J/AJ/167/51 Evolved Massive Stars at Low Metallicity. VI. Mass loss (Wen+, 2024)
Evolved Massive Stars at Low Metallicity.
VI. Mass-loss Rate of Red Supergiant Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
Wen J., Gao J., Yang M., Chen B., Ren Yi, Wang T., Jiang B.
<Astron. J., 167, 51 (2024)>
=2024AJ....167...51W 2024AJ....167...51W
ADC_Keywords: Stars, supergiant; Photometry, infrared; Optical ; Stars, masses;
Stars, diameters; Spectral types
Keywords: Red supergiant stars ; Stellar mass loss ; Circumstellar dust ;
Large Magellanic Cloud ; Interstellar medium
Abstract:
Mass loss is a crucial process that affects the observational
properties, evolution path, and fate of highly evolved stars. However,
the mechanism of mass loss is still unclear, and the mass-loss rate
(MLR) of red supergiant stars (RSGs) requires further research and
precise evaluation. To address this, we utilized an updated and
complete sample of RSGs in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and
employed the 2-DUST radiation transfer model and spectral energy
distribution fitting approach to determine the dust-production rates
(DPRs) and dust properties of the RSGs. We have fitted 4714 selected
RSGs with over 100000 theoretical templates of evolved stars. Our
results show that the DPR range of RSGs in the LMC is
10-11M☉/yr--10-7M☉/yr, and the total DPR of all RSGs
is 1.14x10-6M☉/yr. We find that 63.3% RSGs are oxygen-rich,
and they account for 97.2% of the total DPR. The optically thin RSG,
which comprise 30.6% of our sample, contribute only 0.1% of the total
DPR, while carbon-rich RSGs (6.1%) produce 2.7% of the total DPR.
Overall, 208 RSGs contributed 76.6% of the total DPR. We have
established a new relationship between the MLR and luminosity of RSGs
in the LMC, which exhibits a positive trend and a clear turning point
at logL/L☉∼4.4.
Description:
In the current work, we adopt the RSG sample from
Ren+, 2021, J/ApJ/923/232, who utilized the near-infrared photometric
data from UKIRT/WFCAM and the 2MASS point source catalog and
astrometric data from Gaia EDR3 to identify RSGs in 12 low-mass
galaxies of the Local Group.
We crossmatched the RSG sample with various photometric data,
including Skymapper (u, v, g, i, r, and z bands; see Wolf+ 2018, II/358),
Gaia EDR3 (GBP, G, and GRP bands; Gaia Coll. 2021, I/350),
Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey (MCPS; U, B, V, and I bands;
Zaritsky+ 2004, J/AJ/128/1606), Vista Magellanic Cloud Survey (VMC;
Y, J, and KS bands; Cioni+ 2011, II/351), InfraRed Survey Facility
(IRSF; J, H, and KS bands; Kato+ 2007, II/288), The Two Micron All Sky
Survey (2MASS; J, H, and KS band; see II/246), AKARI (N3, S7, S11,
L15, and L24 bands; Kato+ 2012, J/AJ/144/179), Wide field Infrared
Survey Explorer (WISE; W1, W2, W3, and W4 bands; see II/328), and
Spitzer ([3.6], [4.5], [5.8], [8.0], and [24] bands).
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table4.dat 1481 4714 *Catalog of the stellar and dust parameters for
red supergiant stars in LMC
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Note on table4.dat: Extinction correction applied to all flux values.
