J/AJ/160/24 Circumstellar dust of 104 stars with GPIES (Esposito+, 2020)
Debris disk results from the Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey's
Polarimetric Imaging Campaign.
Esposito T.M., Kalas P., Fitzgerald M.P., Millar-Blanchaer M.A., Duchene G.,
Patience J., Hom J., Perrin M.D., De Rosa R.J., Chiang E., Czekala I.,
Macintosh B., Graham J.R., Ansdell M., Arriaga P., Bruzzone S., Bulger J.,
Chen C.H., Cotten T., Dong R., Draper Z.H., Follette K.B., Hung L.-W.,
Lopez R., Matthews B.C., Mazoyer J., Metchev S., Rameau J., Ren B., Rice M.,
Song I., Stahl K., Wang J., Wolff S., Zuckerman B., Ammons S.M.,
Bailey V.P., Barman T., Chilcote J., Doyon R., Gerard B.L., Goodsell S.J.,
Greenbaum A.Z., Hibon P., Hinkley S., Ingraham P., Konopacky Q., Maire J.,
Marchis F., Marley M.S., Marois C., Nielsen E.L., Oppenheimer R., Palmer D.,
Poyneer L., Pueyo L., Rajan A., Rantakyro F.T., Ruffio J.-B., Savransky D.,
Schneider A.C., Sivaramakrishnan A., Soummer R., Thomas S., Ward-Duong K.
<Astron. J., 160, 24 (2020)>
=2020AJ....160...24E 2020AJ....160...24E
ADC_Keywords: Photometry, infrared; Stars, ages; Stars, masses;
Effective temperatures
Keywords: Debris disks ; Circumstellar disks ; Polarimetry ;
Near infrared astronomy ; Coronagraphic imaging ; Direct imaging ;
Circumstellar dust ; Astronomy data modeling ; Exoplanet systems ;
Surveys ; Protoplanetary disks
Abstract:
We report the results of a ∼4yr direct imaging survey of 104 stars to
resolve and characterize circumstellar debris disks in scattered light
as part of the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) Exoplanet Survey. We
targeted nearby (≲150pc), young (≲500Myr) stars with high infrared
(IR) excesses (LIR/L*>10-5), including 38 with previously
resolved disks. Observations were made using the GPI high-contrast
integral field spectrograph in H-band (1.6µm) coronagraphic
polarimetry mode to measure both polarized and total intensities. We
resolved 26 debris disks and 3 protoplanetary/transitional disks.
Seven debris disks were resolved in scattered light for the first
time, including newly presented HD117214 and HD156623, and we
quantified basic morphologies of five of them using radiative transfer
models. All of our detected debris disks except HD156623 have
dust-poor inner holes, and their scattered-light radii are generally
larger than corresponding radii measured from resolved thermal
emission and those inferred from spectral energy distributions. To
assess sensitivity, we report contrasts and consider causes of
nondetections. Detections were strongly correlated with high IR excess
and high inclination, although polarimetry outperformed total
intensity angular differential imaging for detecting low-inclination
disks (≲70°). Based on postsurvey statistics, we improved upon
our presurvey target prioritization metric predicting polarimetric
disk detectability. We also examined scattered-light disks in the
contexts of gas, far-IR, and millimeter detections. Comparing H-band
and ALMA fluxes for two disks revealed tentative evidence for
differing grain properties. Finally, we found no preference for debris
disks to be detected in scattered light if wide-separation substellar
companions were present.
Description:
We selected our initial list of circumstellar disk targets for the
Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey (GPIES) survey in 2014 February.
We observed 104 targets: 96 during the survey, plus an additional 8
that were observed during Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) commissioning.
The GPI is one of the latest generation ground-based adaptive-optics
(AO) instruments that are dedicated to the direct detection of
extrasolar planetary systems. Located at the Cassegrain focus of the
Gemini South telescope (7.8m effective diameter primary).
The GPIES disk survey was conducted using GPI's polarimetric mode.
91 of our observed disk targets were also observed in spec-mode
(R∼50).
83 of our polarimetric observations are relatively short "snapshots"
in order to maximize the number of targets observed. The snapshot data
for each target totaled less than 20 minutes of integration time, or
about 30 minutes of wall-clock time when considering telescope and
instrument overheads.
