepheids abundance variations (Luck+, 2011)
J/AcA/69/305 : Northern Galactic disk classical Cepheids (Skowron+,2019)
J/other/NatAs/3.320 : Galactic classical Cepheids catalog (Chen+, 2019)
I/352 : Distances to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia EDR3
(Bailer-Jones+, 2021)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea2.dat tablea3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 2 I2 --- N Identifier index number (index)
4- 5 A2 --- El Atom element (El)
7 I1 --- State Ion state (Ion_state)
9- 16 F8.3 0.1nm lambda Wavelength of the spectral line (wave)
18 A1 --- gfFlag [y u] Quality flag of log(gf) accuracy as "y"
for for their high quality (gfflag)
20 A1 --- synFlag [y u] Quality flag to evaluates the blending
resolution between closely spaced lines
(synflag)
22- 26 F5.3 eV Elow Lower excitation potential (Elow)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 8 F8.3 0.1nm Lambda Wavelength of the spectral line (wave)
10- 11 A2 --- El Element X (El)
13- 18 F6.3 [-] gm01 Δ[X/H] varying for Δlog(g)=-0.1dex
20- 25 F6.3 [-] gm02 Δ[X/H] varying for Δlog(g)=-0.2dex
27- 32 F6.3 [-] gp01 Δ[X/H] varying for Δlog(g)=+0.1dex
34- 39 F6.3 [-] gp02 Δ[X/H] varying for Δlog(g)=+0.2dex
41- 46 F6.3 [-] mm005 Δ[X/H] varying for Δ[Fe/H]=-0.05dex
48- 53 F6.3 [-] mm01 Δ[X/H] varying for Δ[Fe/H]=-0.1dex
55- 60 F6.3 [-] mp005 Δ[X/H] varying for Δ[Fe/H]=+0.05dex
62- 67 F6.3 [-] mp01 Δ[X/H] varying for Δ[Fe/H]=+0.1dex
69- 74 F6.3 [-] tm100 Δ[X/H] varying for ΔTeff=-100K
76- 81 F6.3 [-] tm50 Δ[X/H] varying ΔTeff=-50K
83- 88 F6.3 [-] tp100 Δ[X/H] varying ΔTeff=+100K
90- 95 F6.3 [-] tp50 Δ[X/H] varying ΔTeff=+50K
97- 102 F6.3 [-] vm02 Δ[X/H] varying Δvmic=-0.2km/s
104- 109 F6.3 [-] vm04 Δ[X/H] varying Δvmic=-0.4km/s
111- 116 F6.3 [-] vp02 Δ[X/H] varying Δvmic=+0.2km/s
118- 123 F6.3 [-] vp04 Δ[X/H] varying Δvmic=+0.4km/s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 27 A27 --- Star Star name (Star)
29- 47 I19 --- GaiaDR3 ? Gaia DR3 identifier (GaiaID)
49- 67 F19.15 deg RAdeg Right ascension in degrees (J2000)
(RA)
69- 88 F20.16 deg DEdeg Declination in degrees (J2000) (Dec)
90- 108 F19.16 mas Plx Gaia parallax (parallax)
110- 118 F9.7 mas e_Plx Gaia parallax error (eparallax)
120- 138 F19.16 --- RPlx Parallax divided by its standard
error from Gaia (parallaxovererror)
140- 159 F20.16 mas/yr pmRA Gaia proper motion along RA as
pmRA*cosDE (pmra)
161- 180 F20.16 mas/yr pmDE Gaia proper motion along declination
(pmdec)
182- 200 F19.16 --- RUWE Gaia renormalised unit weight error
(ruwe)
202 A1 --- N25 Flag indicating if abundances were
determined in this study (N25)
204 A1 --- dS23 Flag indicating if abundances were
determined in Da Silva et al.