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See also:
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
II/288 : IRSF Magellanic Clouds Point Source Catalog (Kato+ 2007)
II/375 : VISTA Magellanic Survey (VMC) catalog (YJKs) DR6 (Cioni+, 2011)
II/351 : VISTA Magellanic Survey (VMC) catalog (Cioni+, 2011)
II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)
II/358 : SkyMapper Southern Sky Survey. DR1.1 (Wolf+, 2018)
I/350 : Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020)
J/ApJ/505/793 : New WR star in M33 (Massey+, 1998)
J/AJ/126/2867 : Red supergiants in Magellanic Clouds (Massey+, 2003)
J/AJ/128/1606 : Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey LMC (Zaritsky+, 2004)
J/A+A/442/281 : Latetype giants BVRIJHKL Teff calibration (Kucinskas+, 2005)
J/A+A/503/913 : Synthetic spectrophotometry C-rich giants (Aringer+, 2009)
J/MNRAS/395/1409 : Type II-P SN progenitor constraints (Smartt+, 2009)
J/AJ/142/103 : Cool evolved stars in SAGE-SMC and SAGE-LMC (Boyer+, 2011)
J/ApJS/192/6 : A GALEX UV imaging survey of nearby galaxies (Lee+, 2011)
J/A+A/532/A54 : GRAMS carbon-star model grid (Srinivasan+, 2011)
J/ApJ/727/53 : Red supergiant stars in the LMC. I. (Yang+, 2011)
J/AJ/144/179 : AKARI-LMC Point-source catalog (Kato+, 2012)
J/ApJ/753/71 : Mass-loss return from LMC evolved stars. VI. (Riebel+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/457/2814 : SAGE SMC evolved stars candidates (Srinivasan+, 2016)
J/A+A/609/A114 : Local Group AGB stars & red supergiants (Groenewegen+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/487/4832 : Period-luminosity relation red supergiants (Chatys+, 2019)
J/ApJS/241/35 : Period-luminosity relationsRSGs in M33 & M31 (Ren+, 2019)
J/ApJ/923/232 : Red supergiants in 12 Local Group galaxies (Ren+, 2021)
J/ApJ/912/112 : Red supergiants in M31 & M33.II Mass-loss rate (Wang+, 2021)
J/A+A/647/A167 : Using H-bump to identify RSGs in NGC6822 (Yang+, 2021)
J/A+A/676/A84 : Mass-loss rate of RSGs in the SMC (Yang+, 2023)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table4.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 16 A16 --- 2MASS 2MASS Source designation
18- 20 A3 --- Type Classification of stars
(always "RSG")
22- 30 F9.6 deg RAdeg [64/98] Right ascension (J2000)
32- 41 F10.6 deg DEdeg [-78/-59] Declination (J2000)
43- 53 F11.9 mag E(B-V) [0.0001/0.4] The (B-V) color excess
(1)
55- 65 F11.9 mag AV [0.0006/1.24] Extinction in V band
67- 73 F7.4 mag YmagVMC [9/18.7]? VMC Y magnitude
75- 81 F7.4 mag JmagVMC [8.84/18.4]? VMC J magnitude
83- 89 F7.4 mag KsmagVMC [7.5/16.51]? VMC Ks magnitude
91- 96 F6.4 mag e_YmagVMC [0.0002/0.07]? Error in YmagVMC
