J/AJ/163/91 Parameters & dynamic solutions of Kepler planets (Judkovsky+, 2022)
Physical Properties and Impact Parameter Variations of Kepler Planets from
Analytic Light-curve Modeling.
Judkovsky Y., Ofir A., Aharonson O.
<Astron. J., 163, 91 (2022)>
=2022AJ....163...91J 2022AJ....163...91J
ADC_Keywords: Exoplanets; Optical; Photometry
Keywords: Exoplanets ; Transits ; Planetary science
Abstract:
We apply AnalyticLC, an analytic model described in an accompanying
paper, to interpret Kepler data of systems that contain two or three
transiting planets. We perform tests to verify that the obtained
solutions agree with full N-body integrations, and that the number of
model parameters is statistically justified. We probe non-co-planar
interactions via impact parameter variations (TbVs), enabled by our
analytic model. The subset of systems with a valid solution includes
54 systems composed of 140 planets, more than half of which are
without previously reported mass constraints. Overall we provide: (I)
estimates of physical and orbital properties for all systems analyzed;
(II) 102 planets with mass detections significant to better than
3σ, 43 of which have masses below 5M⊕; and (III) 35 TbVs
significant to better than 3σ. We focus on select systems
showing strong TbVs, which can result from either interaction among
the known transiting planets, or with a nontransiting object, and
provide: (IV) a method to constrain the parameters of such unseen
companions. These results are enabled by an accurate 3D photodynamical
model, of a kind expected to become increasingly important for
modeling multidecade photometric and composite (radial velocity,
astrometry) data sets.
Description:
This work uses archival and literature data originally obtained with
the Kepler space telescope. This telescope was launched in 2009 and
observed from May 2 2009 to May 11 2013. Its photometry data is used
here, with a wavelength coverage in the optical (420-880nm).
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
planets.dat 29 360 List of analyzed planets (Table added by CDS)
tablea1.dat 218 261 Physical and orbital elements of our solutions that
pass all tests
tablea2.dat 187 1343 Light curve, transit, and mean motion resonance
(MMR) proximity parameters of all analyzed planets
tablea3.dat 140 54 Stellar parameters of the systems for which valid
dynamical solutions were found
tablea4.dat 95 59 Planets with significant impact parameter variations
tablea5.dat 50 90 Systems with no dynamical solution
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See also:
I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
V/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)
IV/39 : TESS Input Catalog version 8.2 (TIC v8.2) (Paegert+, 2021)
J/A+A/363/1081 : Non-linear limb-darkening law for LTE models (Claret 2000)
J/ApJ/634/625 : Radial velocities and photometry of GJ 876 (Rivera+, 2005)
J/ApJS/197/8 : Keplers candidate multiple transiting planets (Lissauer+, 2011)
J/ApJ/750/114 : Kepler TTVs. IV. 4 multiple-planet systems (Fabrycky+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/421/2342 : 4 Kepler systems transit timing observation (Steffen+, 2012)
J/A+A/555/A58 : New Kepler planetary candidates (Ofir+, 2013)
J/ApJ/790/146 : Planets in Kepler's multi-transiting systems (Fabrycky+, 2014)
J/ApJ/787/80 : 139 Kepler planets transit time variations (Hadden+, 2014)
J/ApJS/210/20 : Small Kepler planets radial velocities (Marcy+, 2014)
J/ApJS/210/25 : Transit timing variation for 15 planetary pairs II. (Xie, 2014)
J/A+A/573/A124 : Kepler-117 (KOI-209) transit-timing variations (Bruno+, 2015)
J/ApJS/225/9 : Kepler TTVs IX. The full long-cadence data set (Holczer+, 2016)
J/AJ/154/109 : California-Kepler Survey. III. Planet radii (Fulton+, 2017)
J/ApJS/229/30 : Revised stellar proper. of Q1-17 Kepler targets (Mathur+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/5 : Transit timing variations of 145 Kepler planets (Hadden+, 2017)
J/A+A/605/A72 : Planetary systems AMD-stability (Laskar+, 2017)
J/MNRAS/465/2634 : Kepler and K2 best candidates for planets (Armstrong+2017)
J/A+A/618/A41 : Photometry of Kepler-9b and c transits (Freudenthal+, 2018)
J/AJ/156/264 : California-Kepler Survey VII. Planet radius gap (Fulton+, 2018)