Deep pol-mode observations were identical to snapshots except for
longer total integration times, defined as 20 minutes or more. The
median integration time was 35.8 minutes across the 36 deep data sets
acquired.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 117 104 Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey (GPIES)
observed disk targets
table2.dat 70 210 GPIES disk observations by target
table6.dat 156 29 Resolved disk properties
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See also:
I/270 : Catalog of Positions of IR Stellar Sources (CPIRSS) (Hindsley+, 1994)
I/259 : The Tycho-2 Catalogue (Hog+, 2000)
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
I/337 : Gaia DR1 (Gaia Collaboration, 2016)
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
J/AJ/117/354 : OB associations from Hipparcos (de Zeeuw+, 1999)
J/ApJ/555/932 : IR fluxes of solar-type stars (Spangler+, 2001)
J/other/ARA+A/42.685 : Young stars near the Sun (Zuckerman+, 2004)
J/A+A/460/695 : Search Associations Young stars (Torres+, 2006)
J/ApJ/687/1264 : Age estimation for solar-type dwarfs (Mamajek+, 2008)
J/ApJ/705/1646 : Debris disks in Upper Sco (Carpenter+, 2009)
J/ApJ/745/147 : Binaries among debris disk stars (Rodriguez+, 2012)
J/A+A/555/A11 : DUNES survey observational results (Eiroa+, 2013)
J/ApJS/208/9 : Intrinsic colors & temperatures PMS stars (Pecaut+,2013)
J/ApJS/211/25 : Spitzer/IRS debris disk catalog. I. (Chen+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/454/593 : Young moving groups in solar neighbourhood (Bell+, 2015)
J/other/Sci/350.64 : 51 Eri b near-infrared spectrum (Macintosh+, 2015)
J/ApJS/225/15 : IR excess stars from Tycho-2 and AllWISE (Cotten+, 2016)
J/A+A/593/A51 : Debris discs around nearby FGK stars (Montesinos+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/461/794 : Scorpius-Centaurus K-Type Stars (Pecaut+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/469/521 : CO, C & O gas content debris discs predic. (Kral+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/245 : Imaging Spitzer-detected debris disks (Meshkat+, 2017)
J/A+A/614/A55 : Li abundance dwarfs & subgiants (Aguilera-Gomez+, 2018)
J/ApJ/869/L41 : DSHARP I. Sample, ALMA obs. log overview (Andrews+,2018)
J/A+A/618/A151 : HD 172555 polarimetric images (Engler+, 2018)
J/ApJ/856/23 : BANYAN. XI. The BANYAN Σ algorithm (Gagne+, 2018)
J/A+A/614/A3 : Cold-gas-bearing debris-disc stars (Rebollido+, 2018)
J/A+A/620/A128 : Gaia DR2 study of Herbig Ae/Be stars (Vioque+, 2018)
J/A+A/625/A21 : High contrast images of NZ Lup (Boccaletti+, 2019)
J/AJ/158/13 : The first 300 stars observed by GPIES (Nielsen+, 2019)
J/A+A/635/A19 : HD 117214 debris disk polarization images (Engler+,2020)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- Name Target identifier (1)
15- 15 A1 --- f_Name [d] Flag on Name (2)
17- 22 F6.2 pc Dist [3.2/146] Gaia DR2 distance
24- 27 F4.2 pc e_Dist [0/3.55] The 1σ uncertainty in Dist
29- 32 I4 Myr AgeLo [2/2900] Lower boundary in the stellar age (3)
34- 37 I4 Myr AgeHi [8/8700] Upper boundary in the stellar age (3)
39- 40 I2 --- r_Age [1/42] Stellar age reference code (4)
42- 46 I5 K Teff [3420/11850] Stellar effective temperature (3)
48- 51 F4.2 Msun M* [0.31/4.17] Stellar mass (3)
53- 56 F4.2 Msun E_M* [0/0.14] Upper 68% confidence in M* (3)
58- 61 F4.2 Msun e_M* [0/0.11] Lower 68% confidence in M* (3)
63- 67 F5.2 Lsun L* [0.06/99.81] Stellar luminosity (3)
69- 73 F5.2 Lsun e_L* [0/52.1] The 1σ uncertainty in L* (3)
75- 81 F7.2 --- LIR [0.26/7269]? Excess infrared luminosity
relative to the stellar bolometric
luminosity (10-4) (3)
83- 88 F6.4 --- Metric [0/0.9026]? GPIES detectability metric
90- 91 A2 --- Res Scattered-light resolved? (4)
93-103 A11 um Wave Herschel wavelength detection (5)
105-106 I2 --- r_wave ? References used for Wave (4)
108-114 A7 --- MovGrp Moving group membership identifier
116-117 I2 --- r_MovGrp ? Reference used for MovGrp (4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): GPIES observed disk targets sorted by name.
