J/AJ/162/184 APOGEE: Properties & radial velocities of binaries (Kounkel+, 2021)
Double-lined spectroscopic binaries in the APOGEE DR16 and DR17 data.
Kounkel M., Covey K.R., Stassun K.G., Price-Whelan A.M., Holtzman J.,
Chojnowski D., Longa-Pena P., Roman-Zuniga C.G., Hernandez J., Serna J.,
Badenes C., De Lee N., Majewski S., Stringfellow G.S., Kratter K.M.,
Moe M., Frinchaboy P.M., Beaton R.L., Fernandez-Trincado J.G.,
Mahadevan S., Minniti D., Beers T.C., Schneider D.P., Barba R.,
Brownstein J.R., Garcia-Hernandez D.A., Pan K., Bizyaev D.
<Astron. J., 162, 184 (2021)>
=2021AJ....162..184K 2021AJ....162..184K
ADC_Keywords: Stars, double and multiple; Spectroscopy; Radial velocities;
Infrared; Binaries, eclipsing; Binaries, orbits
Keywords: Spectroscopic binary stars ; Binary stars ; Eclipsing binary stars ;
Near infrared astronomy ; Spectroscopy ; Orbit determination
Abstract:
APOGEE spectra offer ≤1km/s precision in the measurement of stellar
radial velocities. This holds even when multiple stars are captured in
the same spectrum, as happens most commonly with double-lined
spectroscopic binaries (SB2s), although random line-of-sight
alignments of unrelated stars can also occur. We develop a code that
autonomously identifies SB2s and higher order multiples in the APOGEE
spectra, resulting in 7273 candidate SB2s, 813 SB3s, and 19 SB4s. We
estimate the mass ratios of binaries, and for a subset of these
systems with a sufficient number of measurements we perform a complete
orbital fit, confirming that most systems with periods of <10days have
circularized. Overall, we find an SB2 fraction (FSB2) ∼3% among
main-sequence dwarfs, and that there is not a significant trend in
FSB2 with temperature of a star. We are also able to recover a higher
FSB2 in sources with lower metallicity, however there are some
observational biases. We also examine light curves from TESS to
determine which of these spectroscopic binaries are also eclipsing.
Such systems, particularly those that are also pre- and post-main
sequence, are good candidates for a follow-up analysis to determine
their masses and temperatures.
Description:
Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) is
conducted with two high-resolution spectrographs: one commissioned
first on the 2.5m Sloan Foundation telescope at the Apache Point
Observatory (APO) in New Mexico, United States, and the second
spectrograph (APOGEE-S) subsequently installed on the Irenee du Pont
2.5m telescope at Las Campanas Observatory (LCO) in Chile's Atacama
Region. Both spectrographs can observe up to 300 objects
simultaneously, across 3° and 2° (in diameter) fields of view
at APO and LCO, respectively. The spectrographs cover the spectral
range of 1.51-1.7um with an average resolution of R∼22,500.
The latest public data release is DR16 (Ahumada+2020, V/154;
Jonsson+2020, III/284), covering observations through June of 2018. In
this work, we analyze spectra from a proprietary data product
including APOGEE observations taken through March of 2020, when both
LCO and APO paused observations due to COVID-19.
