J/AJ/160/253 Infrared photometry of late-type dwarfs in Kepler Field (Lu+, 2020)
An increase in small-planet occurrence with metallicity for late-type dwarf
stars in the Kepler Field and its implications for planet formation.
Lu C.X., Schlaufman K.C., Cheng S.
<Astron. J., 160, 253 (2020)>
=2020AJ....160..253L 2020AJ....160..253L
ADC_Keywords: Stars, dwarfs; Stars, late-type; Exoplanets; Photometry, ugriz
Keywords: Exoplanet formation ; Extrasolar rocky planets ;
Extrasolar ice giants ; Late-type dwarf stars ; Planet hosting stars ;
Exoplanets
Abstract:
While it is well-established that giant-planet occurrence rises
rapidly with host star metallicity, it is not yet clear if
small-planet occurrence around late-type dwarf stars depends on host
star metallicity. Using the Kepler Data Release 25 planet candidate
list and its completeness data products, we explore planet occurrence
as a function of metallicity in the Kepler field's late-type dwarf
stellar population. We find that planet occurrence increases with
metallicity for all planet radii Rp down to at least Rp∼2R⊕, and
that in the range 2R⊕≲Rp≲5R⊕, planet occurrence scales
linearly with metallicity Z. Extrapolating our results, we predict
that short-period planets with Rp≲2R⊕ should be rare around
early-M dwarf stars with [M/H]≲-0.5 or late-M dwarf stars with
[M/H]≲+0.0. This dependence of planet occurrence on metallicity
observed in the Kepler field emphasizes the need to control for
metallicity in estimates of planet occurrence for late-type dwarf
stars like those targeted by Kepler's K2 extension and the Transiting
Exoplanet Survey Satellite. We confirm the theoretical expectation
that the small-planet occurrence-host star metallicity relation is
stronger for low-mass stars than for solar-type stars. We establish
that the expected solid mass in planets around late-type dwarfs in the
Kepler field is comparable to the total amount of planet-making solids
in their protoplanetary disks. We argue that this high efficiency of
planet formation favors planetesimal accretion over pebble accretion
as the origin of the small planets observed by Kepler around late-type
dwarf stars.
Description:
We seek to assemble the sample of late-type dwarf stars with Kepler
light curves that have been searched for transiting planet candidates.
To do so, we select late-type stars from the Kepler Input Catalog
(KIC; Brown+, 2011, J/AJ/142/112).
Our final planet candidate-host sample consists of the 99 late-type
dwarfs with at least one planet candidate with Rp≤5R⊕.We also
select a sample of 3395 late-type dwarfs that were part of the main
transiting exoplanet search program, and have no detected planet
candidate.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 85 99 Late-type dwarf Kepler targets with at least 1 DR25
planet candidate with Rp≤5REarth
table2.dat 66 3395 Late-type dwarf Kepler targets with no observed
planet candidates
table4.dat 50 270 Occurrence of small planet candidates in the Kepler
field with late-type dwarf primaries as a function
of metallicity
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See also:
B/simbad : Simbad objects catalogue (M.Wenger 2000)
V/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)
I/337 : Gaia DR1 (Gaia Collaboration, 2016)
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
VII/233 : The 2MASS Extended sources (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)
J/ApJ/622/1102 : The planet-metallicity correlation. (Fischer+, 2005)
J/A+A/487/373 : Spectroscopic parameters 451 HARPS-GTO stars (Sousa+, 2008)
J/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)
J/other/Nat/486.375 : Stellar parameters of KOI stars (Buchhave+, 2012)
J/ApJ/753/90 : Stellar param. of K5 & later type Kepler stars (Mann+, 2012)
J/ApJ/748/93 : K-band spectra for 133 nearby M dwarfs (Rojas-Ayala+, 2012)
J/ApJ/771/129 : Submillimetric Class II sources of Taurus (Andrews+, 2013)
J/AJ/145/52 : Abund. of late K & M dwarfs in binary systems (Mann+, 2013)