Note (2): Flags as follows:
d = protoplanetary/transitional disk (3 occurrences).
Note (3): Values for Teff, M*, L*, LIR, and some ages were newly
estimated for GPIES as described here and in Nielsen+, 2019,
J/AJ/158/13; see Sections 2.1 and 2.3 for details.
Note (4): References as follows:
1 = Zuckerman, 2019ApJ...870...27Z 2019ApJ...870...27Z
2 = Choquet+, 2017ApJ...834L..12C 2017ApJ...834L..12C
3 = estimated for the GPIES campaign and described in
Nielsen+, 2019, J/AJ/158/13
4 = Pecaut & Mamajek, 2016, J/ApJS/208/9
5 = Janson+, 2016ApJ...816L...1J 2016ApJ...816L...1J
6 = de Zeeuw+, 1999, J/AJ/117/354
7 = Nielsen+, 2016AJ....152..175N 2016AJ....152..175N
8 = Kalas+, 2004Sci...303.1990K 2004Sci...303.1990K
9 = Bell+, 2015, J/MNRAS/454/593
10 = Smith & Terrile, 1984Sci...226.1421S 1984Sci...226.1421S
11 = Choquet+, 2016ApJ...817L...2C 2016ApJ...817L...2C
12 = Riviere-Marichalar+, 2013A&A...555A..67R 2013A&A...555A..67R
13 = Kalas+, 2005Natur.435.1067K 2005Natur.435.1067K
14 = Kalas+, 2006ApJ...637L..57K 2006ApJ...637L..57K
15 = Zuckerman & Song, 2012ApJ...758...77Z 2012ApJ...758...77Z
16 = Kalas+, 2007ApJ...661L..85K 2007ApJ...661L..85K
17 = Soummer+, 2014ApJ...786L..23S 2014ApJ...786L..23S
18 = Schneider+, 2005ApJ...629L.117S 2005ApJ...629L.117S
19 = Moor+, 2016ApJ...826..123M 2016ApJ...826..123M
20 = Torres+, 2008hsf2.book..757T 2008hsf2.book..757T
21 = Aguilera-Gomez+, 2018, J/A+A/614/A55
22 = Barrado y Navascues+, 2004ApJ...614..386B 2004ApJ...614..386B
23 = Nakajima & Morino, 2012AJ....143....2N 2012AJ....143....2N
24 = Hines+, 2007ApJ...671L.165H 2007ApJ...671L.165H
25 = Pantin+, 2000A&A...361L...9P 2000A&A...361L...9P
26 = Ardila+, 2004ApJ...617L.147A 2004ApJ...617L.147A
27 = Kasper+, 2015ApJ...812L..33K 2015ApJ...812L..33K
28 = Rizzuto+, 2012MNRAS.421L..97R 2012MNRAS.421L..97R
29 = Padgett & Stapelfeldt, 2016IAUS..314..175P 2016IAUS..314..175P
30 = Wahhaj+, 2016A&A...596L...4W 2016A&A...596L...4W
31 = Currie+, 2015ApJ...807L...7C 2015ApJ...807L...7C
32 = Matthews+, 2017ApJ...843L..12M 2017ApJ...843L..12M
33 = Carpenter+, 2009, J/ApJ/705/1646 and Mathews+, 2013A&A...558A..66M 2013A&A...558A..66M
34 = Weinberger+, 1999ApJ...525L..53W 1999ApJ...525L..53W and Augereau+, 1999A&A...350L..51A 1999A&A...350L..51A
35 = Thalmann+, 2013ApJ...763L..29T 2013ApJ...763L..29T
36 = Schneider+, 2006ApJ...650..414S 2006ApJ...650..414S
37 = Moor+, 2013MNRAS.435.1376M 2013MNRAS.435.1376M
38 = Stapelfeldt+, 2007lyot.confR..47S
39 = Zuckerman & Song, 2012ApJ...758...77Z 2012ApJ...758...77Z
40 = >90% membership probability from the BANYAN Σ
tool (Gagne+, 2018, J/ApJ/856/23)
41 = Schneider+, 1999ApJ...513L.127S 1999ApJ...513L.127S
42 = Mamajek & Hillenbrand, 2008, J/ApJ/687/1264
43 = Krist+, 2010AJ....140.1051K 2010AJ....140.1051K
44 = Lawler+, 2014MNRAS.444.2665L 2014MNRAS.444.2665L
45 = Golimowski+, 2011AJ....142...30G 2011AJ....142...30G
46 = Lopez-Santiago+, 2006ApJ...643.1160L 2006ApJ...643.1160L.
