J/AJ/165/263 Searching in HI for Low Surface Brightness Galaxies (O'Neil+, 2023)
Searching in HI for Massive Low Surface Brightness Galaxies: Samples from
HyperLeda and the UGC.
O'Neil K., Schneider S.E., van Driel W., Liu G., Joseph T., Schwortz A.C.,
Butcher Z.
<Astron. J., 165, 263 (2023)>
=2023AJ....165..263O 2023AJ....165..263O
ADC_Keywords: Galaxies; Spectra, radio;
Keywords: Amorphous irregular galaxies ; Radio astronomy ; Spiral
galaxies ; Low surface brightness galaxies
Abstract:
A search has been made for 21cm HI line emission in a total of 350
unique galaxies from two samples whose optical properties indicate
they may be massive. The first consists of 241 low surface brightness
(LSB) galaxies of morphological type Sb and later selected from the
HyperLeda database and the second consists of 119 LSB galaxies from
the UGC with morphological types Sd-m and later. Of the 350 unique
galaxies, 239 were observed at the Nancay Radio Telescope, 161 at the
Green Bank Telescope, and 66 at the Arecibo telescope. A total of 295
(84.3%) were detected, of which 253 (72.3%) appear to be
uncontaminated by any other galaxies within the telescope beam.
Finally, of the total detected, uncontaminated galaxies, at least 31
appear to be massive LSB galaxies, with a total HI mass ≳1010M☉,
for H0=70/km/Mpc. If we expand the definition to also include galaxies
with significant total (rather than just gas) mass, i.e., those with
an inclination-corrected H i line width W50,cor>500km/s, this brings
the total number of massive LSB galaxies to 41. There are no obvious
trends between the various measured global galaxy properties,
particularly between mean surface brightness and galaxy mass.
Description:
The Arecibo observations of the HyperLeda sample were carried out
between 2004 November 26 and 2005 May 14 for a total of 32hr of
observing time. The first observations of the HyperLeda sample
galaxies taken with the Robert C. Byrd GBT were taken in 2004 October
over a total of nine nights for a total of 65hr. All these
observations used the Gregorian L-band The 100m class Nancay
decimetric Radio Telescope (NRT), a meridian transit-type instrument
of the Kraus/Ohio State design, consists of a fixed spherical mirror
(300m long and 35 mhigh), a tiltable flat mirror (200x40m), and a
focal carriage moving along a curved rail track
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 90 351 Literature values; optical properties and known
velocities for all galaxies
table2.dat 81 294 Average HI values for all detections
table3.dat 71 138 HI detections, values for individual telescopes when
>1 telescope observed a galaxy (HyperLeda sample)
table4.dat 44 51 HI r.m.s. values in mJy for all non-detections.
ref.dat 59 39 References used for table1
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See also:
II/294 : The SDSS Photometric Catalog, Release 7 (Adelman-McCarthy+, 2009)
VII/250 : The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS) (2dFGRS Team, 1998-2003)
VII/238 : HYPERLEDA. II. Homogenized HI data (Paturel+, 2003)
VIII/73 : HI Parkes All Sky Survey Catalogue (HIPASS) (Meyer+, 2004)
VII/249 : 6dF-DR2 Galaxy Survey (Jones+, 2005)
VIII/77 : HI spectral properties of galaxies (Springob+, 2005)
VII/259 : 6dF galaxy survey final redshift release (Jones+, 2009)
V/139 : The SDSS Photometric Catalog, Release 9 (Adelman-McCarthy+, 2012)
V/147 : The SDSS Photometric Catalogue, Release 12 (Alam+, 2015)
V/154 : Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), Release 16 (DR16) (Ahumada+, 2020)
J/ApJS/81/5 : Green Bank neutral hydrogen survey (Schneider+, 1992)
J/A+AS/100/47 : Lyon Groups of Galaxies (Garcia 1993)
J/AJ/105/1251 : Velocities in Pisces-Perseus supercluster. (Wegner+, 1993)
J/ApJS/105/209 : Low surface brightness galaxies. I. Catalog (Impey+ 1996)
J/AJ/112/1803 : Large Scale Structure (Marzke+ 1996)
J/A+A/319/401 : HI survey of polar ring galaxies. II. (Huchtmeier 1997)
J/AJ/113/483 : Groups of Galaxies (Ramella+ 1997)
J/A+AS/130/333 : 2112 new 21-cm line measurements (Theureau+ 1998)
J/ApJ/496/39 : Properties of poor groups of galaxies. I. (Zabludoff+ 1998)