98- 103 F6.4 mag e_JmagVMC [0.0002/0.1]? Error in JmagVMC
105- 110 F6.4 mag e_KsmagVMC [0.0002/0.04]? Error in KsmagVMC
112- 117 F6.3 mag Jmag2MASS [7.75/13.3] 2MASS J magnitude
119- 124 F6.3 mag Hmag2MASS [6.96/12.4] 2MASS H magnitude
126- 131 F6.3 mag Kmag2MASS [6.55/12.1] 2MASS Ks magnitude
133- 138 F6.4 mag e_Jmag2MASS [0.005/0.1] Error in Jmag2MASS
140- 145 F6.4 mag e_Hmag2MASS [0.01/0.1] Error in Hmag2MASS
147- 152 F6.4 mag e_Kmag2MASS [0.007/0.1] Error in Ksmag2MASS
154- 162 F9.6 mag GBPmag [11/18.5]? Gaia EDR3 GBP magnitude
164- 172 F9.6 mag Gmag [10.49/16.55]? Gaia EDR3 G magnitude
174- 182 F9.6 mag GRPmag [9.48/15.2]? Gaia EDR3 GRP magnitude
184- 191 F8.6 mag e_GBPmag [0.0028/0.1]? Error in GBPmag
193- 200 F8.6 mag e_Gmag [0.0027/0.07]? Error in Gmag
202- 209 F8.6 mag e_GRPmag [0.0037/0.1]? Error in GRPmag
211- 216 F6.3 mag gmagS [10.76/18.65]? Skymapper g magnitude
218- 223 F6.3 mag rmagS [10.33/18.12]? Skymapper r magnitude
225- 230 F6.3 mag imagS [9.58/16.21]? Skymapper i magnitude
232- 237 F6.3 mag zmagS [9.3/15.1]? Skymapper z magnitude
239- 244 F6.3 mag umagS [11.85/18.63]? Skymapper u magnitude
246- 251 F6.3 mag vmagS [11.72/18.3]? Skymapper v magnitude
253- 257 F5.3 mag e_gmagS [0.002/0.1]? Error in gmagS
259- 263 F5.3 mag e_rmagS [0.002/0.1]? Error in rmagS
265- 269 F5.3 mag e_imagS [0.002/0.1]? Error in imagS
271- 275 F5.3 mag e_zmagS [0.002/0.1]? Error in zmagS
277- 281 F5.3 mag e_umagS [0.002/0.1]? Error in umagS
283- 287 F5.3 mag e_vmagS [0.003/0.1]? Error in vmagS
289- 297 F9.6 mag mag36 [6.27/12.51]? Spitzer 3.6 micron
magnitude
299- 307 F9.6 mag mag45 [6.12/12.5]? Spitzer 4.5 micron
magnitude
309- 317 F9.6 mag mag58 [5.72/12.4]? Spitzer 5.8 micron
magnitude
319- 327 F9.6 mag mag80 [4.87/12.4]? Spitzer 8.0 micron
magnitude
329- 334 F6.3 mag mag24 [2.54/11.1]? Spitzer 24 micron
magnitude
336- 340 F5.3 mag e_mag36 [0.018/0.2]? Error in mag36
342- 346 F5.3 mag e_mag45 [0.015/0.2]? Error in mag45
348- 352 F5.3 mag e_mag58 [0.016/0.2]? Error in mag58
354- 358 F5.3 mag e_mag80 [0.013/0.2]? Error in mag80
360- 364 F5.3 mag e_mag24 [0.006/0.3]? Error in mag24
366- 371 F6.3 mag W1mag [6.3/12.24]? WISE W1 magnitude
373- 378 F6.3 mag W2mag [6.2/12.32]? WISE W2 magnitude
380- 385 F6.3 mag W3mag [4.39/12.5]? WISE W3 magnitude
387- 391 F5.3 mag W4mag [3.36/8.591]? WISE W4 magnitude
393- 397 F5.3 mag e_W1mag [0.018/0.05]? Error in W1mag
399- 403 F5.3 mag e_W2mag [0.018/0.04]? Error in W2mag
405- 409 F5.3 mag e_W3mag [0.013/0.2]? Error in W3mag
411- 415 F5.3 mag e_W4mag [0.018/0.2]? Error in W4mag
417- 422 F6.3 mag N3mag [6.51/12.1]? AKARI N3 magnitude