N = No previous detection
Note (5): Wavelengths at which disk was detected at ≥3σ with
Herschel PACS ("Null" for no detection, "-" for no data).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 13 A13 --- Name Target identifier
15 A1 --- f_Name [d] Flag on Name (1)
17- 22 F6.1 --- LIR [0.3/7269]? Excess infrared luminosity relative
to the stellar bolometric luminosity (10-4)
24- 26 F3.1 mag Imag [1/9.3] Synthetic apparent Cousins I band
magnitude
28- 30 F3.1 mag Hmag [0.9/7.8] Synthetic apparent 2MASS H band
magnitude
32- 35 A4 --- Mode Observation mode (36 Deep, 83 Snap or 91 Spec)
37- 42 F6.2 s texp [1.45/120] Exposure time per frame
44- 50 F7.2 s tint [132/9311] Integration time per data set
52- 56 F5.1 deg DelPA [0.2/173] Total parallactic angle rotation per
data set
58- 60 A3 --- Det? Detection status (2)
62- 65 I4 yr Obs.Y [2013/2019] Observation Year
66-67 I2 "month" Obs.M Observation Month
68-69 I2 d Obs.D Observation day
70 A1 --- f_Date [*] Flag on Date (3)
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Note (1): Flag as follows:
d = protoplanetary/transitional disk (7 occurrences).
Note (2): Status as follows:
P = polarized intensity (36 occurrences)
I = total intensity (35 occurrences)
- = no detection (157 occurrences)
Note (3): Flag as follows:
* = GPI commissioning data (10 occurrences)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- Name Target identifier
12- 14 A3 --- f_Name Flag on Name (1)
16- 19 A4 --- f_i Limit flag on i
20- 24 F5.1 deg i [13/90] Inclination
26- 29 F4.1 deg E_i [0/10]? The upper 1σ uncertainty in i
31- 34 F4.1 deg e_i [0/10]? The lower 1σ uncertainty in i
36- 37 I2 --- r_i [1/38]? Reference code for i (2)
39- 43 F5.1 deg PA [5/326] Position angle (3)
45- 48 F4.1 deg E_PA [0/10]? The upper 1σ uncertainty in PA
50- 53 F4.1 deg e_PA [0/10]? The lower 1σ uncertainty in PA
55- 56 I2 --- r_PA [1/38]? Reference code for PA (2)
58- 60 A3 arcsec rmin Minimum projected separation (4)
62- 64 F3.1 arcsec rmax [0.3/1.6] Maximum projected separation (4)
66- 69 A4 --- f_Rin Limit flag on Rin
70- 74 F5.1 AU Rin [6.3/103] Scattered-light inner disk radius
76- 79 F4.1 AU E_Rin [0.5/19]? The upper 1σ uncertainty in Rin
81- 84 F4.1 AU e_Rin [0.6/22.5]? Lower 1σ uncertainty in Rin
86- 87 I2 --- r_Rin [1/38]? Reference code for Rin (2)
89- 92 A4 --- f_Rin-mm Limit flag on Rin-mm
93- 97 F5.1 AU Rin-mm [16/78.5]? Thermal emission inner disk radius
99-102 F4.1 AU E_Rin-mm [0/18]? Upper 1σ uncertainty in Rin-mm
104-107 F4.1 AU e_Rin-mm [0/15.0]? Lower 1σ uncertainty in Rin-mm
109-110 I2 --- r_Rin-mm [4/36]? Reference code for Rin-mm (2)
112-116 F5.1 AU R0 [10.8/128] Scattered-light peak dust density
radius
118-122 F5.1 AU E_R0 [0.3/228]? The upper 1σ uncertainty in R0
124-127 F4.1 AU e_R0 [0.3/93]? The lower 1σ uncertainty in R0
129-130 I2 --- r_R0 [1/38]? Reference code for R0 (2)
132-135 A4 --- f_R0-mm Limit flag on R0-mm
136-140 F5.1 AU R0-mm [20/122]? Thermal emission peak dust density
radius
142-145 F4.1 AU E_R0-mm [0/15]? The upper 1σ uncertainty in R0-mm
147-150 F4.1 AU e_R0-mm [0/31.8]? The lower 1σ uncertainty in
R0-mm
152-153 I2 --- r_R0-mm [4/36]? Reference code for R0-mm (2)
155-156 I2 AU Rbb [3/44] SED-inferred blackbody dust radius
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Flags as follows:
a = HD15115 inner radii are for a presumed inner belt and maximum density
radii are for an outer belt
b = HD141569 radii are for the inner ring only (as seen in the GPI images)
and the mm uncertainties are ∼95% confidence intervals;
c = NZ Lup's Rin is for the inner belt only and R0 is the mean of both
belts (with the uncertainty spanning the range of their individual
R0 values) in the two-belt "gap" model from
Boccaletti+, 2019, J/A+A/625/A21.
d = protoplanetary/transitional disk. Excluded from most analyses
(3 occurrences).