J/PASP/111/438 : Updated Zwicky catalog (UZC) (Falco+, 1999)
J/ApJS/121/287 : The CfA2S catalog (Huchra+, 1999)
J/A+AS/144/475 : Accurate positions for 17124 galaxies (Paturel+, 2000)
J/AJ/120/2338 : Abell 576 redshifts (Rines+, 2000)
J/A+A/377/801 : Fourth list of the Karachentsev catalog (Huchtmeier+, 2001)
J/AJ/123/2261 : Radial velocities in A2256 (Berrington+, 2002)
J/AJ/124/1954 : 1000 brightest HIPASS galaxies catalog (Ryan-Weber+, 2002)
J/A+A/384/371 : Kinematical data on early-type galaxies. VI (Simien+, 2002)
J/A+A/406/829 : Background galaxies in WSRT wide-field Survey (Braun+, 2003)
J/ApJ/591/764 : Rmagnitudes for 6 nearby galaxy clusters (Christlein+, 2003)
J/MNRAS/342/738 : HI Jodrell All Sky Survey (Lang+, 2003)
J/A+A/408/67 : LSB galaxies in near-infrared. II. (Monnier-Ragaigne+, 2003)
J/A+A/408/465 : LSB galaxies in near-infrared. III (Monnier-Ragaigne+, 2003)
J/A+A/405/99 : LSB galaxies in near-infrared. I. (Monnier-Ragaigne+, 2003)
J/AJ/126/2152 : Cluster And Infall Region Nearby Survey. I (Rines+, 2003)
J/AJ/128/16 : HIPASS Bright Galaxy Catalog (Koribalski+, 2004)
J/A+A/428/823 : HI catalog low surface brightness galaxies (O'Neil+, 2004)
J/MNRAS/361/34 : HIPASS catalogue. III. (Doyle+, 2005)
J/A+A/430/373 : HI lines in 586 galaxies (Theureau+, 2005)
J/ApJS/167/1 : Galaxy groups and clusters from SDSS (Berlind+, 2006)
J/ApJ/675/1459 : Compact Binary Coalescence Galaxy Catalog (Kopparapu+, 2008)
J/AJ/138/1938 : EDD All Digital HI profile catalog (Courtois+, 2009)
J/ApJ/716/530 : Mid-IR variability from the SDWFS (Kozlowski+, 2010)
J/A+A/533/A37 : VI HST photometry of VV124 = UGC4879 (Bellazzini+, 2011)
J/AJ/142/170 : ALFALFA survey α.40 HI source catalog (Haynes+, 2011)
J/ApJS/199/26 : The 2MASS Redshift Survey (2MRS) (Huchra+, 2012)
J/ApJS/200/8 : AGES; the AGN and Galaxy Evolution Survey (Kochanek+, 2012)
J/A+A/540/A106 : SDSS-DR8 groups and clusters of galaxies (Tempel+, 2012)
J/AJ/145/101 : Updated nearby galaxy catalog (Karachentsev+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/428/1790 : HIJASS HI survey in the Ursa Major region (Wolfinger+, 2013)
J/MNRAS/443/1044 : GBT HI observations of 1194 spirals (Masters+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/445/630 : Early-type galaxies in Ursa Major cluster (Pak+, 2014)
J/ApJS/217/27 : Morphologies of z<0.01 SDSS-DR7 galaxies (Ann+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/447/1531 : HI data collection update (Courtois+, 2015)
J/ApJS/224/38 : SPOGS. I. (Alatalo+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/460/4492 : Nearby early-type galaxies catalog (Dabringhausen+, 2016)
J/MNRAS/460/923 : WSRT ZoA Perseus-Pisces. HI catalogue (Ramatsoku+, 2016)
J/ApJ/819/63 : Hectospec survey of SZ clusters (HeCS-SZ) (Rines+, 2016)
J/AJ/151/52 : The HIZOA-S survey (Staveley-Smith+, 2016)
J/A+A/595/A118 : NIBLES. I. The Nancay HI survey (van Driel+, 2016)
J/ApJ/843/16 : Galaxy groups within 3500km/s (Kourkchi+, 2017)
J/MNRAS/467/1083 : HIX galaxy survey. I. (Lutz+, 2017)
J/A+A/599/A81 : OmegaWINGS local clusters of galaxies z (Moretti+, 2017)
J/A+A/602/A100 : Merging groups & clusters from the SDSS data (Tempel+, 2017)
J/ApJ/861/49 : ALFALFA extragalactic HI source catalog (Haynes+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/473/4731 : Barred galaxies structural decomposition (Kruk+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/474/1873 : Classification of LAMOST DR4 galaxies (Wang+, 2018)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 1 I1 --- Subset [1/4] Subset (1)
3- 13 A11 --- Name Common name of the object
15- 16 I2 h RAh [0/23] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)
18- 19 I2 min RAm Minute of Right Ascension (J2000)
21- 24 F4.1 s RAs Second of Right Ascension (J2000)
26- 26 A1 --- DE- [±] Sign of the Declination (J2000)
27- 28 I2 deg DEd Degree of Declination (J2000)
30- 31 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of Declination (J2000)
33- 34 I2 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of Declination (J2000)
36- 46 A11 --- Morph Morphological type (2)
48- 52 F5.2 mag BTmag [11.6/20.4]? Total apparent magnitude in the
