J/AJ/167/103 System properties & impact parameter variations (Judkovsky+, 2024)
Kepler Multitransiting System Physical Properties and Impact Parameter
Variations.
Judkovsky Y., Ofir A., Aharonson O.
<Astron. J., 167, 103 (2024)>
=2024AJ....167..103J 2024AJ....167..103J
ADC_Keywords: Exoplanets; Positional data
Keywords: Exoplanets ; Exoplanet dynamics ; Celestial mechanics
Abstract:
We fit a dynamical model to Kepler systems that contain four or more
transiting planets using the analytic method AnalyticLC and obtain
physical and orbital parameters for 101 planets in 23 systems, of
which 95 are of mass significance better than 3σ, and 46 are
without previously reported mass constraints or upper limits. In
addition, we compile a list of 71 Kepler objects of interest that
display significant transit impact parameter variations (TbVs),
complementing our previously published work on two- and
three-transiting-planet systems. Together, these works include the
detection of significant TbV signals of 130 planets, which is, to our
knowledge, the largest catalog of this type to date. The results
indicate that the typical detectable TbV rate in the Kepler population
is of order 10-2/yr and that rapid TbV rates (≳0.05/yr) are
observed only in systems that contain a transiting planet with an
orbital period less than ∼20days. The observed TbV rates are only
weakly correlated with orbital period within Kepler's ≲100-day-period
planets. If this extends to longer periods, it implies a limit on the
utility of the transit technique for long-period planets. The TbVs we
find may not be detectable in direct impact parameter measurements,
but rather are inferred from the full dynamics of the system, encoded
in all types of transit variations. Finally, we find evidence that the
mutual inclination distribution is qualitatively consistent with the
previously suggested angular momentum deficit model using an
independent approach.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 231 470 Physical and orbital elements of our solutions that
pass all tests
table2.dat 194 2324 Light curve transit and MMR-proximity parameters of
all analyzed planets
table3.dat 103 77 Stellar parameters of the systems for which valid
dynamical solutions were found
table4.dat 98 131 Planets with significant impact parameter
variations
table6.dat 333 241 Instantaneous coordinates, velocities, and orbital
elements of the best-fitting parameters for the
adopted solutions in this work and in paper II
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
J/ApJS/197/2 : Transit timing observations from Kepler. I. (Ford+, 2011)
J/ApJ/750/114 : Kepler TTVs. IV. 4 multiple-planet systems (Fabrycky+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/421/2342 : 4 Kepler system transit timing observations (Steffen+, 2012)
J/A+A/555/A58 : New Kepler planetary candidates (Ofir+, 2013)
J/ApJ/790/146 : Planet in Keplers multi-transiting systems (Fabrycky+, 2014)
J/ApJ/787/80 : 139 Kepler planets transit time variations (Hadden+, 2014)
J/ApJ/785/15 : Transit times for Kepler-79s planets (Jontof-Hutter+, 2014)
J/ApJS/225/9 : Kepler TTVs. IX. Full long-cadence data set (Holczer+, 2016)
J/AJ/154/109 : California-Kepler Survey. III. Planet radii (Fulton+, 2017)
J/AJ/154/5 : Transit timing variations 145 Kepler planets (Hadden+, 2017)
J/A+A/605/A72 : Planetary systems AMD-stability (Laskar+, 2017)
J/AJ/156/264 : California-Kepler Survey. VII. (Fulton+, 2018)
J/ApJS/234/9 : Spectral approach to transit timing variations (Ofir+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/48 : California-Kepler Survey. V. Masses and radii (Weiss+, 2018)
J/AJ/161/246 : Transit time variations 12 exoplanets (Jontof-Hutter+, 2021)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 1 A1 --- Subset Source, A=Paper II; B=this work (1)
3- 3 I1 --- Adopted [0/1] 1=Adopted solution
5- 5 I1 --- ID [1/5] Run identifier
7- 19 A13 --- Name Kepler Planet Name
20- 26 F7.2 --- KOI Kepler object of interest
28- 39 F12.8 d Per [0.7/500] Mean orbital period
41- 47 F7.2 10-6 Mp/M* [0.73/1429] Planet-to-star mass ratio
49- 54 F6.2 10-6 E_Mp/M* [0.1/58] Upper uncertainty on Mp/M*
56- 61 F6.2 10-6 e_Mp/M* [-67/0] Lower uncertainty on Mp/M*
63- 69 F7.3 Mgeo Mp [0.2/597] Absolute planet mass (2)
71- 77 F7.3 Mgeo E_Mp [0.04/37] Upper uncertainty on Mp