J/ApJS/234/9 : A spectral approach to transit timing variations (Ofir+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/48 : California-Kepler Survey. V. Masses and radii (Weiss+, 2018)
J/ApJS/235/38 : Kepler planetary cand. VIII. DR25 reliability (Thompson+2018)
J/AJ/157/145 : HIRES RVs of three compact, multiplanet systems (Mills+, 2019)
J/AJ/159/280 : Gaia-Kepler stellar properties cat.I. KIC stars (Berger+, 2020)
J/ApJ/890/23 : NUV and FUV measurements of planet host stars (Loyd+, 2020)
J/AJ/161/246 : Tansit time variations for 12 exoplanets (Jontof-Hutter+, 2021)
http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/index.html : NASA Exoplanets Archive
(NExScI)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: planets.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- Kepler Kepler star identifier
12 A1 --- m_Kepler Kepler identifier component for the planet
14- 20 F7.2 --- KOI [41.01/2842.03] Kepler Object of Interest
identifier
22- 29 I8 --- KIC [3217264/12314973]? Kepler Input Catalog
identifier (V/133, J/ApJS/229/30, IV/39)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 I1 --- Adopted [0/1] Adopted solution (1=yes)
3 I1 --- ID [1/5] Solution identifier
5- 14 A10 --- Kepler Kepler star identifier
16 A1 --- m_Kepler Kepler identifier component for the planet
18- 24 F7.2 --- KOI [41.01/2711.02] Kepler Object of Interest
identifier
26- 36 F11.7 d P [1.73/160.02] Mean orbital period
38- 44 F7.2 ppm Mp/Ms [1.63/1429] Planet-to-star mass ratio
46- 51 F6.2 ppm E_Mp/Ms [0.21/58] Upper uncertainty on Mp/Ms
53- 58 F6.2 ppm e_Mp/Ms [-67/-0.25] Lower uncertainty on Mp/Ms
60- 65 F6.2 geoMass Mp [0.39/597] Absolute planet mass; derived
from Mp/Ms and literature stellar mass
67- 72 F6.2 geoMass E_Mp [0.17/37] Upper uncertainty on Mp
74- 80 F7.2 geoMass e_Mp [-45/-0.14] Lower uncertainty on Mp
82- 88 F7.3 g/cm3 rhop [0.08/49] Absolute planet density;
derived from RhoRel and literature
stellar density
90- 96 F7.3 g/cm3 E_rhop [0.015/20] Upper uncertainty on rhop
98- 104 F7.3 g/cm3 e_rhop [-45/-0.014] Lower uncertainty on rhop
106- 111 F6.3 Rgeo Rp [0.96/12.05] Absolute planet radius;
derived from ror and literature stellar
radius
113- 118 F6.3 Rgeo E_Rp [0.019/0.55] Upper uncertainty on Rp
120- 125 F6.3 Rgeo e_Rp [-0.48/-0.021] Lower uncertainty on Rp
127- 133 F7.4 --- dex [-0.18/0.24] Eccentricity difference to
preceding planet; x is pointing at the
observer
135- 141 F7.4 --- E_dex [2e-3/0.13] Upper uncertainty on dex
143- 149 F7.4 --- e_dex [-0.2/2.1e-3] Lower uncertainty on dex
151- 157 F7.4 --- dey [-0.25/0.41] Eccentricity difference to
preceding planet; y is the direction
perpendicular to the line of sight
pointing with the planets motion along
transit
159- 165 F7.4 --- E_dey [1.8e-3/0.15] Upper uncertainty on dey
167- 173 F7.4 --- e_dey [-0.43/-2e-3] Lower uncertainty on dey
175- 180 F6.2 deg ix [-29/35] ix=i*cos(Omega) is the
inclination component corresponding to
the inclination around to the line of
sight ("roll angle")
182- 187 F6.2 deg E_ix [0/22.6] Upper uncertainty on ix
189- 194 F6.2 deg e_ix [-20.1/0] Lower uncertainty on ix
196- 202 F7.4 deg iy [-4.4/7.1] iy=i*sin(Omega) is the
inclination component corresponding to
the inclination relative to the line of
sight
204- 210 F7.4 deg E_iy [5.8e-3/6.14] Upper uncertainty on iy
212- 218 F7.4 deg e_iy [-2.33/-5e-3] Lower uncertainty on iy
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 I1 --- Adopted [0/1] Adopted solution (1=yes)
3 I1 --- ID [1/5] Solution identifier
5- 14 A10 --- Kepler Kepler star identifier
16 A1 --- m_Kepler Kepler identifier component for the planet
18- 24 F7.2 --- KOI [41.01/2842.03] Kepler Object of Interest
identifier
26- 36 F11.7 d P [1.04/265.5] Mean orbital period
38- 49 E12.8 min TTVStd [2.4e-5/362.7] Best model Transit Time
Variation (TTV) standard deviation
51 I1 --- J [0/5] J of the nearest first-order
resonance J:J-1 with the planet from the
inside. If the planet is innermost, the
value is 0.
53- 62 F10.7 --- Delta [-1/0.5] Normalized distance from the J:J-1
resonance with the planet from the inside.
If the planet is innermost, the value is 0.
64- 75 F12.7 d SPer [0/6612] Super-period of the J:J-1
resonance with the planet from the inside.
If the planet is innermost, the value is 0.
