J/AJ/166/11 Stellar properties & RV variability for M-dwarfs (Pass+, 2023)
Mid-to-late M dwarfs lack Jupiter analogs.
Pass E.K., Winters J.G., Charbonneau D., Irwin J.M., Latham D.W.,
Berlind P., Calkins M.L., Esquerdo G.A., Mink J.
<Astron. J., 166, 11 (2023)>
=2023AJ....166...11P 2023AJ....166...11P
ADC_Keywords: Stars, M-type; Spectra, optical; Radial velocities;
Spectra, optical; Surveys
Keywords: Extrasolar gaseous giant planets ; M dwarf stars ; Radial velocity ;
Surveys ; High resolution spectroscopy
Abstract:
Cold Jovian planets play an important role in sculpting the dynamical
environment in which inner terrestrial planets form. The core
accretion model predicts that giant planets cannot form around
low-mass M-dwarfs, although this idea has been challenged by recent
planet discoveries. Here, we investigate the occurrence rate of giant
planets around low-mass (0.1-0.3M☉) M-dwarfs. We monitor a
volume-complete, inactive sample of 200 such stars located within
15pc, collecting four high-resolution spectra of each M-dwarf over six
years and performing intensive follow-up monitoring of two candidate
radial velocity variables. We use TRES on the 1.5m telescope at the
Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory and CHIRON on the Cerro Tololo
Inter-American Observatory 1.5m telescope for our primary campaign,
and MAROON-X on Gemini-North for high-precision follow up. We place a
95% confidence upper limit of 1.5% (68% confidence limit of 0.57%) on
the occurrence of MP sini>1MJ giant planets out to the water snow line
and provide additional constraints on the giant planet population as a
function of MP sini and period. Beyond the snow line (100K<Teq<150K),
we place 95% confidence upper limits of 1.5%, 1.7%, and 4.4% (68%
confidence limits of 0.58%, 0.66%, and 1.7%) for 3MJ<MP sini<10MJ,
0.8MJ<MP sini<3MJ, and 0.3 MJ<MP sini<0.8 MJ giant planets,
respectively; i.e., Jupiter analogs are rare around low-mass M-dwarfs.
In contrast, surveys of Sun-like stars have found that their giant
planets are most common at these Jupiter-like instellations.
Description:
This work is part of a series of papers presenting the results of the
volume-complete spectroscopic survey of 0.10-0.30M☉ M dwarfs
within 15pc, defined in Winters+ (2021, J/AJ/161/63). The sample
totals 413 stars and excludes M dwarfs that are close companions
(separations <4") to more massive primaries, as the spectra would be
strongly contaminated by the brighter star. Between 2016 and 2022, we
collected four high-resolution spectra of each of these 413 stars
using the Tillinghast Reflector Echelle Spectrograph (TRES; R=44000)
at the 1.5m telescope at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory for
sources with δ>-15° and the CTIO HIgh ResolutiON (CHIRON;
R=80000) spectrograph at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
1.5m telescope for sources with δ<-15°.
After making some cuts described in Section 2, 200 M dwarfs remain in
our sample (Figure 1), of which we observe 122 with TRES and 78 with
CHIRON.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 105 200 Radial-velocity measurements & their uncertainties
table2.dat 60 200 Stellar properties & RV variability for our
200 stars
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See also:
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
J/A+A/407/1157 : UVES sky atlas (Hanuschik+, 2003)
J/ApJ/622/1102 : The planet-metallicity correlation. (Fischer+, 2005)
J/ApJ/720/1118 : i-band photometry of HAT-P-16 (Buchhave+, 2010)
J/other/Sci/330.653 : Detected planets in the Eta-Earth Survey (Howard+, 2010)
J/A+A/549/A109 : HARPS XXXI. The M-dwarf sample (Bonfils+, 2013)
J/ApJS/208/9 : Intrinsic colors and temperatures of PMS stars (Pecaut+, 2013)
