J/AJ/148/13 Redshifts of 65 CANDELS supernovae (Rodney+, 2014)
Type Ia supernova rate measurements to redshift 2.5 from CANDELS: searching for
prompt explosions in the early universe.
Rodney S.A., Riess A.G., Strolger L.-G., Dahlen T., Graur O., Casertano S.,
Dickinson M.E., Ferguson H.C., Garnavich P., Hayden B., Jha S.W.,
Jones D.O., Kirshner R.P., Koekemoer A.M., McCully C., Mobasher B.,
Patel B., Weiner B.J., Cenko S.B., Clubb K.I., Cooper M., Filippenko A.V.,
Frederiksen T.F., Hjorth J., Leibundgut B., Matheson T., Nayyeri H.,
Penner K., Trump J., Silverman J.M., U V., Azalee Bostroem K., Challis P.,
Rajan A., Wolff S., Faber S.M., Grogin N.A., Kocevski D.
<Astron. J., 148, 13 (2014)>
=2014AJ....148...13R 2014AJ....148...13R
ADC_Keywords: Supernovae ; Redshifts ; Morphology
Keywords: infrared: general - supernovae: general - surveys
Abstract:
The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey
(CANDELS) was a multi-cycle treasury program on the Hubble Space
Telescope (HST) that surveyed a total area of ∼0.25deg2 with ∼900
HST orbits spread across five fields over three years. Within these
survey images we discovered 65 supernovae (SNe) of all types, out to
z∼2.5. We classify ∼24 of these as Type Ia SNe (SNe Ia) based on host
galaxy redshifts and SN photometry (supplemented by grism spectroscopy
of six SNe). Here we present a measurement of the volumetric SN Ia
rate as a function of redshift, reaching for the first time beyond z=2
and putting new constraints on SN Ia progenitor models. Our highest
redshift bin includes detections of SNe that exploded when the
universe was only ∼3Gyr old and near the peak of the cosmic star
formation history. This gives the CANDELS high redshift sample unique
leverage for evaluating the fraction of SNe Ia that explode promptly
after formation (<500Myr). Combining the CANDELS rates with all
available SN Ia rate measurements in the literature we find that this
prompt SN Ia fraction is fp=0.53stat0.10sys0.26^±0.09 ±0.10^,
consistent with a delay time distribution that follows a simple t-1
power law for all times t>40Myr. However, mild tension is apparent
between ground-based low-z surveys and space-based high-z surveys. In
both CANDELS and the sister HST program CLASH (Cluster Lensing And
Supernova Survey with Hubble), we find a low rate of SNe Ia at z>1.
This could be a hint that prompt progenitors are in fact relatively
rare, accounting for only 20% of all SN Ia explosions--though further
analysis and larger samples will be needed to examine that suggestion.
Description:
In this paper we present a measurement of the Type Ia supernova
explosion rate as a function of redshift (SNR(z)) from a sample of 65
supernovae discovered in the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep
Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS) supernova program. This
supernova survey is a joint operation of two Hubble Space Telescope
(HST) Multi-Cycle Treasury (MCT) programs: CANDELS (PIs: Faber and
Ferguson; Grogin et al., 2011ApJS..197...35G 2011ApJS..197...35G; Koekemoer et al.,
2011ApJS..197...36K 2011ApJS..197...36K), and the Cluster Lensing and Supernovae search
with Hubble (CLASH; PI: Postman; Postman et al. 2012, cat.
J/ApJS/199/25). The supernova discovery and follow-up for both
programs were allocated to the HST MCT supernova program (PI: Riess).
The results presented here are based on the full five fields and
∼0.25deg2 of the CANDELS program, observed from 2010 to 2013. A
companion paper presents the SN Ia rates from the CLASH sample (Graur
et al., 2014ApJ...783...28G 2014ApJ...783...28G). A composite analysis that combines the
CANDELS+CLASH supernova sample and revisits past HST surveys will be
presented in a future paper.
The three-year CANDELS program was designed to probe galaxy evolution
out to z∼8 with deep infrared and optical imaging of five well-studied
extragalactic fields: GOODS-S, GOODS-N (the Great Observatories
Origins Deep Survey South and North; Giavalisco et al. 2004, cat.
II/261), COSMOS (the Cosmic Evolution Survey, Scoville et al.,
2007ApJS..172....1S 2007ApJS..172....1S; Koekemoer et al., 2007ApJS..172..196K 2007ApJS..172..196K), UDS (the
UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey; Lawrence et al. 2007, cat. II/314; Cirasuolo
et al., 2007MNRAS.380..585C 2007MNRAS.380..585C), EGS (the Extended Groth Strip; Davis et
al. 2007, cat. III/248). As described fully in Grogin et al.