J/ApJ/770/43 : Spectroscopic [Fe/H] of Kepler stars (Mann+, 2013)
J/ApJ/765/L41 : Asteroseismic classification of KIC objects (Stello+, 2013)
J/ApJS/211/2 : Stellar properties of Q1-16 Kepler targets (Huber+, 2014)
J/ApJS/213/5 : Cool KOIs. VI. H- and K- band spectra (Muirhead+, 2014)
J/AJ/147/20 : Spectroscopy of 447 nearby M dwarfs (Newton+, 2014)
J/ApJ/808/187 : Metallicities of KIC stars without planets (Buchhave+, 2015)
J/ApJ/807/45 : Habitable planets orbiting M dwarfs (Dressing+, 2015)
J/ApJS/217/31 : Kepler planetary candidates.VI. 4yr Q1-Q16 (Mullally+, 2015)
J/ApJ/827/50 : Kepler faint red giants (Mathur+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/463/1297 : Asteroseismology of 1523 misclassified red giants (Yu+,2016)
J/ApJ/834/17 : Mass & radius of planets, moons, low mass stars (Chen+,2017)
J/AJ/154/109 : California-Kepler Survey. III. Planet radii (Fulton+, 2017)
J/AJ/156/18 : APOGEE DR14:Binary companions stars (Price-Whelan+, 2018)
J/ApJ/866/99 : Radii of KIC stars & planets using Gaia DR2 (Berger+, 2018)
J/AJ/156/264 : California-Kepler Survey.VII. Planet radius (Fulton+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/89 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). IV. Planets (Petigura+,2018)
J/ApJS/235/38 : Kepler planetary cand.VIII. DR25reliability (Thompson+,2018)
J/ApJS/236/42 : Asteroseismology of ∼16000 Kepler red giants (Yu+, 2018)
J/AJ/158/190 : Main seq. Jupiter hosts with good astrometry (Hamer+, 2019)
J/A+A/641/A170 : Ultracool dwarf K2 light curves (Sestovic+, 2020)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 I8 --- KIC Kepler Input Catalog number
10- 20 A11 --- Kepler Kepler name
22- 27 A6 --- KOI Kepler Object of Interest name
29- 37 F9.5 deg RAdeg [281/301] Right Ascension (J2000)
39- 47 F9.6 deg DEdeg [37.3/51.2] Declination (J2000)
49- 53 F5.2 mag rmag [13.98/16.68] Apparent r band magnitude (1)
55- 59 F5.2 mag zmag [12.45/15.63] Apparent z band magnitude (1)
61- 66 F6.3 mag W1mag [10.15/13.43] WISE W1 (3.4um) band magnitude
68- 72 F5.3 mag e_W1mag [0.02/0.05] Uncertainty in W1mag
74- 79 F6.3 mag W2mag [10.09/13.38] WISE W2 (4.6um) band magnitude
81- 85 F5.3 mag e_W2mag [0.02/0.04] Uncertainty in W2mag
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Note (1): Uncertainties are 0.02mag (Brown+, 2011, J/AJ/142/112).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 I8 --- KIC Kepler Input Catalog number
10- 18 F9.5 deg RAdeg [279/302] Right Ascension (J2000)
20- 28 F9.6 deg DEdeg [36.6/52.4] Declination (J2000)
30- 34 F5.2 mag rmag [10.54/16.41] Apparent r band magnitude
36- 40 F5.2 mag zmag [9.71/15.57] Apparent z band magnitude
42- 47 F6.3 mag W1mag [7.66/13.93] WISE W1 (3.4um) band magnitude
49- 53 F5.3 mag e_W1mag [0.02/0.08] Uncertainty in W1mag
55- 60 F6.3 mag W2mag [7.69/13.8] WISE W2 (4.6um) band magnitude
62- 66 F5.3 mag e_W2mag [0.018/0.072] Uncertainty in W2mag
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 3 F3.1 Rgeo LowRad [0.5/4.5] Lower planetary radius boundary
5- 7 F3.1 Rgeo UpRad [1/5] Upper planetary radius boundary
9- 13 F5.1 d LowPer [0.3/107] Lower orbital period boundary
15- 19 F5.1 d UpPer [0.5/208] Upper orbital period boundary
21- 24 F4.1 % Occur [0.1/46] Occurrence percentage
26- 29 F4.1 % E_Occur [0.2/35] Upper uncertainty in Occur
31- 34 F4.1 % e_Occur [0.1/31] Lower uncertainty in Occur
36- 38 A3 --- Metal Metallicity description (1)
40 I1 --- Det [0/1] Planet candidate detection flag (2)
42- 46 F5.2 --- Complete [0.01/19.17] Completeness
48- 50 I3 % NumEquiv [0/640] Equivalent number of stars searched
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Note (1): Metallicities as follows:
MP = metal-poor sample (90 occurrences)
MR = metal-rich sample (90 occurrences)
ALL = complete sample (90 occurrences)
Note (2): Detections as follows:
0 = No KOI detected for the given planet radius and period range
(161 occurrences)
1 = At least on KOI detected (109 occurrences)
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Coralie Fix [CDS], 03-Feb-2021