79- 85 F7.3 Mgeo e_Mp [-45/-0.04] Lower uncertainty on Mp
87- 93 F7.4 g.cm-3 rhop [0.04/49] Absolute planet density (3)
95-102 F8.4 g.cm-3 E_rhop [0.004/20] Upper uncertainty on rhop
104-111 F8.4 g.cm-3 e_rhop [-45/-0.004] Lower uncertainty on rhop
113-118 F6.3 Rgeo Radp [0.96/12.1] Absolute planet radius (4)
120-125 F6.3 Rgeo E_Radp [0.01/2] Upper uncertainty on Radp
127-132 F6.3 Rgeo e_Radp [-0.6/-0.02] Lower uncertainty on Radp
134-141 F8.5 --- dex [-0.3/0.26] Eccentricity difference to
preceding planet in x (5)
143-150 F8.5 --- E_dex [0.0005/0.2] Upper uncertainty on dex
152-159 F8.5 --- e_dex [-0.2/-0.0006] Lower uncertainty on dex
161-168 F8.5 --- dey [-0.47/0.58] Eccentricity difference to
preceding planet in y (6)
170-177 F8.5 --- E_dey [0.0006/0.2] Upper uncertainty on dey
179-186 F8.5 --- e_dey [-0.5/-0.0006] Lower uncertainty on dey
188-193 F6.2 deg Ix [-31.4/34.8] Inclination around the line of
sight ("roll angle") (7)
195-200 F6.2 deg E_Ix [0/23] Upper uncertainty on Ix
202-207 F6.2 deg e_Ix [-21/0] Lower uncertainty on Ix
209-215 F7.4 deg Iy [-4.39/7.1] Inclination relative to the line
of sight (8)
217-223 F7.4 deg E_Iy [0.004/7] Upper uncertainty on Iy
225-231 F7.4 deg e_Iy [-3/-0.004] Lower uncertainty on Iy
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): This table combines results from (Subset=A) Table A1 of
Paper II (Judkovsky+, 2022AJ....163...91J 2022AJ....163...91J) for Keplers two- and
three-transiting planets systems and results from this work (Subset=B)
for Kepler systems containing four or more transiting planets. The
results for Subset=A are reproduced exactly from Paper II.
Note (2): Absolute planet mass derived from Mp/M*, the planet-to-star mass
ratio, and literature stellar mass.
Note (3): Absolute planet density derived from RhoRel, the
planet-to-star density ratio and literature stellar density.
Note (4): Absolute planet radius derived from ror, the planet-to-star
radius ratio and literature stellar radius.
Note (5): Eccentricity difference to preceding planet; x is pointing at
the observer.
Note (6): Eccentricity difference to preceding planet; y is the
direction perpendicular to the line of sight pointing with the
planets motion along transit.
Note (7): Ix=I*cos(Omega) is the inclination component corresponding to
the inclination around to the line of sight ("roll angle"), where
I is the inclination and Omega is the longitude of ascending node.
Note (8): Iy=I*sin(Omega) is the inclination component corresponding to
the inclination relative to the line of sight, where
I is the inclination and Omega is the longitude of ascending node.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 1 A1 --- Subset [AB] Source, A=Paper II; B=this work (1)
4- 4 I1 --- Adopted [0/1] 1=Adopted solution
6- 6 I1 --- ID Run identifier
8- 20 A13 --- Name Kepler Planet Name
22- 28 F7.2 --- KOI Kepler object of interest
30- 42 F13.8 d Per [0.7/1072] Mean orbital period
44- 53 A10 min TTVStd Best model TTV std
55- 55 I1 --- J [0/5] J of the nearest first-order resonance
J:J-1 (2)
57- 67 F11.8 --- Delta [-1/0.48] Normalized distance from the J:J-1
resonance (3)
69- 80 F12.7 d SPer [0/6612] Super-period of the J:J-1 resonance (4)
82- 88 F7.4 h T0 [0/18] Transit duration at first data time stamp
90- 96 F7.4 h E_T0 [0.002/1.13] Upper uncertainty on T0
98-104 F7.4 h e_T0 [-2/0] Lower uncertainty on T0
106-113 F8.4 min Tau0 [0.44/161] ingress-egress time at first data
time stamp
115-122 F8.4 min E_Tau0 [0/25] Upper uncertainty on Tau0
124-131 F8.4 min e_Tau0 [-21/0] Lower uncertainty on Tau0
133-140 F8.5 --- b0 [-1.01/1.01] impact parameter at BKJD=0
142-149 F8.5 --- E_b0 [0/2] Upper uncertainty on b0
151-158 F8.5 --- e_b0 [-2/0] Lower uncertainty on b0
160-170 F11.8 yr-1 dbdt [-0.82/0.82] db/dt median
172-182 F11.8 yr-1 E_dbdt [0/0.1]Upper uncertainty on db/dt
184-194 F11.8 yr-1 e_dbdt [-0.2/0] Lower uncertainty on db/dt
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): This table combines results from (Subset=A) Table A2 of
Paper II (Judkovsky+, 2022AJ....163...91J 2022AJ....163...91J) for Keplers two- and
three-transiting planets systems and results from this work (Subset=B)
for Kepler systems containing four or more transiting planets. The
results for Subset=A are a slight revision of the earlier results,
including a slight correction to the values of T0, Tau0, and b0.