(2023A&A...678A.195D 2023A&A...678A.195D,
Cat. J/A+A/678/A195) (dS23)
206- 225 F20.14 pc D Distance estimation (distance)
227- 247 F21.16 pc e_D ? Distance error (edistance)
249- 267 F19.13 pc RGC Galactocentric radius (distance_rg)
269- 288 F20.13 pc Xd X coordinate of distance (distance_x)
290- 311 F22.15 pc Yd Y coordinate of distance (distance_y)
313- 334 F22.16 pc Zd Z coordinate of distance (distance_z)
336- 354 F19.13 pc RGCp Projected Galactocentric radius
(distancergxyz)
356- 375 F20.16 deg GLON [] Galactocentric longitude
(galactocentric_l)
377- 394 F18.14 deg GLAT [] Galactocentric longitude
(galactocentric_b)
396- 415 F20.16 pc e_RGC ? Galactocentric radius error
(edistance_rg)
417- 437 F21.16 pc e_Xd ? X coordinate distance error
(edistance_x)
439- 458 F20.16 pc e_Yd ? Y coordinate distance error
(edistance_y)
460- 480 F21.16 pc e_Zd ? Z coordinate distance error
(edistance_z)
482- 501 F20.16 pc e_RGCp ? Projected Galactic radius error
(edistancergxyz)
503- 521 F19.15 km/s RV ? Radial velocity (vrad)
523- 541 F19.16 km/s e_RV ? Radial velocity error (evrad)
543- 546 A4 --- f_RV Source of vrad estimation N25 for 351
and Gaia for 40 cases (vrad_flag)
548- 566 F19.16 kpc X ? Galacticocentric X coordinate (X)
568- 587 F20.16 kpc Y ? Galacticocentric Y coordinate (Y)
589- 609 E21.16 kpc Z ? Galacticocentric Z coordinate (Z)
611- 628 F18.16 kpc Zmax ? Max height along the orbit above
the Galactic plane (Zmax)
630- 647 F18.16 --- e ? Orbital eccentricity (eccent)
649- 667 F19.16 kpc Rapo ? Apocentric radius of the orbit
(R_apoc)
669- 687 F19.16 kpc Rperi ? Pericentric radius of the orbit
(R_peric)
689- 709 F21.16 km/s Vx ? X velocity component (Vx)
711- 729 F19.15 km/s Vy ? Y velocity component (Vy)
731- 750 F20.16 km/s Vz ? Z velocity component (Vz)
752- 769 F18.14 km/s Vtan ? Tangential velocity component (VT)
771- 790 F20.16 km/s Vr ? Radial velocity component (VR)
792- 812 F21.16 km/s ULSR ? U coordinate of LSR (U_LSR)
814- 834 F21.16 km/s VLSR ? V coordinate of LSR (V_LSR)
836- 855 F20.16 km/s WLSR ? W coordinate of LSR (W_LSR)
857- 876 F20.16 kpc.km/s Jrad ? Radial action component (Jr)
878- 895 F18.13 kpc.km/s Jperp ? Perpendicular action component (Jp)
897- 916 F20.16 kpc.km/s Jz ? Vertical action component (Jz)
918- 938 F21.16 kpc.km/s Lperp ? Perpendicular angular momentum
(L_perp)
940- 957 F18.13 kpc.km/s Lz ? Vertical angular momentum (L_z)
959- 977 F19.11 km2/s2 Eorb ? Orbital energy (E)
979- 996 F18.16 --- LambdaZ ? Normalized angular momentum also
called circularity as Jz/Jmax (E)
(lambdaZ)
998-1018 F21.18 [Sun] [Fe/H]NLTE ? Non-LTE iron to hydrogen abundance
ratio [Fe/H] (FeHnlte)
1020-1037 F18.16 [Sun] e_[Fe/H]NLTE ? Error of [Fe/H]NLTE (eFeHnlte)
1039-1059 E21.19 [Sun] [O/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE Iron to oxygen to iron
abundance ratio [O/Fe] (OFenlte)
1061-1078 F18.16 [Sun] e_[O/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [O/Fe]NLTE (eOFenlte)
1080-1100 F21.18 [Sun] [Na/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE sodium to iron abundance
ratio [Na/Fe] (NaFenlte)
1102-1119 F18.16 [Sun] e_[Na/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [Na/Fe]NLTE (eNaFenlte)