SDSS-IV APOGEE data (DR17; Abdurro'uf+2022, III/286) were obtained
after APO and LCO re-opened. The DR17 pipeline updated the procedures
used to construct CCFs for each APOGEE spectrum, introducing slight
differences between the DR16 and DR17 reductions that could not be
reconciled in an autonomous manner. Thus, we treat these two data
reductions separately.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 582 8105 Properties of the identified SB2s and higher order
multiples
table3.dat 229 32642 Vetted radial velocities of the individual
components
dr17samp.dat 49 7204 Sample of systems from Table A1 (Table added by CDS)
tablea1.dat 284 31313 Parameters of the cross-correlation function (CCF)
components extracted by the pipeline in DR17 data
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See also:
B/sb9 : SB9: 9th Catalogue of Spectroscopic Binary Orbits (Pourbaix+ 2004-2014)
III/284 : APOGEE-2 data from DR16 (Johnsson+, 2020)
III/286 : APOGEE-2 DR17 final allStar catalog (Abdurro'uf+, 2022)
V/122 : SB9: 9th Catalogue of Spectroscopic Binary Orbits (Pourbaix+ 2005)
V/154 : Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), Release 16 (DR16) (Ahumada+, 2020)
J/A+A/433/185 : Detailed abundance analysis of 102 F & G dwarfs (Bensby+, 2005)
J/MNRAS/367/1329 : Elemental abundances for 176 stars (Reddy+, 2006)
J/AJ/140/184 : RAVE double-lined spectroscopic binaries (Matijevic+, 2010)
J/ApJS/190/1 : A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)
J/AJ/151/144 : ASPCAP weights for the 15 APOGEE chem. elements (Garcia+, 2016)
J/ApJ/829/34 : Kepler heartbeat star radial velocities (Shporer+, 2016)
J/A+A/608/A95 : GES: multi-line spectroscopic binary candidates (Merle+, 2017)
J/MNRAS/478/4513 : GALAH Survey DR2 (Buder+, 2018)
J/ApJ/855/68 : Massive stars: SDSS-IV/APOGEE SURVEY. I. (Roman-Lopes+, 2018)
J/ApJ/873/66 : Massive stars: SDSS/APOGEE-2. II. W3-W4-W5 (Roman-Lopes+, 2019)
J/AJ/156/18 : APOGEE DR14:Bin. companions of evolved stars (Price-Whelan+,2018)
J/AJ/156/45 : M-dwarf multiples in the SDSS-III/APOGEE (Skinner+, 2018)
J/AJ/158/155 : SB candidates from the RAVE & Gaia DR2 surveys (Birko+, 2019)
J/A+A/623/A72 : Binarity of Hipparcos stars: Gaia pm anomaly (Kervella+,2019)
J/AJ/157/196 : Close companions around young stars (Kounkel+, 2019)
J/A+A/635/A155 : Gaia-ESO Survey SB1 catalogue (Merle+, 2020)
J/AJ/159/182 : APOGEE Net, YSOs param. through deep learning (Olney+, 2020)
J/ApJS/249/22 : Radial velocity variable stars from LAMOST DR4 (Tian+, 2020)
J/A+A/638/A145 : GALAH survey. FGK binary stars (Traven+, 2020)
J/other/RAA/23.K5026 : APOGEE DR17 standard stars radial velocities (Li+, 2023)
Byte-by-byte Description of file:table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 A18 --- ID APOGEE identifier
20- 34 F15.11 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000)
36- 52 F17.13 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
54 I1 --- SBn [2/4] Number of deconvolved components for a
source (1)
56- 57 I2 --- Nepoch [1/47] Number of epochs available for the
source
59- 82 F24.19 --- qW [-373.1/79.2]? Mass ratio from a Wilson plot
84- 112 E29.23 --- e_qW [0/65947.1]? qW uncertainty
114- 137 F24.18 km/s RVelW [-3748/291]? Barycenter radial velocity from a
Wilson plot
139- 161 E23.19 km/s e_RVelW [-58300/2200]? RVelW uncertainty
163- 173 F11.7 d Per [0.8/348]? Period (2)
175- 187 E13.10 d e_Per [3.1e-7/52]? Per uncertainty
189- 197 F9.1 d T0 [2.4e+6/2.5e+6]? Time of periastron passage (2)
