J/AJ/168/235 Phot. & RVs for 6 giant planets around cool dwarfs (Kanodia+, 2024)
Searching for GEMS: characterizing six giant planets around cool dwarfs.
Kanodia S., Gupta A.F., Canas C.I., Bernabo L.M., Reji V., Han Te,
Brady M., Seifahrt A., Cochran W.D., Morrell N., Basant R., Bean J.,
Bender C.F., de Beurs Z.L., Bieryla A., Birkholz A., Brown N., Chapman F.,
Ciardi D.R., Clark C.A., Cotter E.G., Diddams S.A., Halverson S.,
Hawley S., Hebb L., Holcomb R., Howell S.B., Kobulnicky H.A.,
Kowalski A.F., Larsen A., Libby-Roberts J., Lin A.S.J., Lund M.B.,
Luque R., Monson A., Ninan J.P., Parker B.A., Patel N., Rodruck M.,
Ross G., Roy A., Schwab C., Stefansson G., Thoms A., Vanderburg A.
<Astron. J., 168, 235 (2024)>
=2024AJ....168..235K 2024AJ....168..235K
ADC_Keywords: Exoplanets; Radial velocities; Stars, dwarfs; Stars, M-type;
Spectra, infrared; Optical; Photometry
Keywords: Extrasolar gaseous giant planets ; Radial velocity ; M dwarf stars ;
Transits
Abstract:
Transiting giant exoplanets around M-dwarf stars (GEMS) are rare,
owing to the low-mass host stars. However, the all-sky coverage of
TESS has enabled the detection of an increasingly large number of them
to enable statistical surveys like the Searching for GEMS survey. As
part of this endeavor, we describe the observations of six transiting
giant planets, which include precise mass measurements for two GEMS
(K2-419Ab, TOI-6034b) and statistical validation for four systems,
which includes validation and mass upper limits for three of them
(TOI-5218b, TOI-5616b, TOI-5634Ab), while the fourth one--TOI-5414b is
classified as a "likely planet." Our observations include radial
velocities from the Habitable-zone Planet Finder on the Hobby-Eberly
Telescope, and MAROON-X on Gemini-North, along with photometry and
high-contrast imaging from multiple ground-based facilities. In
addition to TESS photometry, K2-419Ab was also observed and
statistically validated as part of the K2 mission in Campaigns 5 and
18, which provide precise orbital and planetary constraints despite
the faint host star and long orbital period of ∼20.4d. With
an equilibrium temperature of only 380K, K2-419Ab is one of the
coolest known well-characterized transiting planets. TOI-6034 has a
late F-type companion about 40" away, making it the first GEMS host
star to have an earlier main-sequence binary companion. These
confirmations add to the existing small sample of confirmed transiting
GEMS.
Description:
The instruments used for photometry in this study are:
- The Kepler spacecraft (K2) in long cadence mode (30 minute cadence)
as part of Campaigns 5 (2015 Apr 24 - 2015 Jul 11) and
18 (2018 May 12 - 2018 Jul 02) during the K2 mission.
- The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) with a Red filter
spanning 580-1100nm. The Sectors used in this study are:
14 (2019 Jul 18 - 2019 Aug 14), 15 (2019 Aug 15 - 2019 Sep 10),
16 (2019 Sep 12 - 2019 Oct 06), 17 (2019 Oct 08 - 2019 Nov 02),
18 (2019 Nov 03 - 2019 Nov 27), 19 (2019 Nov 28 - 2019 Dec 23),
20 (2019 Dec 24 - 2020 Jan 20), 21 (2020 Jan 21 - 2020 Feb 18),
22 (2020 Feb 19 - 2020 Mar 17), 23 (2020 Mar 19 - 2020 Apr 15),
24 (2020 Apr 16 - 2020 May 12), 25 (2020 May 14 - 2020 Jun 08),
26 (2020 Jun 09 - 2020 Jul 04), 40 (2021 Jun 24 - 2021 Jul 23),
41 (2021 Jul 23 - 2021 Aug 20), 44 (2021 Oct 12 - 2021 Nov 06),
45 (2021 Nov 06 - 2021 Dec 02), 46 (2021 Dec 02 - 2021 Dec 20),
47 (2021 Dec 30 - 2022 Jan 28), 48 (2022 Jan 28 - 2022 Feb 26),
49 (2022 Feb 26 - 2022 Mar 26), 56 (2022 Sep 01 - 2022 Sep 30), and
57 (2022 Sep 30 - 2022 Oct 29) in 2 minute cadence.