1121-1142 E22.19 [Sun] [Mg/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE magnesium to iron abundance
ratio [Mg/Fe] (MgFenlte)
1144-1161 F18.16 [Sun] e_[Mg/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [Mg/Fe]NLTE (eMgFenlte)
1163-1183 F21.18 [Sun] [Al/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE aluminium to iron abundance
ratio [Al/Fe] (AlFenlte)
1185-1202 F18.16 [Sun] e_[Al/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [Al/Fe]NLTE (eAlFenlte)
1204-1225 E22.19 [Sun] [Si/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE silicon to iron abundance
ratio [Si/Fe] (SiFenlte)
1227-1244 F18.16 [Sun] e_[Si/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [Si/Fe]NLTE (eSiFenlte)
1246-1267 E22.19 [Sun] [S/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE sulfur to iron abundance
ratio [S/Fe] (SFenlte)
1269-1286 F18.16 [Sun] e_[S/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [S/Fe]NLTE (eSFenlte)
1288-1309 F22.19 [Sun] [Ca/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE calcium to iron abundance
ratio [Ca/Fe] (CaFenlte)
1311-1328 F18.16 [Sun] e_[Ca/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [Ca/Fe]NLTE (eCaFenlte)
1330-1351 E22.18 [Sun] [Ti/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE titanium to iron abundance
ratio [Ti/Fe] (TiFenlte)
1353-1370 F18.16 [Sun] e_[Ti/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [Ti/Fe]NLTE (eTiFenlte)
1372-1393 E22.19 [Sun] [Mn/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE manganese to iron abundance
ratio [Mn/Fe] (MnFenlte)
1395-1412 F18.16 [Sun] e_[Mn/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [Mn/Fe]NLTE (eMnFenlte)
1414-1434 F21.18 [Sun] [Cu/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE copper to iron abundance
ratio [Cu/Fe] (CuFenlte)
1436-1453 F18.16 [Sun] e_[Cu/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [Cu/Fe]NLTE (eCuFenlte)
1455-1459 F5.1 --- Nspec ? Number of spectra analyzed (n_spec)
1461 A1 --- FlagNew Flag for new CCs (newCC_flag)
1463-1481 F19.16 [Sun] [Fe/H]LTE ? LTE iron to hydrogen abundance
ratio [Fe/H] (FeHlte)
1483-1500 F18.16 [Sun] e_[Fe/H]LTE ? Error of [Fe/H]LTE (eFeHlte)
1502-1520 F19.17 [Sun] [O/Fe]LTE ? LTE oxygen to hydrogen abundance
ratio [O/Fe] (OFelte)
1522-1539 F18.16 [Sun] e_[O/Fe]LTE ? Error of [O/Fe]LTE (eOFelte)
1541-1560 F20.18 [Sun] [Na/Fe]LTE ? LTE sodium to iron abundance ratio
[Na/Fe] (NaFelte)
1562-1579 F18.16 [Sun] e_[Na/Fe]LTE ? Error of [Na/Fe]LTE (eNaFelte)
1581-1602 E22.19 [Sun] [Mg/Fe]LTE ? LTE magnesium to iron abundance
ratio [Mg/Fe] (MgFelte)
1604-1621 F18.16 [Sun] e_[Mg/Fe]LTE ? Error of [Mg/Fe]LTE (eMgFelte)
1623-1644 F22.19 [Sun] [Al/Fe]LTE ? LTE aluminium to iron abundance
ratio [Al/Fe] (AlFelte)
1646-1663 F18.16 [Sun] e_[Al/Fe]LTE ? Error of [Al/Fe]LTE (eAlFelte)
1665-1686 E22.19 [Sun] [Si/Fe]LTE ? LTE silicon to iron abundance ratio
[Si/Fe] (SiFelte)
1688-1705 F18.16 [Sun] e_[Si/Fe]LTE ? Error of [Si/Fe]LTE (eSiFelte)
1707-1728 E22.19 [Sun] [S/Fe]LTE ? LTE sulfur to iron abundance ratio
[S/Fe] (SFelte)
1730-1747 F18.16 [Sun] e_[S/Fe]LTE ? Error of [S/Fe]LTE (eSFelte)
1749-1770 E22.19 [Sun] [Ca/Fe]LTE ? LTE calcium to iron abundance ratio
[Ca/Fe] (CaFelte)
1772-1789 F18.16 [Sun] e_[Ca/Fe]LTE ? Error of [Ca/Fe]LTE (eCaFelte)