199- 210 E12.10 d e_T0 [8.8e-5/52]? T0 uncertainty
212- 221 E10.8 --- e [1.07e-5/0.92]? Eccentricity (2)
223- 234 E12.10 --- e_e [9.5e-6/0.25]? e uncertainty
236- 245 F10.6 deg omega [-46.5/608]? Longitude of periastron (2)
247- 259 F13.9 deg e_omega [0.01/271]? omega uncertainty
261- 271 F11.6 km/s RVel [-117.2/243]? Barycenter radial velocity (2)
273- 284 E12.10 km/s e_RVel [3.6e-4/6.4]? RVel uncertainty
286- 295 F10.6 km/s K1 [7.1/173.1]? Semiamplitude of the velocity for
component 1 (2)
297- 308 E12.9 km/s e_K1 [6.7e-4/71]? K1 uncertainty
310- 319 F10.6 km/s K2 [10.8/169]? Semiamplitude of the velocity for
component 2 (2)
321- 331 E11.9 km/s e_K2 [7.8e-4/40.1]? K2 uncertainty
333- 353 E21.19 Msun M1sin3i [2.7e-4/4.8]? Inclination-dependent mass of
component 1 (2)
355- 375 E21.19 Msun e_M1sin3i [6.3e-6/5.3]? M1sin3i uncertainty
377- 397 E21.19 Msun M2sin3i [1.5e-4/6.4]? Inclination-dependent mass of
component 2 (2)
399- 419 E21.19 Msun e_M2sin3i [5.4e-6/5.5]? M2sin3i uncertainty
421- 440 E20.17 km asini [220359/1.9e+8]? Inclination-dependent
semi-major axis (2)
442- 461 E20.17 km e_asini [46.6/4.6e+7]? asini uncertainty
463- 481 F19.15 km/s MaxdRV [18.3/407.6] Maximum observed separation in RV
between the primary and the secondary in any
epoch
483- 504 E22.19 km/s AmpRV1 [0/354.4]? Observed amplitude of variation in
radial velocity of component 1 across all of
the available data
506- 526 E21.19 km/s AmpRV2 [0/387.5]? Observed amplitude of variation in
radial velocity of component 2 across all of
the available data
528- 550 F23.18 d MaxT [0/2979]? Maximum temporal baseline
552- 556 A5 --- fLOS Line-of-sight coincidence flag (3)
558- 560 A3 --- fVar Flag for a variable light curve in TESS data
(4)
562- 582 F21.17 d PerTESS [0.22/172.1]? Period derived from TESS light
curves for periodic variables
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Number of components for a source as follows:
2 = 7273 occurrences
3 = 813 occurrences
4 = 19 occurrences
Note (2): Derived from the orbital fitting.
Note (3): Flags as follows:
true = Likely line-of-sight coincidence, defined as having the total radial
velocity change for each component of less than 5 km/s; 286 occurrences
false = Unlikely to be a line-of-sight coincidence; 7819 occurrences
Note (4): Flags as follows:
f = in TESS footprint (3981 occurrences)
v = variable (1135 occurrences)
d = detached eclipsing (369 occurrences)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file:table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 A18 --- ID APOGEE identifier
20- 41 E22.17 d HJD [55804/58933] Heliocentric Julian Date;
HJD-2400000
43- 65 E23.17 km/s RVel1 [-317.9/327.4]? Radial velocity of component 1
67- 88 E22.17 km/s e_RVel1 [0/170]? RV1 uncertainty
90- 112 E23.17 km/s RVel2 [-302.4/329.7]? Radial velocity of component 2
114- 135 E22.17 km/s e_RVel2 [0/180]? RV2 uncertainty
137- 159 E23.17 km/s RVel3 [-3.3e+7/6.8e+9]? Radial velocity of component 3
161- 182 E22.17 km/s e_RVel3 [0/2.5e+10]? RV3 uncertainty
184- 206 E23.17 km/s RVel4 [-98/157.6]? Radial velocity of component 4
208- 229 E22.17 km/s e_RVel4 [0/20]? RV4 uncertainty
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Byte-by-byte Description of file:dr17samp.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 A18 --- ID APOGEE identifier
20- 33 F14.10 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000)
35- 49 F15.11 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file:tablea1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 A18 --- ID APOGEE identifier