- The 0.6m telescope at the Red Buttes Observatory (RBO) in Wyoming on
2022 Apr 06, 2023 Jun 20, 2023 Aug 08, and 2023 Sep 08. The
observations were performed in the Bessell I band.
- The 1.0m Henrietta Swope Telescope (SWOPE) at the Las Campanas
Observatory in Chile on 2023 Jan 16. We observed through a Sloan i
filter. The target was observed continuously for almost 6hr with
individual exposures of 35s.
- The 0.4m telescope at the Randolph-Macon College's Keeble
Observatory (Keeble) in Ashland, Virginia, on 2023-Oct-09 and
2024-Feb-7. We used an SBIG ST-10XMEI CCD with a Kron-Cousins I-band
filter.
- The 3.5m Astrophysical Research Consortium Telescope Imaging Camera
(ARCTIC) at Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico, on the
nights of 2022 May 13 and 2022 Jul 12 in SDSS i'.
- The 0.4m Las Cumbres Observatory (LCO) Global Telescope Network
archival data, as observed on 2022 Nov 12 as part of proposal
KEY2020B-005 (PI: Shporer, A.) from the 0.4 m Planewave Delta Rho
telescope with a QHY 600 CMOS camera at the Teide Observatory in
Tenerife, Spain, in the i' band.
- The KeplerCam on the 1.2m Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory
telescope in southern Arizona, USA, on 2022 May 31 and 2023 Jan 05 in
the i' band.
- The 0.3m Las Campanas Remote Observatory (LCRO) telescope on 2023
March 20 at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile, in the i' band.
The instruments used for spectroscopy in this study are:
- The Habitable-zone Planet Finder (HPF) near-infrared precision
spectrograph at the 10m Hobby-Eberly Telescope. There were a total of
68 visits, with two exposures of 969s each, between 2022 Sep 09 and
2024 Mar 26.
- The MAROON-X (M-X) at Gemini-North as part of program ID
GN-2023B-Q-104 (PI: Kanodia). MAROON-X is a red-optical fiber-fed
precise RV spectrograph spanning 500-920nm across two arms (blue;
500-670nm and red; 650-920nm) with a resolving power of ∼85,000. We
obtained 12 visits of K2-419A, each consisting of a 30min exposure,
between 2023 Oct 17 and 2024 Jan 03.