1791-1811 F21.18 [Sun] [Ti/Fe]LTE ? LTE titanium to iron abundance
ratio [Ti/Fe] (TiFelte)
1813-1832 F20.18 [Sun] e_[Ti/Fe]LTE ? Error of [Ti/Fe]LTE (eTiFelte)
1834-1855 E22.19 [Sun] [Mn/Fe]LTE ? LTE manganese to iron abundance
ratio [Mn/Fe] (MnFelte)
1857-1874 F18.16 [Sun] e_[Mn/Fe]LTE ? Error of [Mn/Fe]LTE (eMnFelte)
1876-1897 E22.18 [Sun] [Cu/Fe]LTE ? LTE copper to iron abundance ratio
[Cu/Fe] (CuFelte)
1899-1916 F18.16 [Sun] e_[Cu/Fe]LTE ? Error of [Cu/Fe]LTE (eCuFelte)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea7.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 47 A47 --- SpID Spectrum unique identifier (spectrum_ID)
49- 66 F18.12 --- MJD Modified Julian Date (MJD)
68- 75 A8 --- Inst Instrument/spectrograph used
(instrument) (1)
77-103 A27 --- Star Star name (Star)
105-123 I19 --- GaiaDR3 ? Gaia DR3 identifier (gaia_sourceId)
125-130 F6.1 K TeffNLTE ? Non-LTE effective temperature
(Teff_nlte)
132-136 F5.1 K e_TeffNLTE ? Error of TeffNLTE (eTeff_nlte)
138-141 F4.2 [cm/s2] loggNLTE ? Non-LTE surface gravity (logg_nlte)
143-146 F4.2 [cm/s2] e_loggNLTE ? Error of loggNLTE (elogg_nlte)
148-152 F5.2 [Sun] [Fe/H]NLTE ? Non-LTE iron to hydrogen abundance
ratio [Fe/H] (FeHnlte)
154-158 F5.3 [Sun] e_[Fe/H]NLTE ? Error of [Fe/H]NLTE (eFeHnlte)
160-163 F4.2 km/s VtNLTE ? Non-LTE microturbulence velocity
(vmic_nlte)
165-168 F4.2 km/s e_VtNLTE ? Error of VtNLTE (evmic_nlte)
170-174 F5.2 km/s VmacNLTE ? Non-LTE macroturbulence velocity
(vmac_nlte)
176-179 F4.2 km/s e_VmacNLTE ? Error of VmacNLTE (evmac_nlte)
181-202 E22.18 [Sun] [Ti/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE titanium to iron abundance
ratio [Ti/Fe] (TiFenlte)
204-208 F5.3 [Sun] e_[Ti/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [Ti/Fe]NLTE (eTiFenlte)
210-231 E22.19 [Sun] [O/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE Iron to oxygen to iron
abundance ratio [O/Fe] (OFenlte)
233-240 F8.6 [Sun] e_[O/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [O/Fe]NLTE (eOFenlte)
242-262 F21.18 [Sun] [Na/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE sodium to iron abundance ratio
[Na/Fe] (NaFenlte)
264-270 E7.5 [Sun] e_[Na/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [Na/Fe]NLTE (eNaFenlte)
272-293 E22.19 [Sun] [Mg/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE magnesium to iron abundance
ratio [Mg/Fe] (MgFenlte)
295-301 E7.5 [Sun] e_[Mg/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [Mg/Fe]NLTE (eMgFenlte)
303-324 E22.19 [Sun] [Al/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE aluminium to iron abundance
ratio [Al/Fe] (AlFenlte)
326-332 E7.5 [Sun] e_[Al/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [Al/Fe]NLTE (eAlFenlte)
334-355 E22.19 [Sun] [Si/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE silicon to iron abundance
ratio [Si/Fe] (SiFenlte)
357-363 F7.5 [Sun] e_[Si/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [Si/Fe]NLTE (eSiFenlte)
365-386 E22.19 [Sun] [S/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE sulfur to iron abundance ratio
[S/Fe] (SFenlte)
388-394 F7.5 [Sun] e_[S/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [S/Fe]NLTE (eSFenlte)
396-417 E22.19 [Sun] [Ca/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE calcium to iron abundance