77- 83 F7.4 h Tdur0 [0/12.8] Transit duration at first data
time stamp
85- 91 F7.4 h E_Tdur0 [0/2.3] Upper uncertainty on Tdur0
93- 99 F7.4 h e_Tdur0 [-3.1/-5.1e-3] Tdur0 uncertainty
101- 107 F7.3 min Tau0 [0/153]? Ingress-egress time at first data
time stamp
109- 116 F8.3 min E_Tau0 [0/156] Upper uncertainty on Tau0
118- 124 F7.3 min e_Tau0 [-35/-0.011] Tau0 uncertainty
126- 133 F8.5 --- b0 [-1.2/1.1] Impact parameter at BKJD=0
(Kepler Barycentric Julian Day)
135- 142 F8.5 --- E_b0 [5e-4/2.11] Upper uncertainty on b0
144- 151 F8.5 --- e_b0 [-1.8/-5e-4] Lower uncertainty on b0
153- 163 F11.8 1/yr db/dt [-0.82/0.82] Mean impact parameter
variations rate
165- 175 F11.8 1/yr E_db/dt [8.6e-7/0.1] Upper uncertainty on db/dt
177- 187 F11.8 1/yr e_db/dt [-0.12/-1e-6] Lower uncertainty on db/dt
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 I4 --- KOI [41/2711] Kepler Object of Interest identifier
6- 15 A10 --- Kepler Kepler star identifier
17- 24 I8 --- KIC [3217264/12314973] Kepler Input Catalog
identifier (V/133, J/ApJS/229/30, IV/39)
26- 83 A58 --- Source Source for Ms and Rs
85- 90 F6.4 --- u1 [0.31/0.67] First limb-darkening coeff, taken
from nexi (NASA Exoplanets Archive; NExScI)
92- 97 F6.4 --- u2 [0.07/0.37] Second limb-darkening coeff, taken
from nexi (NASA Exoplanets Archive; NExScI)
99- 103 F5.3 Msun Ms [0.5/1.41] Absolute stellar mass
105- 110 F6.3 Msun E_Ms [0.01/0.09] Upper uncertainty on Ms
112- 117 F6.3 Msun e_Ms [-0.09/-0.01] Lower uncertainty on Ms
119- 124 F6.4 Rsun Rs [0.5/1.9] Absolute stellar radius
126- 132 F7.4 Rsun E_Rs [6e-3/0.2] Upper uncertainty on Rs
134- 140 F7.4 Rsun e_Rs [-0.13/-9e-3] Lower uncertainty on Rs
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 I1 --- Adopted [0/1] Adopted solution (1=yes)
3- 12 A10 --- Kepler Kepler planet identifier
14 A1 --- m_Kepler Kepler identifier component for the planet
16- 22 F7.2 --- KOI [41.01/2672.02] Kepler Object of Interest
identifier
24- 34 F11.7 d P [1.5/130.2] Mean orbital period
36 I1 --- Np [2/3] Model number of planets
38 I1 --- Pos [1/3] Planet position within the system, from
inside to outside
40- 47 F8.5 --- b0 [-1/1] Impact parameter at BKJD=0
(Kepler Barycentric Julian Day)
49- 56 F8.5 --- E_b0 [5e-4/0.13] Upper uncertainty on b0
58- 65 F8.5 --- e_b0 [-0.11/-5e-4] Lower uncertainty on b0
67- 75 F9.6 1/yr db/dt [-0.76/0.06] Mean impact parameter variations
rate
77- 85 F9.6 1/yr E_db/dt [3.9e-5/0.05] Upper uncertainty on db/dt
87- 95 F9.6 1/yr e_db/dt [-0.04/-3.8e-5] Lower uncertainty on db/dt
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- Kepler Kepler star identifier
12- 15 I4 --- KOI [124/2842] Kepler Object of Interest
identifier
17 I1 --- Np [2/3] Number of planets in the system
19- 50 A32 --- Reason Rejection reason (1)
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Note (1): Rejection reasons as follows:
AIC = The strictly periodic model attains a better
AIC than the dynamical model
(see Section 2.5). "AIC" stands for an
information theoric criterion introduced by
Akaike (1974ITAC...19..716A 1974ITAC...19..716A); 53 occurrences
N-body mismatch = The best-fitting solution does not match an
N-body integration to the level of
σN-body<1.5 (see Section 2.4);
78 occurrences
High density of inner planet = The inner planet's median density is larger
than 12g/cm3 by more than two error bars
(see Section 2.7); 2 occurrences
High density of innermost planet = The median density of the innermost planet
is larger than 12g/cm3 by more than two
error bars (see Section 2.7); 1 occurrence
High density of outer planet = The outer planet's median density is larger
than 12g/cm3 by more than two error bars
(see Section 2.7); 1 occurrence
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Robin Leichtnam [CDS] 10-Oct-2022