20- 37 F18.12 d HJD [55804/59236] Heliocentric Julian Date;
HJD-2400000
39- 52 F14.10 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000)
54- 68 F15.11 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
70- 75 F6.4 --- Amp1 [0/0.65]? Amplitude of component 1
77- 87 F11.4 --- e_Amp1 [2e-3/4.7e+5]? Amp1 uncertainty
89- 94 F6.4 --- Amp2 [0/3.5]? Amplitude of component 2
96- 104 E9.4 --- e_Amp2 [1.8e-3/2.8e+8]? Amp2 uncertainty
106- 111 F6.4 --- Amp3 [0/1.03]? Amplitude of component 3
113- 120 E8.4 --- e_Amp3 [6e-3/2.2e+11]? Amp3 uncertainty
122- 126 F5.3 --- Amp4 [0/0.3]? Amplitude of component 4
128- 132 F5.3 --- e_Amp4 [0.016/6.6]? Amp4 uncertainty
134- 140 F7.2 km/s RVel1 [-318/328.7]? Radial velocity of component 1
142- 151 F10.2 km/s e_RVel1 [0.6/1e+6]? RVel1 uncertainty
153- 159 F7.2 km/s RVel2 [-298/329]? Radial velocity of component 2
161- 169 E9.2 km/s e_RVel2 [0.6/7.7e+9]? RVel2 uncertainty
171- 177 F7.2 km/s RVel3 [-179.1/321]? Radial velocity of component 3
179- 187 E9.2 km/s e_RVel3 [0.9/1.7e+10]? RVel3 uncertainty
189- 193 F5.1 km/s e_RVel4 [1.5/100]? RVel4 uncertainty
195- 201 F7.2 km/s RVel4 [-144/200.8]? Radial velocity of component 4
203- 209 F7.2 --- FWHM1 [0/1861.1]? Full width at half maximum of
component 1
211- 217 F7.1 --- e_FWHM1 [1.4/8.7e+4]? FWHM1 uncertainty
219- 226 F8.3 --- FWHM2 [0/1310.3]? Full width at half maximum of
component 2
228- 236 E9.3 --- e_FWHM2 [1e-3/1.5e+11]? FWHM2 uncertainty
238- 243 F6.2 --- FWHM3 [0/648]? Full width at half maximum of comp
onent 3
245- 253 E9.2 --- e_FWHM3 [2.3/6.8e+10]? FWHM3 uncertainty
255- 259 F5.2 --- FWHM4 [0.11/55]? Full width at half maximum of comp
onent 4
261- 265 F5.1 --- e_FWHM4 [3.5/130]? FWHM4 uncertainty
267 I1 --- Flag1 [0/4]? Classification flag for component 1 (1)
269 I1 --- Flag2 [0/4]? Classification flag for component 2 (1)
271 I1 --- Flag3 [0/4]? Classification flag for component 3 (1)
273 I1 --- Flag4 [0/2]? Classification flag for component 4 (1)
275 I1 --- N [0/4] Number of components (2)
277- 284 A8 --- DR16comp Comparison to DR16 (3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Classification flags as follows:
0 = No component.
Comp 1: 308 occurrences;
Comp 2: 7979 occurrences;
Comp 3: 30429 occurrences;
Comp 4: 31286 occurrences
1 = Failed FWHM/amplitude test; could be noise.
Comp 1: 901 occurrences;
Comp 2: 3659 occurrences;
Comp 3: 701 occurrences;
Comp 4: 25 occurrences
2 = Failed the symmetry test; could be falsely multiply deconvolved.
Comp 1: 0 occurrence;
Comp 2: 3659 occurrences;
Comp 3: 61 occurrences;
Comp 4: 2 occurrences
3 = Blended asymmetric peaks; generally a robust detection of a companion,
but may be a signature of spots in strongly magnetic stars.
Comp 1: 0 occurrence;
Comp 2: 2449 occurrences;
Comp 3: 36 occurrences;
Comp 4: 0 occurrence
4 = The primary peaks in all stars, and the secondary peaks of bona fide
SB2s that are not blended with the primary.
Comp 1: 30104 occurrences
Comp 2: 9842 occurrences
Comp 3: 86 occurrences
Comp 4: 0 occurrence
Note (2): Number of components as follows:
0 = 302 occurrences
1 = 7668 occurrences
2 = 22446 occurrences
3 = 870 occurrences
4 = 27 occurrences
Note (3): Comparison as follows:
New obs = Epoch not a part of Table 3 (10887 occurrences)
New comp = Epoch in Table 3 is unresolved with a single component;
component with Flag≥3 is detected in DR17 (242 occurrences)
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Robin Leichtnam [CDS] 23-Sep-2025