424- 429 F6.3 mag S7mag [5.3/12.21]? AKARI S7 magnitude
431- 436 F6.3 mag S11mag [3.5/12.1]? AKARI S11 magnitude
438- 442 F5.3 mag L15mag [3.51/9.92]? AKARI L15 magnitude
444- 448 F5.3 mag L24mag [2.56/8.5]? AKARI L24 magnitude
450- 454 F5.3 mag e_N3mag [0.014/0.1]? Error in N3mag
456- 460 F5.3 mag e_S7mag [0.003/0.1]? Error in S7mag
462- 466 F5.3 mag e_S11mag [0.002/0.1]? Error in S11mag
468- 472 F5.3 mag e_L15mag [0.024/0.1]? Error in L15mag
474- 478 F5.3 mag e_L24mag [0.01/0.1]? Error in L24mag
480- 484 F5.2 mag JmagIRSF [8.66/13.66]? IRSF J magnitude
486- 490 F5.2 mag HmagIRSF [8.43/12.77]? IRSF H magnitude
492- 496 F5.2 mag KsmagIRSF [8.87/12.83]? IRSF Ks magnitude
498- 501 F4.2 mag e_JmagIRSF [0.01/0.08]? Error in JmagIRSF
503- 506 F4.2 mag e_HmagIRSF [0.01/0.07]? Error in HmagIRSF
508- 511 F4.2 mag e_KsmagIRSF [0.01/0.09]? Error in KsmagIRSF
513- 518 F6.3 mag Umag [10.74/20.9]? MCPS U magnitude
520- 525 F6.3 mag Bmag [11.75/20.5]? MCPS B magnitude
527- 532 F6.3 mag Vmag [11.4/19.22]? MCPS V magnitude
534- 539 F6.3 mag Imag [8.84/16.71]? MCPS I magnitude
541- 545 F5.3 mag e_Umag [0.01/0.1]? Error in Umag
547- 551 F5.3 mag e_Bmag [0.01/0.1]? Error in Bmag
553- 557 F5.3 mag e_Vmag [0.01/0.1]? Error in Vmag
559- 563 F5.3 mag e_Imag [0.02/0.1]? Error in Imag
565- 575 F11.9 Jy flux2massJ [0.008/1.3] 2MASS J band flux
577- 587 F11.9 Jy flux2massH [0.01/1.7] 2MASS H band flux
589- 599 F11.9 Jy flux2massKs [0.009/1.6] 2MASS Ks band flux
601- 611 F11.9 Jy e_flux2massJ [0.0001/0.03] Error in flux2massJ
613- 623 F11.9 Jy e_flux2massH [0.0002/0.06] Error in flux2massH
625- 635 F11.9 Jy e_flux2massKs [0.0001/0.04] Error in flux2massKs
637- 647 F11.9 Jy fluxGBP [0.0001/0.2]? Gaia BP band flux
649- 659 F11.9 Jy fluxGRP [0.002/0.5]? Gaia RP band flux
661- 671 F11.9 Jy fluxG [0.0007/0.3]? Gaia G band flux
673- 680 E8.2 Jy e_fluxG [2.6e-06/0.002]? Error in fluxG
682- 689 E8.2 Jy e_fluxGBP [1.4e-06/0.004]? Error fluxGBP
691- 698 E8.2 Jy e_fluxGRP [1e-05/0.008]? Error in fluxGRP
700- 710 F11.9 Jy flux36 [0.002/0.9]? Spitzer 3.6 micron band
flux
712- 722 F11.9 Jy flux45 [0.0019/0.7]? Spitzer 4.5 micron
band flux
724- 734 F11.9 Jy flux58 [0.001/0.6]? Spitzer 5.8 micron band
flux
736- 746 F11.9 Jy flux80 [0.0007/0.8]? Spitzer 8.0 micron
band flux
748- 758 F11.9 Jy flux24 [0.0002/0.7]? Spitzer 24 micron band
flux
760- 770 F11.9 Jy e_flux36 [0.0001/0.04]? Error in flux36
772- 779 E8.2 Jy e_flux45 [5e-05/0.03]? Error in flux45
781- 788 E8.2 Jy e_flux58 [4.9e-05/0.03]? Error in flux58
790- 797 E8.2 Jy e_flux80 [3.3e-05/0.03]? Error in flux80
799- 806 E8.2 Jy e_flux24 [3.8e-05/0.004]? Error in flux24