Objects:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
RA (2000) DE Designation(s) (Period)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
09 00 04.75 +13 16 25.7 TOI 5176 = K2-419A (P=20.3585)
19 30 39.20 +71 45 46.3 TOI 5218 = Gaia DR3 2263568371970517120 (P=4.29145)
07 17 28.25 +31 28 54.9 TOI 5414 = Gaia DR3 886990087556438784 (P=10.7789)
12 19 36.46 +48 40 59.4 TOI 5616 = Gaia DR3 1545570133528453888 (P=2.00285)
11 42 34.54 +20 57 55.4 TOI 5634 = Gaia DR3 3979511431397114752 (P=2.20354)
21 11 36.04 +68 24 07.5 TOI 6034 = Gaia DR3 2270404997834401664 (P=2.57618)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
stars.dat 25 6 List of targets (Table added by CDS)
photobs.dat 95 46 Summary of photometric observations per system and
instrument (Table added by CDS)
table1.dat 121 123868 Ground- and space-based photometric follow-up data
table2.dat 55 92 Radial velocities for the TOIs included in this paper
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Description of file:
In t1 directory, the original files in NPY format as downloaded on
the paper from ajad7796t1_mrt.tar.gz
See also:
I/352 : Dist. to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia EDR3 (Bailer-Jones+, 2021)
I/357 : Gaia DR3 Part 3. Non-single stars (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
IV/39 : TESS Input Catalog version 8.2 (TIC v8.2) (Paegert+, 2021)
IV/34 : K2 Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) (Huber+, 2017)
J/AJ/142/19 : Speckle observations of KOI (Howell+, 2011)
J/ApJS/200/15 : HARPS-TERRA project. I. (Anglada-Escude+, 2012)
J/AJ/152/108 : i filter phot. for HATS-25 through HATS-30 (Espinoza+, 2016)
J/ApJS/222/14 : Planetary candidates from 1st yr K2 mission (Vanderburg+, 2016)
J/AJ/154/207 : K2 planetary systems orbiting low-mass stars (Dressing+, 2017)
J/AJ/153/71 : Kepler follow-up obs program. I. Imaging (Furlan+, 2017)
J/ApJ/836/77 : A library of high-S/N optical spect. of FGKM stars (Yee+, 2017)
J/ApJ/856/23 : BANYAN. XI. The BANYAN Σ algorithm (Gagne+, 2018)
J/AJ/156/277 : 60 validated planets from K2 campaigns 5-8 (Livingston+, 2018)
J/AJ/155/21 : Planet candidates from K2 campaigns 5-8 (Petigura+, 2018)
J/AJ/156/102 : TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List (Stassun+, 2018)
J/AJ/159/100 : Flux & RVs of the dwarf G9-40 with K2 & HPF (Stefansson+, 2020)
J/AJ/161/24 : TRICERATOPS predictions for 384 TOIs (Giacalone+, 2021)
J/AJ/163/125 : Light curve & RV of 4 giants planets (Jordan+, 2022)
J/ApJS/259/33 : Faint-star TOIs from the TESS Primary Mission (Kunimoto+, 2022)
J/AJ/164/70 : TESS Grand Unified Hot Jupiter Survey I.10 planets (Yee+, 2022)
J/AJ/165/120 : SDSS g and i'-band light curve of TOI-5205 (Kanodia+, 2023)
J/AJ/166/90 : Light curves and radial velocities for TOI-1899 (Lin+, 2023)
J/other/Sci/382.1031 : LHS 3154 RV and activity indicators (Stefansson+, 2023)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: stars.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 A3 --- --- [TOI]
4- 7 I4 --- TOI Identifier used in Table 1
9- 17 A9 --- ID Identifier used in Table 2
19- 25 F7.4 d Per Orbital period
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: photobs.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 A3 --- --- [TOI]
4- 7 I4 --- TOI TESS Object of Interest identifier
9- 15 F7.4 d Per Orbital Period
17- 37 A21 --- Inst Instrument used (1)
39- 56 F18.10 d BJDf Date of first observation; Barycentric Julian
Date
58- 75 F18.10 d BJDl Date of last observation; Barycentric Julian Date
77- 79 A3 --- GP-P Simultaneous Gaussian Process detrending
performed with the RotationTerm (Prot) kernel?
81- 83 A3 --- GP-S Simultaneous Gaussian Process detrending
performed with the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
(SHO) kernel?
85- 87 A3 --- GP-Mas Gaussian Process fit to the transit masked light
curve and subsequently subtracted?
89- 91 A3 --- GP-Sub Gaussian Process fit on the transit-masked light
curve subtracted from the Flux to detrend it?