ratio [Ca/Fe] (CaFenlte)
419-425 F7.5 [Sun] e_[Ca/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [Ca/Fe]NLTE (eCaFenlte)
427-448 E22.19 [Sun] [Mn/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE manganese to iron abundance
ratio [Mn/Fe] (MnFenlte)
450-456 E7.5 [Sun] e_[Mn/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [Mn/Fe]NLTE (eMnFenlte)
458-479 E22.19 [Sun] [Cu/Fe]NLTE ? Non-LTE copper to iron abundance ratio
[Cu/Fe] (CuFenlte)
481-487 F7.5 [Sun] e_[Cu/Fe]NLTE ? Error of [Cu/Fe]NLTE (eCuFenlte)
489-494 F6.1 K TeffLTE ? LTE effective temperature (Teff_lte)
496-499 F4.1 K e_TeffLTE ? Error of TeffNLTE (eTeff_lte)
501-504 F4.2 [cm/s2] loggLTE ? LTE surface gravity (logg_lte)
506-509 F4.2 [cm/s2] e_loggLTE ? Error of loggLTE (elogg_lte)
511-515 F5.2 [Sun] [Fe/H]LTE ? LTE iron to hydrogen abundance ratio
[Fe/H] (FeHlte)
517-520 F4.2 [Sun] e_[Fe/H]LTE ? Error of [Fe/H]NLTE (eFeHlte)
522-525 F4.2 km/s VtLTE ? LTE microturbulence velocity (vmic_lte)
527-530 F4.2 km/s e_VtLTE ? Error of VtLTE (evmic_lte)
532-536 F5.2 km/s VmacLTE ? LTE macroturbulence velocity (vmac_lte)
538-541 F4.2 km/s e_VmacLTE ? Error of VmacLTE (evmac_lte)
543-564 E22.18 [Sun] [Ti/Fe]LTE ? LTE titanium to iron abundance ratio
[Ti/Fe] (TiFelte)
566-569 F4.2 [Sun] e_[Ti/Fe]LTE ? Error of [Ti/Fe]LTE (eTiFelte)
571-592 E22.19 [Sun] [O/Fe]LTE ? LTE Iron to oxygen to iron abundance
ratio [O/Fe] (OFelte)
594-613 F20.17 [Sun] [Na/Fe]LTE ? LTE sodium to iron abundance ratio
[Na/Fe] (NaFelte)
615-622 F8.6 [Sun] e_[Na/Fe]LTE ? Error of [Na/Fe]LTE (eNaFelte)
624-645 E22.19 [Sun] [Mg/Fe]LTE ? LTE magnesium to iron abundance ratio
[Mg/Fe] (MgFelte)
647-654 E8.6 [Sun] e_[Mg/Fe]LTE ? Error of [Mg/Fe]LTE (eMgFelte)
656-677 F22.19 [Sun] [Al/Fe]LTE ? LTE aluminium to iron abundance ratio
[Al/Fe] (AlFelte)
679-686 E8.6 [Sun] e_[Al/Fe]LTE ? Error of [Al/Fe]LTE (eAlFelte)
688-709 E22.19 [Sun] [Si/Fe]LTE ? LTE silicon to iron abundance ratio
[Si/Fe] (SiFelte)
711-718 F8.6 [Sun] e_[Si/Fe]LTE ? Error of [Si/Fe]LTE (eSiFelte)
720-741 E22.19 [Sun] [S/Fe]LTE ? LTE sulfur to iron abundance ratio
[S/Fe] (SFelte)
743-750 E8.6 [Sun] e_[S/Fe]LTE ? Error of [S/Fe]LTE (eSFelte)
752-773 E22.19 [Sun] [Ca/Fe]LTE ? LTE calcium to iron abundance ratio
[Ca/Fe] (CaFelte)
775-782 F8.6 [Sun] e_[Ca/Fe]LTE ? Error of [Ca/Fe]LTE (eCaFelte)
784-805 E22.19 [Sun] [Mn/Fe]LTE ? LTE manganese to iron abundance ratio
[Mn/Fe] (MnFelte)
807-814 F8.6 [Sun] e_[Mn/Fe]LTE ? Error of [Mn/Fe]LTE (eMnFelte)
816-837 F22.19 [Sun] [Cu/Fe]LTE ? LTE copper to iron abundance ratio
[Cu/Fe] (CuFelte)
839-846 F8.6 [Sun] e_[Cu/Fe]LTE ? Error of [Cu/Fe]LTE (eCuFelte)
848 A1 --- NewFlag [y n] Flag for new spectra
(newspectrumflag)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Instrument/spectrographs are as follows:
STELLA = 400 occurences in sample
UVES = 373 occurences in sample
FEROS = 339 occurences in sample
HARPS = 183 occurences in sample
HARPN = 40 occurences in sample
ESPADONS = 16 occurences in sample
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acknowledgements:
Antonio Nunnari, antonino.nunnari(at)inaf.it
References:
Da Silva et al., Paper I 2023A&A...678A.195D 2023A&A...678A.195D, Cat. J/A+A/678/A195
(End) Luc Trabelsi [CDS] 08-Jan-2026