B-band, from HyperLeda
54- 58 F5.2 arcmin D25 [0.2/37.2] Length of the projected major axis of
a galaxy (3)
60- 63 F4.2 --- b/a [0.0/1.0] Axial ratio (4)
65- 69 I5 km/s Vo [-296/25970]? Heliocentric velocity, from
optical spectra
71- 73 A3 --- r_Vo Reference for Vopt (bibcode)
75- 79 I5 km/s VHI [-86/13517]? Heliocentric velocity, from HI
spectra
81- 90 A10 --- r_VHI Reference for VHI (bibcode)
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Note (1): Subsets as follows:
1 = HI Detections (290 occurrences)
2 = Spurious HI Detections (4 occurrences)
3 = HI Non-detections (49 occurrences)
4 = Target galaxies outside the HI search range (8 occurrences)
Note (2): Morphological type, preferably from the HyperLeda database.
If not available, the classification retrieved from NED, the
NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database, is given in brackets;
Note (3): Length of the projected major axis of a galaxy at the
isophotal level 25mag/arcsec2 in the B-band, from HyperLeda;
Note (4): Axial ratio measured at a surface brightness level of 25mag/arcsec2
in the B-band, from HyperLeda;
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 11 A11 --- Name Common name of the object
13- 18 A6 --- Sample Surveys for which the observation was made (1)
20- 20 A1 --- Notes Indication if the galaxy has notes in Appendix A
22- 22 I1 --- Conf [1/3] Contamination (confusion) status for
detections (G1)
24- 29 I6 km/s VHI [228/133323] Central HI line (optical,
heliocentric) velocity
31- 32 I2 km/s e_VHI [1/45] Uncertainty in VHI (G2)
34- 36 I3 km/s W50 [10/795] HI line velocity width measured at
50% of the HI profile peak value
38- 41 I4 km/s W50cor [16/1459] W50 corrected for random motion
effects (2)
43- 45 I3 km/s W20 [10/913] HI line velocity width measured at
20% of the HI profile peak value
47- 50 F4.2 mJy rms [0.08/6.22] r.m.s. noise level of the HI
spectrum (G3)
52- 56 F5.2 Jy.km/s FHI [0.15/55] Measured integrated HI line flux
58- 61 F4.2 Jy.km/s e_FHI [0.03/1.7] Uncertainty in FHI (G4)
63- 67 F5.2 [Msun] logMHI [5.82/12.18] Log of the total HI mass (G5)
69- 72 F4.2 [Msun] e_logMHI [0.0/0.72] Uncertainty in logMHI
74- 81 A8 --- Tel Telescope(s) used for observation (G6)
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Note (1): The survey(s) as follows:
HL = HyperLeda (198 occurrences)
UGC = UGC (80 UGC)
UGC/HL = Both HyperLeda and UGC (11 occurrences)
HLS = HyperLeda spurious detection (4 occurrences)
UGCS = UGC spurious detection (1 occurrence)
Note (2): HI line velocity width measured at 50% of the HI profile
peak value, in km/s, corrected for random motion effects, using
Tully & Fouque, 1985ApJS...58...67T 1985ApJS...58...67T, and inclination (Equation 2).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 11 A11 --- Name Common name of the object
13- 13 A1 --- Notes Indication if the galaxy has notes in Appendix A
15- 15 I1 --- Conf [1/3] Contamination (confusion) status for
detections (G1)
17- 21 I5 km/s VHI [420/19538] Central HI line (optical,
heliocentric) velocity
23- 24 I2 km/s e_VHI [1/60] Uncertainty in VHI (G2)
26- 28 I3 km/s W50 [42/988] HI line velocity width measured at
50% of the HI profile peak value
30- 32 I3 km/s e_W50 [1/120] Uncertainty in W50 (1)
34- 37 I4 km/s W20 [72/1058] HI line velocity width measured at
20% of the HI profile peak value
39- 41 I3 km/s e_W20 [1/186] Uncertainty in W20 (2)
43- 46 F4.2 mJy rms [0.26/9.18] r.m.s. noise level of the HI
spectrum (G3)
48- 52 F5.2 Jy.km/s FHI [0.19/78.03] Measured integrated HI line flux
54- 58 F5.2 Jy.km/s e_FHI [0.03/93.09] Uncertainty in FHI (G5)
60- 64 F5.2 [Msun] logMHI [6.63/11.14] Log of the total Hi mass (G5)
66- 69 F4.2 [Msun] e_logMHI [0.0/1.2] Uncertainty in logMHI
71- 71 A1 --- Tel Telescope(s) used for observation (G6)
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Note (1): Error for W50, in km/s. For GBT and Nan?ay data, these
errors are expected to be 2 times those in VHI, following Schneider+,
1990ApJS...72..245S 1990ApJS...72..245S. For the Arecibo data, an upper limit of 15 km/s
is given for the errors, i.e., the width of one (smoothed) velocity
channel.