93- 95 A3 --- Dil Dilution allowed to float and transit depth
constrained?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Instruments as follows:
K2 = Kepler spacecraft, with "C" the Campain
Keeble = 0.4m telescope at the Randolph-Macon College's Keeble Observatory
in Ashland, Virginia, USA
RBO = 0.6m telescope at Red Buttes Observatory in Wyoming, USA
SWOPE = 1.0m Henrietta Swope Telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory
in Chile
TESS = Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, with "S" the Sector
ARCTIC = 3.5m Astrophysical Research Consortium Telescope Imaging Camera
at Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico, USA
LCO = Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network (LCOGT);
the 0.4m Planewave Delta Rho telescope with a QHY 600 CMOS camera
at the Teide Observatory in Tenerife, Spain
KeplerCam = KeplerCam on the 1.2m Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory
in southern Arizona, USA
LCRO = 305 mm Las Campanas Remote Observatory telescope in Chile
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 A3 --- --- [TOI]
4- 7 I4 --- TOI TESS Object of Interest identifier
9- 29 A21 --- Inst Instrument (1)
31- 33 A3 --- GP-P Simultaneous Gaussian Process detrending
performed with the RotationTerm (Prot) kernel?
35- 37 A3 --- GP-S Simultaneous Gaussian Process detrending
performed with the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
(SHO) kernel?
39- 41 A3 --- GP-Mas Gaussian Process fit to the transit masked light
curve and subsequently subtracted?
43- 45 A3 --- GP-Sub Gaussian Process fit on the transit-masked light
curve subtracted from the Flux to detrend it?
47- 49 A3 --- Dil Dilution allowed to float and transit depth
constrained?
51- 55 A5 --- Mask Mask ± 0.25 days around each transit
57- 74 F18.10 d BJD Time axis, BJDTDB
76- 98 E23.20 --- Flux [-1/0.3] Flux, not median normalized
100- 121 F22.20 --- e_Flux [2e-4/0.3] Flux error
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Number of measurement per instrument for each system (see
photobs table for instrument details):
TOI5176 = 2149 with K2_C18; 3371 with K2_C5; 54 with Keeble_20240206;
46 with RBO_20220405; 427 with SWOPE_20230115; 47878 with TESS
TOI5218 = 389 with ARCTIC_SDSSi-20220513; 320 with ARCTIC_SDSSi-20220712;
1236 with TESS_S14; 1026 with TESS_S15; 933 with TESS_S16;
874 with TESS_S17; 825 with TESS_S18; 1042 with TESS_S19;
1092 with TESS_S20; 1091 with TESS_S21; 764 with TESS_S22;
976 with TESS_S23; 1098 with TESS_S24; 1104 with TESS_25;
1019 with TESS_S26; 3481 with TESS_S40; 3504 with TESS_S41
TOI5414 = 33 with LCO_20221112; 1009 with TESS_S20; 3090 with TESS_S44;
3179 with TESS_S45; 3345 with TESS_S47
TOI5616 = 32 with KeplerCam_20220531; 1230 with TESS_S22;
3548 with TESS_S48; 3209 with TESS_S49
TOI5634 = 45 with KeplerCam_20230105; 32 with LCRO_20230320;
1065 with TESS_S22; 2548 with TESS_S49
TOI6034 = 89 with Keeble_20231019; 64 with RBO_20230620;
78 with RBO_20230808; 108 with RBO_20230908; 1038 with TESS_S16;
963 with TESS_S17; 1024 with TESS_S18; 913 with TESS_S25;
11750 with TESS_S56; 10779 with TESS_S57
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 3 A3 --- --- [TOI]
4- 7 I4 --- TOI TESS Object of Interest identifier; used in
Table 1 (column added by CDS)
9- 17 A9 --- ID System identifier
19- 31 F13.5 d BJD Barycentric Julian date, mid-observation at TDB
33- 39 F7.2 m/s RVel [-997/426] Radial Velocity for System at BJD
41- 46 F6.2 m/s e_RVel [5.5/357] Uncertainty in RVel
48- 55 A8 --- Inst Instrument used (1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): Instrument as follows:
HPF = Habitable-zone Planet Finder NIR spectrograph at the 10m
Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET; 68 occurrences)
M-X Blue = MAROON-X blue arm (500-670nm) at Gemini-North (12 occurrences)
M-X Red = MAROON-X red arm (650-920nm) at Gemini-North (12 occurrences)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Robin Leichtnam [CDS] 02-Jul-2025