808- 818 F11.9 Jy fluxW1 [0.0039/1]? WISE W1 band flux
820- 830 F11.9 Jy fluxW2 [0.002/0.6]? WISE W2 band flux
832- 842 F11.9 Jy fluxW3 [0.0003/0.6]? WISE W3 band flux
844- 854 F11.9 Jy fluxW4 [0.003/0.4]? WISE W4 band flux
856- 863 E8.2 Jy e_fluxW1 [8.5e-05/0.05]? Error in fluxW1
865- 872 E8.2 Jy e_fluxW2 [4e-05/0.02]? Error in fluxW2
874- 881 E8.2 Jy e_fluxW3 [3e-05/0.008]? Error in fluxW3
883- 893 F11.9 Jy e_fluxW4 [0.0002/0.008]? Error in fluxW4
895- 902 E8.2 Jy fluxSu [4.6e-05/0.03]? Skymapper u band
flux
904- 911 E8.2 Jy e_fluxSu [6e-07/0.0005]? Error in fluxSu
913- 923 F11.9 Jy fluxSv [0.0001/0.06]? Skymapper v band flux
925- 932 E8.2 Jy e_fluxSv [1.6e-06/0.002]? Error in fluxSv
934- 944 F11.9 Jy fluxSg [0.0001/0.2]? Skymapper g band flux
946- 953 E8.2 Jy e_fluxSg [2.7e-06/0.004]? Error in fluxSg
955- 965 F11.9 Jy fluxSi [0.0008/0.4]? Skymapper i band flux
967- 974 E8.2 Jy e_fluxSi [4e-06/0.006]? Error in fluxSi
976- 986 F11.9 Jy fluxSr [0.00018/0.3]? Skymapper r band flux
988- 998 F11.9 Jy e_fluxSr [3e-06/0.006]? Error in fluxSr
1000- 1010 F11.9 Jy fluxSz [0.002/0.5]? Skymapper z band flux
1012- 1019 E8.2 Jy e_fluxSz [6e-06/0.008]? Error in fluxSz
1021- 1031 F11.9 Jy fluxN3 [0.005/0.9]? AKARI N3 band flux
1033- 1040 E8.2 Jy e_fluxN3 [8.6e-05/0.05]? Error in fluxN3
1042- 1052 F11.9 Jy fluxS7 [0.0009/0.6]? AKARI S7 band flux
1054- 1061 E8.2 Jy e_fluxS7 [4e-05/0.002]? Error in fluxS7
1063- 1073 F11.9 Jy fluxS11 [0.0005/1.4]? AKARI S11 band flux
1075- 1082 E8.2 Jy e_fluxS11 [3.8e-05/0.009]? Error in fluxS11
1084- 1094 F11.9 Jy fluxL15 [0.0017/0.7]? AKARI L15 band flux
1096- 1106 F11.9 Jy e_fluxL15 [0.0001/0.05]? Error in fluxL15
1108- 1118 F11.9 Jy fluxL24 [0.0029/0.7]? AKARI L24 band flux
1120- 1130 F11.9 Jy e_fluxL24 [0.0002/0.01]? Error in fluxL24
1132- 1142 F11.9 Jy fluxvmcY [0.004/0.4]? VMC Y band flux
1144- 1151 E8.2 Jy e_fluxvmcY [4.4e-6/9.2e-5]? Error in fluxvmcY
1153- 1163 F11.9 Jy fluxvmcJ [0.01/0.4]? VMC J band flux
1165- 1172 E8.2 Jy e_fluxvmcJ [4.9e-06/0.0002]? Error in fluxvmcJ
1174- 1184 F11.9 Jy fluxvmcKs [0.008/0.3]? VMC Ks band flux
1186- 1193 E8.2 Jy e_fluxvmcKs [4.9e-6/0.0002]? Error in fluxvmcKs
1195- 1202 E8.2 Jy fluxU [8e-06/0.1]? MCPS U band flux
1204- 1211 E8.2 Jy e_fluxU [7.4e-07/0.0009]? Error in fluxU
1213- 1223 F11.9 Jy fluxV [7.5e-05/0.1]? MCPS V band flux
1225- 1232 E8.2 Jy e_fluxV [5.5e-06/0.005]? Error in fluxV
1234- 1244 F11.9 Jy fluxB [2.6e-05/0.08]? MCPS B band flux
1246- 1253 E8.2 Jy e_fluxB [1.7e-06/0.0008]? Error in fluxB
1255- 1265 F11.9 Jy fluxI [0.0004/0.7]? MCPS I band flux
1267- 1277 F11.9 Jy e_fluxI [4.5e-05/0.05]? Error in fluxI
1279- 1289 F11.9 Jy fluxirsfJ [0.005/0.6]? IRSF J band flux