Note (2): References as follows:
1 = Janson+, 2016ApJ...816L...1J 2016ApJ...816L...1J
2 = Krist+, 2005AJ....129.1008K 2005AJ....129.1008K
3 = nominal value is from Boccaletti+, 2018A&A...614A..52B 2018A&A...614A..52B and
uncertainties encompass range of values from
Augereau & Beust, 2006A&A...455..987A 2006A&A...455..987A, Schuppler+, 2015A&A...581A..97S 2015A&A...581A..97S,
Sezestre+, 2017A&A...607A..65S 2017A&A...607A..65S
4 = mean of two models (with positive surface density slopes) by
Daley+, 2019ApJ...875...87D 2019ApJ...875...87D and uncertainties encompass
a possible inner ring at ∼10-14AU;
5 = Millar-Blanchaer+, 2015ApJ...811...18M 2015ApJ...811...18M
6 = Matra+, 2019AJ....157..135M 2019AJ....157..135M
7 = Olofsson+, 2018A&A...617A.109O 2018A&A...617A.109O
8 = Matra+, 2019AJ....157..117M 2019AJ....157..117M
9 = Engler+, 2019A&A...622A.192E 2019A&A...622A.192E
10 = MacGregor+, 2019ApJ...877L..32M 2019ApJ...877L..32M
11 = Duchene+, (submitted)
12 = MacGregor+, 2018ApJ...869...75M 2018ApJ...869...75M
13 = Esposito+, 2018AJ....156...47E 2018AJ....156...47E
14 = Esposito+, 2016AJ....152...85E 2016AJ....152...85E
15 = Pineda+, 2014ApJ...788L..34P 2014ApJ...788L..34P
16 = Garufi+, 2016A&A...588A...8G 2016A&A...588A...8G
17 = Walsh+, 2014ApJ...791L...6W 2014ApJ...791L...6W
18 = Kalas+, 2015ApJ...814...32K 2015ApJ...814...32K
19 = Lagrange+, 2016A&A...586L...8L 2016A&A...586L...8L
20 = Kasper+, 2015ApJ...812L..33K 2015ApJ...812L..33K
21 = Lieman-Sifry+, 2016ApJ...828...25L 2016ApJ...828...25L
22 = Draper+, 2016ApJ...826..147D 2016ApJ...826..147D
23 = Wahhaj+, 2016A&A...596L...4W 2016A&A...596L...4W
24 = Gibbs+, 2019AJ....157...39G 2019AJ....157...39G
25 = mean of two models by Matthews+, 2017ApJ...843L..12M 2017ApJ...843L..12M
26 = Hung+, 2015ApJ...815L..14H 2015ApJ...815L..14H
27 = Feldt+, 2017A&A...601A...7F 2017A&A...601A...7F
28 = Bruzzone+, 2020AJ....159...53B 2020AJ....159...53B
29 = White & Boley, 2018ApJ...859..103W 2018ApJ...859..103W
30 = Thalmann+, 2013ApJ...763L..29T 2013ApJ...763L..29T
31 = Wolff+, (in prep)
32 = Engler+, 2017A&A...607A..90E 2017A&A...607A..90E
33 = Millar-Blanchaer+, 2016AJ....152..128M 2016AJ....152..128M
34 = Ren+, 2019ApJ...882...64R 2019ApJ...882...64R
35 = Perrin+, 2015ApJ...799..182P 2015ApJ...799..182P
36 = Kennedy+, 2018MNRAS.475.4924K 2018MNRAS.475.4924K
37 = Engler+, 2018, J/A+A/618/A151
38 = Boccaletti+, 2019, J/A+A/625/A21
Note (3): See Section 3 for our PA convention.
Note (4): Disks with rmin = "FPM" are detected down to the FPM edge at 0.123".
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Coralie Fix [CDS], 12-Oct-2020