(2011ApJS..197...35G 2011ApJS..197...35G), the CANDELS program includes both "wide" and
"deep" fields. The wide component of CANDELS comprises the COSMOS,
UDS, and EGS fields, plus one-third of the GOODS-S field and one half
of the GOODS-N field--a total survey area of 730 arcmin2. The "deep"
component of CANDELS came from the central 67arcmin2 of each of the
GOODS-S and GOODS-N fields. The CANDELS fields analyzed in this work
are described in Table 1.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 129 9 Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic
Legacy Survey (CANDELS) supernova survey fields
table3.dat 107 14 14 supernovae with z>1.5
table4.dat 131 14 Host galaxies of 14 supernovae with z>1.5
table9.dat 107 51 51 supernovae with z<1.5
table10.dat 131 51 Host galaxies of 51 supernovae with z<1.5
refs.dat 61 16 References
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See also:
B/sn : Asiago Supernova Catalogue (Barbon et al., 1999-)
II/261 : GOODS initial results (Giavalisco+, 2004)
J/ApJS/199/25 : CLASH sources for MACS1149.6+2223 (Postman+, 2012)
J/ApJ/745/31 : HST Cluster Supernova Survey. VI. SNIa rate (Barbary+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/417/916 : Supernovae in the Subaru Deep Field (Graur+, 2011)
J/ApJS/193/14 : DEEP3 Galaxy Redshift Survey: GOODS-N field (Cooper+, 2011)
J/A+A/512/A12 : VLT/VIMOS spectroscopy in GOODS-South field (Balestra+, 2010)
J/ApJ/723/47 : IfA Deep SN rates (Rodney+, 2010)
J/ApJ/713/1026 : SN Ia rate at redshift ≲0.3 from SDSS-II (Dilday+, 2010)
J/ApJS/184/218 : The zCOSMOS 10k-bright spectroscopic sample (Lilly+, 2009)
J/ApJ/696/1195 : COSMOS AGN spectroscopic survey. I. (Trump+, 2009)
J/A+A/478/83 : GOODS-South Field VLT/FORS2 redshifts. III. (Vanzella+, 2008)
J/ApJ/673/981 : Type Ia supernova rates with HST ACS (Kuznetsova+, 2008)
J/ApJ/689/687 : GOODS-N spectroscopic survey (Barger+, 2008)
J/ApJ/653/1004 : Galaxies at 1.4≲z≲3.0 in GOODS-North Field (Reddy+, 2006)
J/A+A/428/1043 : Redshifts from VIMOS VLT Deep Survey (Le Fevre+, 2004)
J/ApJ/613/200 : Hubble Higher z Supernova Search, HHZSS (Strolger+, 2004)
J/AJ/127/3121 : TKRS catalog of GOODS-North Field (Wirth+, 2004)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 15 A15 --- Field Field of the CANDELS supernova survey (1)
17- 18 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (J2000) (2)
20- 21 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000) (2)
23- 24 I2 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000) (2)
26 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000) (2)
27- 28 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000) (2)
30- 31 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000) (2)
33- 34 I2 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000) (2)
36 A1 --- l_Tile [~] Limit flag on Tile
37- 38 I2 --- Tile Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3)-IR tiles/epoch
40- 44 F5.1 arcmin2 Area Searchable area
46- 58 A13 --- n_Area Detailed searchable area
61 A1 --- f_Area Flag on Area (3)
63- 67 I5 d MJD1 Mean Modified Julian Date of supernova search
epoch (4)
69-129 A61 d MJD2 Mean Modified Julian Date of supernova search
epoch
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Note (1): The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey
(CANDELS) fields are defined as:
COSMOS = Cosmic Evolution Survey (Scoville et al., 2007ApJS..172....1S 2007ApJS..172....1S;
Koekemoer et al., 2007ApJS..172..196K 2007ApJS..172..196K);
EGS = Extended Groth Strip (Davis et al. 2007, cat. III/248);
UDS = UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey (Lawrence et al. 2007, cat. II/314;
Cirasuolo et al., 2007MNRAS.380..585C 2007MNRAS.380..585C);
GOODS-S = Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey South (Giavalisco et al.
2004, cat. II/261);
GOODS-N = Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey North (Giavalisco et al.
2004, cat. II/261).
Note (2): Coordinates give approximate center of each CANDELS infrared survey
field.
Note (3): Flags are defined as follows:
c = The CANDELS Extended Groth Strip (EGS) field was divided into two
interlocking halves, observed separately in 2011 and 2013.
See Grogin et al. (2011ApJS..197...35G 2011ApJS..197...35G) for details;
d = The deep field search areas vary by epoch. The given value reflects the
average.