1291- 1301 F11.9 Jy e_fluxirsfJ [6e-05/0.02]? Error in fluxirsfJ
1303- 1313 F11.9 Jy fluxirsfH [0.008/0.5]? IRSF H band flux
1315- 1325 F11.9 Jy e_fluxirsfH [7.4e-05/0.02]? Error in fluxirsfH
1327- 1337 F11.9 Jy fluxirsfKs [0.0049/0.2]? IRSF K band flux
1339- 1349 F11.9 Jy e_fluxirsfKs [5.9e-05/0.02]? Error in fluxirsfKs
1351- 1361 F11.9 --- chi [0.003/0.8] Lowest chi-squared value
for best-fitting model
1363- 1366 I4 K Teff [2600/5000] Best-fitting effective
temperature
1368- 1374 F7.5 --- tau [0.0001/2] Best-fitting optical depth
1376- 1378 A3 --- mType Chemical type of best-fitting model
(2)
1380- 1385 I6 Lsun lum [1670/386000] Model luminosity
output from 2-DUST
1387- 1393 F7.3 [Msun/yr] log(DPR) [-12.71/-7.5] Log of best-fitting
dust production rate
1395- 1399 I5 yr time [776/63000] Time scale for mass loss
or dust production
1401- 1408 E8.2 Msun massDust [2.5e-10/0.0004] Total mass of dust
shell
1410- 1417 E8.2 g/cm3 density [2.3e-23/3e-18] Density of dust at
inner radius
1419- 1426 E8.2 cm Rstar [8170000000000/79600000000000] Star
radius of best-fitting photosphere
model
1428- 1432 I5 --- index [330/72363] Specific index number in
model library corresponding to
best-fitting RSG model
1434- 1437 F4.1 [-] log(g) [-0.5/0] Log of surface gravity of
best-fitting photosphere model
1439- 1442 F4.1 [-] [M/H] [-0.5/0] Metallicity of best-
fitting photosphere model
1444- 1447 F4.1 Msun mass [0.5/15] Mass of best-fitting
photosphere model
1449- 1451 F3.1 --- sType [0/3] Classification of source (3)
1453- 1459 F7.3 [Msun/yr] log(DPRv) [-13.2/-7.6] Log of scaled DPR
1461- 1466 F6.3 km/s v [3/12] Scaled wind speed of dust
shell
1468- 1469 I2 --- Rmin [3/25] Inner radius in units of
stellar radius
1471- 1475 F5.3 [Lsun] log(lumobs) [3.29/5.52] Log of integrated
luminosity obtained from observed
SED
1477- 1481 F5.3 [Lsun] log(lummod) [3.2/5.6] Log of integrated
luminosity obtained from best-
fitting model SED
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): The E(B-V) values come from the extinction map of Chen et al. (2022).
Note (2): Types as followd:
C = carbon-rich model;
O = oxygen-rich model;
Opt = optically thin model.
Note (3): Classification as follows:
0.0 = normal source;
2.0 = contamination or binarity;
2.5 = slight flux excess source;
3.0 = source with bad W3 or W4 data.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Yang et al. Paper I : 2019A&A...629A..91Y 2019A&A...629A..91Y Cat. J/A+A/629/A91
Yang et al. Paper II : 2020A&A...639A.116Y 2020A&A...639A.116Y Cat. J/A+A/639/A116
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Coralie fix [CDS], 03-Jun-2024