J/ApJ/791/54 : Nearby M Dwarfs parameters (Gaidos+, 2014)
J/AJ/149/166 : Photometry and spectroscopy of HATS-6 (Hartman+, 2015)
J/ApJ/804/64 : Empirical and model parameters of 183 M dwarfs (Mann+, 2015)
J/A+A/576/A48 : Radial velocity monitoring for 6 stars (Moutou+, 2015)
J/ApJ/800/85 : Teff, radii and luminosities of cool dwarfs (Newton+, 2015)
J/AJ/152/141 : Solar neighborhood. XXXVII. RVs for M dwarfs (Benedict+, 2016)
J/ApJ/834/85 : Hα emission in nearby M dwarfs (Newton+, 2017)
J/A+A/618/A142 : Radial velocity for GJ 1132 (Bonfils+, 2018)
J/A+A/620/A171 : Radial velocities of GJ 3779 and GJ 1265 (Luque+, 2018)
J/A+A/614/A122 : Radial-velocity of CARMENES M dwarfs (Tal-Or+, 2018)
J/AJ/157/52 : Radial velocity obs. in super-Earth systems (Bryan+, 2019)
J/other/Sci/365.1441 : GJ3512 radial velocity and light curves (Morales+, 2019)
J/AJ/159/267 : Observations & radial velocity of HATS-71b (Bakos+, 2020)
J/ApJS/250/29 : Search for nearby Earth analogs. III. RV sets (Feng+, 2020)
J/ApJ/905/107 : Spectroscopic activity indicators of TIC stars (Medina+, 2020)
J/AJ/159/290 : RVs of 12 spectroscopic binaries M-dwarfs (Winters+, 2020)
J/AJ/162/61 : Radial velocity followup Barnards star with HPF (Lubin+, 2021)
J/AcA/71/1 : OGLE wide-orbit exoplanets (Poleski+, 2021)
J/AJ/161/63 : Mdwarfs with 0.1≲M/M☉≲0.3 within 15pc (Winters+, 2021)
J/AJ/164/238 : Radial velocity of GJ 463 with HRS and HIRES (Endl+, 2022)
J/AJ/163/125 : Light curve & radial velocity 4 giants planets (Jordan+, 2022)
J/AJ/164/81 : Radial velocity & photometric flux of TOI3757 (Kanodia+, 2022)
J/other/Sci/377.1211 : RV and LC of 8 M dwarf stars with planets (Luque+, 2022)
J/AJ/163/156 : THYME. VI. TOI-1227 radial velocity (Mann+, 2022)
J/A+A/663/A48 : Two Saturn-mass planets around M dwarfs (Quirrenbach+, 2022)
J/AJ/163/168 : Photometry and radial velocity of LTT 1445A (Winters+, 2022)
J/AJ/165/120 : g & i'-band light curve of TOI-5205 with SDSS (Kanodia+, 2023)
J/A+A/673/A69 : LTT 1445A ESPRESSO observations (Lavie+, 2023)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 23 A23 --- Name Source name (G1)
25- 25 A1 --- Inst Instrument, T=TRES; C=CHIRON
27- 36 F10.4 d BJD1 [-2238/1589] Barycentric Julian Date,
BJD-2457640, observation 1
38- 46 F9.4 d BJD2 [-943/1738] Barycentric Julian Date,
BJD-2457640, observation 2
48- 56 F9.4 d BJD3 [-916/1786] Barycentric Julian Date,
BJD-2457640, observation 3
58- 66 F9.4 d BJD4 [276/2072] Barycentric Julian Date,
BJD-2457640, observation 4
68- 70 I3 m/s rRV1 [-64/85] Relative radial velocity, m/s,
observation 1
72- 74 I3 m/s rRV2 [-61/121] Relative radial velocity, m/s,
observation 2
76- 79 I4 m/s rRV3 [-146/381] Relative radial velocity, m/s,
observation 3
81- 84 I4 m/s rRV4 [-194/259] Relative radial velocity, m/s,
observation 4
86- 87 I2 m/s e_rRV1 [20/93] Uncertainty in rRV1, observation 1
89- 91 I3 m/s e_rRV2 [20/170] Uncertainty in rRV2, observation 2
93- 95 I3 m/s e_rRV3 [20/243] Uncertainty in rRV3, observation 3
97- 99 I3 m/s e_rRV4 [20/470] Uncertainty in rRV4, observation 4
101-105 F5.3 --- Pchi2 [0.008/0.993] Probability that the data can be
explained by a constant model.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 23 A23 --- Name Source name (G1)
25- 41 A17 --- 2MASS 2MASS identifier
43- 47 F5.3 Msun Mass [0.1/0.3] Stellar mass
49- 54 F6.4 Lsun Lum [0.0008/0.011] Stellar luminosity
56- 60 F5.3 --- Pchi2 [0.008/0.993] Probability that the data can be
explained by a constant model
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Global notes:
Note (G1): Name adopted from the naming scheme from
Winters+ 2021, J/AJ/161/63 --Column "Name" in Table 3.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Coralie Fix [CDS], 29-Jan-2024