Note (2): J of the nearest first-order resonance J:J-1 with the planet
from the inside. If the planet is innermost, the value is 0.
Note (3): Normalized distance from the J:J-1 resonance with the planet
from the inside. If the planet is innermost, the value is 0.
Note (4): Super-period of the J:J-1 resonance with the planet from the
inside. If the planet is innermost, the value is 0.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 1 A1 --- Subset Source, A=Paper II; B=this work (1)
3- 6 I4 --- KOI Kepler object of interest
8- 17 A10 --- Name Kepler Star Name
19- 26 I8 --- KIC Kepler Input Catalog number
28- 46 A19 --- Ref Reference (ADS bibcode or NExScI) for Mstar, Rstar
48- 53 F6.4 --- u1 [0.23/0.67] first limb-darkening coeff, taken
from NExScI
55- 60 F6.4 --- u2 [0.07/0.45] second limb-darkening coeff, taken
from NExScI
62- 66 F5.3 Msun Mass* [0.5/1.5] Absolute stellar mass, from Ref
68- 73 F6.3 Msun E_Mass* [0.01/0.2] Upper uncertainty on Mass*
75- 80 F6.3 Msun e_Mass* [-0.2/-0.012] Lower uncertainty on Mass*
82- 87 F6.4 Rsun Rad* [0.51/1.84] Absolute stellar radius from Ref
89- 95 F7.4 Rsun E_Rad* [0.006/0.5] Upper uncertainty on Rad*
97-103 F7.4 Rsun e_Rad* [-0.3/-0.009] Lower uncertainty on Rad*
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): This table combines results from (Subset=A) Table A3 of
Paper II (Judkovsky+, 2022AJ....163...91J 2022AJ....163...91J) for Keplers two- and
three-transiting planets systems and results from this work (Subset=B)
for Kepler systems containing four or more transiting planets. The
results for Subset=A are reproduced exactly from Paper II.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 1 A1 --- Subset Source, A=Paper II; B=this work (1)
3- 3 I1 --- Adopted [0/1] 1=Adopted solution
5- 16 A12 --- Name Kepler Planet Name
18- 24 F7.2 --- KOI Kepler object of interest
26- 37 F12.8 d Per [0.7/500] mean orbital period
39- 39 I1 --- Npl [2/6] model number of planets
41- 41 I1 --- Pos [1/6] planet position within the system, from
inside to outside
43- 50 F8.5 --- b0 [-0.94/0.92] impact parameter at BKJD=0
52- 59 F8.5 --- E_b0 [0.0004/0.2] Upper uncertainty on b0
61- 68 F8.5 --- e_b0 [-0.3/-0.0004] Lower uncertainty on b0
70- 78 F9.6 yr-1 dbdt [-0.77/0.09] db/dt median
80- 88 F9.6 yr-1 E_dbdt [3e-05/0.05] Upper uncertainty on db/dt
90- 98 F9.6 yr-1 e_dbdt [-0.04/-3e-05] Lower uncertainty on db/dt
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): This table combines results from (Subset=A) Table A4 of
Paper II (Judkovsky+, 2022AJ....163...91J 2022AJ....163...91J) for Keplers two- and
three-transiting planets systems and results from this work (Subset=B)
for Kepler systems containing four or more transiting planets. The
results for Subset=A are a slight revision of the earlier results,
including a slight correction to the value of b0.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 19 F19.6 m x Instantaneous Cartesian x coordinate (1)
21- 40 F20.7 m y Instantaneous Cartesian y coordinate (1)
42- 62 F21.8 m z Instantaneous Cartesian z coordinate (1)
64- 83 F20.12 m.s-1 vx Instantaneous Cartesian x velocity
85-104 F20.12 m.s-1 vy Instantaneous Cartesian y velocity
106-125 F20.13 m.s-1 vz Instantaneous Cartesian z velocity
127-146 A20 kg Mass* Star mass
148-167 A20 kg Massp Planet mass
169-171 I3 d T0 [120/353] Epoch, days since Barycentric Kepler
Julian date
173-190 F18.5 m a Orbital semi-major axis
192-210 F19.17 --- e Eccentricity
212-229 F18.16 rad Pomega Longitude of periastron
231-250 F20.18 rad i Orbital inclination
252-270 F19.17 rad Omega Longitude of the ascending node
272-289 F18.16 rad Mean Mean anomaly
291-291 I1 --- Pos [1/6] Planet position within the system,
from inside to outside
293-299 F7.2 --- KOI Kepler object of interest
301-312 A12 --- Name Kepler Planet Name
314-333 A20 --- sigma N-body σ
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): The axis system is such that yz forms the plane of the sky,
and x points towards the observer (transit occurs when x>0).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Judkovsky et al. Paper I : 2022AJ....163...90J 2022AJ....163...90J
Judkovsky et al. Paper II : 2022AJ....163...91J 2022AJ....163...91J
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Coralie Fix [CDS], 14-May-2024