Note (4): Provided infrared template images.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table[39].dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 A8 --- Name Name of the supernova (G1)
10- 11 I2 h RAh Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
13- 14 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
16- 21 F6.3 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
23 A1 --- DE- Sign of the Declination (J2000)
24- 25 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
27- 28 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
30- 34 F5.2 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
36- 39 F4.2 --- pIa.z [0/1] Type Ia SN classification probability
P(Ia|Dz) from redshift prior (1)
41 A1 --- --- [+]
42- 45 F4.2 --- E_pIa.z [0/1] Positive uncertainty in pIa.z
47 A1 --- --- [-]
48- 51 F4.2 --- e_pIa.z [0/1] Negative uncertainty in pIa.z
53- 56 F4.2 --- pIa.h [0/1] Type Ia SN classification probability
P(Ia|Dhost) from galsnid host prior (2)
58 A1 --- --- [+]
59- 62 F4.2 --- E_pIa.h [0/1] Positive uncertainty in pIa.h
64 A1 --- --- [-]
65- 68 F4.2 --- e_pIa.h [0/1] Negative uncertainty in pIa.h
70- 74 F5.3 --- zSN Posterior redshift of the supernova (zSN) (3)
76- 80 F5.3 --- e_zSN Uncertainty in zSN (3)
82-100 A19 --- n_zSN Source of the supernova redshift (4)
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Note (1): From Supernova Taxonomy And Redshift Determination Using the
SuperNova ANAlysis software (SNANA) Templates (STARDUST), using the
redshift-dependent class prior. Uncertainties reflect systematic biases due
to the class prior and extinction assumptions (see Sections 4.2 and 4.3).
Note (2): From Supernova Taxonomy And Redshift Determination Using the
SuperNova ANAlysis software (SNANA) Templates (STARDUST), using the
galsnid host galaxy prior. Uncertainties reflect systematic biases due
to the class prior and extinction assumptions.
Note (3): As determined by the STARDUST light curve fit.
Note (4): Redshifts are spectroscopic (spec) or photometric (phot) and
refer to:
SN = The redshift is derived from the supernova itself;
host = The redshift is derived from the host galaxy;
host+SN = The redshift is derived from a combination. A value of host+SN
photometric redshift means the redshift is derived from a STARDUST
light curve fit, with the host galaxy phot-z used as a prior.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat,table10.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 A8 --- Name Name of the supernova (G1)
10- 11 I2 h RAGh ? Host galaxy hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
13- 14 I2 min RAGm ? Host galaxy minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
16- 21 F6.3 s RAGs ? Host galaxy second of Right Ascension (J2000)
23 A1 --- DEG- Host galaxy sign of the Declination (J2000)
24- 25 I2 deg DEGd ? Host galaxy degree of Declination (J2000)
27- 28 I2 arcmin DEGm ? Host galaxy arcminute of Declination (J2000)
30- 34 F5.2 arcsec DEGs ? Host galaxy Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
36- 39 F4.2 arcsec ASep ? Angular separation (d)
41- 44 F4.1 kpc PSep ? Physical separation (d) (5)
46- 48 A3 --- MType Visual classification for host galaxy
morphology: s=spheroid, d=disk, i=irregular
50- 51 A2 --- SED Template-matching classification of host galaxy
SED: P=passive, A=active, SB=starburst
53- 58 F6.4 --- zhost ? Redshift of host galaxy
60- 65 F6.4 --- e_zhost ? Uncertainty in zhost
67- 71 A5 --- r_zhost Reference for zhost; in refs.dat file
73- 76 A4 --- f_zhost Indicates an host galaxy photometric redshift (6)
78- 89 A12 --- Inst1 Instrument used for unpublished spectroscopic
observation
91-111 A21 --- PI1 Name of PI for unpublished spectroscopic
observation
113-123 A11 --- Inst2 Second instrument
126-131 A6 --- PI2 Name of PI for the second instrument
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Note (5): Between the supernova and center of the host, computed from the
measured angular separation in the preceding column (ASep), assuming a
flat ΛCDM cosmology with H0=70, Ωm=0.3.
Note (6): T. Dahlen 2013, private communication.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 2 I2 --- Ref Reference identifier
4- 22 A19 --- BibCode Bibliographic code
24- 41 A18 --- Aut Author's name
43- 61 A19 --- Cat Identification of catalog in VizieR database
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Global notes:
Note (G1): In keeping with the practice of past Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
supernova surveys, we assign each supernova a unique eight-digit name that
indicates the field and the year of discovery, with the final three letters
referencing our team's internal "nickname" for each object.
History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Sylvain Guehenneux [CDS] 07-Jan-2015