Note (2): Error for W20, in km/s. For GBT and Nancay data, these
errors are expected to be 3.1 times those in VHI, following
Schneider+, 1990ApJS...72..245S 1990ApJS...72..245S. For the Arecibo data, the listed
errors are 15 kms/1 (see W50 error).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 11 A11 --- Name Common name of the object
13- 18 A6 --- Sample Survey(s) resulting in a detection (1)
20- 20 A1 --- Notes Indicating if a galaxy has notes in Section A
22- 29 A8 --- Nan Nancay, r.m.s. noise level across the Nancay
observed spectra (2)
31- 34 F4.2 --- GBT ? r.m.s. noise level across the GBT observed
spectra (3)
36- 39 F4.2 --- Are-low ? low r.m.s noise level across the Arecibo observed
spectra in low velocity range (4)
41- 44 F4.2 --- Are-hi ? high r.m.s noise level across the Arecibo
observed spectra in high velocity range (4)
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Note (1): Survey(s) resulting as follows:
HL = HyperLeda (33 occurrences)
UGC = UGC (15 occurrences)
HL/UGC = Both HyperLeda and UGC (3 occurrences)
Note (2): For the HyperLeda sample, the search range is -250 to
10600/kms. For the UGC sample a single value indicates a
search was made only in the "lo" range, 325 to 11825/kms, and
a second value an additional search in the "hi"range, >6875 to
18330km/s
Note (3): r.m.s noise level across the observed spectra, in mJy, for
all GBT observations, in the range 2000 to 25600km/s
Note (4): Arecibo-low: r.m.s noise level across the observed spectra,
in mJy, for all Arecibo observations in the low velocity range,
-2000 to 19000km/s; Arecibo-high: r.m.s noise level across the
observed spectra, in mJy, for all Arecibo observations in the
high velocity range, 19000 to 36000km/s
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: ref.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- Ref Reference used
6- 22 A17 --- Author Main author
24- 42 A19 --- BIB BIBcode
44- 59 A16 --- Cat. Catalog in VizieR
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Note (G1): Contamination (confusion) status for detections, indicating
the level of possibility that another galaxy within the telescope beam
contributed some or all of the detected HI flux, graded as 1
(unlikely), 2 (possible) and 3 (very likely). See Section 4.2. All
galaxies with possible contamination have notes in Section A.
Note (G2): Error for VHI, determined following Schneider+,
1986AJ.....92..742S 1986AJ.....92..742S, 1990ApJS...72..245S 1990ApJS...72..245S as e_VHI=1.5x(W20>W50)xSNR>1
where SNR is the peak signal-to-noise ratio of a spectrum, which we
define as the ratio of the peak flux density Smax and the r.m.s.
dispersion in the baseline (both in Jy)
Note (G3): Root mean square noise level of the HI spectrum, in mJy,
measured around the detected HI line. For Table 2 if the detection
was made with more than one telescope only the r.m.s. for the most
sensitive observation is given.
Note (G4): Error for FHI , in Jy.km/s , determined following
Schneider+,1986AJ.....92..742S 1986AJ.....92..742S, 1990ApJS...72..245S 1990ApJS...72..245S, Equation 3
Note (G5): Log of the total Hi mass in solar masses, where
MHI=2.356E+05xD2xFHI, and D=V/70 is the galaxy distance (in Mpc);
Note (G6): Note (3): Telescope(s) used for observation:
A = Arecibo,
G = GBT,
N = Nancay.
The number of times a telescope is listed denotes the number of
separate observations made with that telescope over the duration of
our survey.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Coralie Fix [CDS], 15-Jan-2024