J/AJ/169/141 Properties of protoplanetary disks around aged YSOs (Wang+, 2025)
LAMOST Reveals Long-lived Protoplanetary Disks.
Wang X.-L., Fang M., Liu Y., Zhang M.-M., Cui W.-Y.
<Astron. J., 169, 141 (2025)>
=2025AJ....169..141W 2025AJ....169..141W
ADC_Keywords: YSOs; Stars, M-type; Exoplanets; Photometry, infrared;
Spectroscopy; Optical; Clusters, open; Molecular clouds;
Stars, ages; Stars, masses; Spectral types; Equivalent widths;
Photometry, H-alpha
Keywords: Young stellar objects ; Protoplanetary disks ;
Stellar accretion disks ; Hertzsprung Russell diagram ;
Circumstellar disks ; Spectral energy distribution
Abstract:
While both observations and theories demonstrate that protoplanetary
disks are not expected to live much longer than ∼10Myr, several
examples of prolonged disks have been observed in the past. In this
work, we perform a systematic search for aged young stellar objects
still surrounded by protoplanetary disks in the M-star catalog from
the LAMOST archive. We identify 14 sources older than 10Myr, still
surrounded by protoplanetary disks and with ongoing accretion
activities, significantly improving the census of the category known
as the Peter Pan disks. The stellar parameters, variability, and
accretion properties of these objects, as well as their spatial
distribution, are investigated. Nearly all of these objects are
distributed far away from nearby associations and star-forming regions
but show evidence of being members of open clusters. Investigating the
correlation between mass accretion rates and stellar masses, we find
that these long-lived disks accrete at systematically lower levels,
compared to their younger counterparts with similar stellar masses.
Studying the evolution of mass accretion rates with stellar ages, we
find that these aged disks follow a similar trend to young ones.
Description:
The main data sets used in this work include the spectroscopic data
from the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope
(LAMOST) survey (V/156, DR7), the astrometric measurements from the
Gaia satellite (Gaia Collab+2016, I/337), and multiband photometry
from the Pan-STARRS1 survey (PS1; II/389, DR2), the Two Micron All Sky
Survey (2MASS; II/246), and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer
(WISE; II/311).
There are ∼0.88 million spectra of M-type stars, corresponding to more
than 0.66 million unique sources, in the 10th release of the LAMOST
survey (LAMOST DR10; DR7, V/156). The M-star catalog is first
cross-matched with Gaia DR3 (I/355). The matched spectra are further
matched to the PS1 DR1 (II/349), the 2MASS All-Sky Point Source
Catalog (II/246), and the AllWISE catalog (II/328). The full spectral
energy distribution (SED; from optical to infrared) is constructed for
each star.
The main goal of this work is to search for aged YSOs (older than
∼10Myr) still surrounded by primordial disks in the solar vicinity
(within 1kpc of the Sun). For this purpose, we first identify sources
displaying infrared excess emission. We identify 855 sources showing
significant infrared excess emission 5σ above the stellar
photosphere in WISE bands, indicating the presence of circumstellar
disks.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 228 855 Properties of the newly discovered Peter Pan disks
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See also:
I/337 : Gaia DR1 (Gaia Collaboration, 2016)
I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)
II/311 : WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri+ 2012)
II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)
II/349 : The Pan-STARRS release 1 (PS1) Survey - DR1 (Chambers+, 2016)
II/389 : The Pan-STARRS release 1 (PS1) Survey - DR2 (Magnier+, 2025)
V/156 : LAMOST DR7 catalogs (Luo+, 2019)
J/AJ/124/1670 : Post-T Tauri Stars in Sco-Cen Association (Mamajek+, 2002)
J/ApJ/651/L49 : Upper Sco OB association IRAC observations (Carpenter+, 2006)
J/AJ/131/1574 : Infrared photometry of IC348 members (Lada+, 2006)
J/ApJ/659/599 : IRAC and JHKs photometry of h and chi Persei (Currie+, 2007)
J/ApJ/671/1784 : Ori OB1 IRAC/MIPS observations (Hernandez+, 2007)
J/ApJ/662/1067 : Spitzer observations of sigma Orionis (Hernandez+, 2007)
J/AJ/138/703 : Deep MIPS observations of IC 348 nebula (Currie+, 2009)
J/A+A/504/461 : YSOs in L1630N and L1641 (Fang+, 2009)
J/A+A/525/A71 : Atmospheric parameters for 1273 stars (Wu+, 2011)
J/A+A/539/A119 : Pismis 24 stars with X-ray emission (Fang+, 2012)
J/ApJ/758/31 : IR photometry for members of Upper Sco (Luhman+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/421/78 : LMC pre-main seq. stars mass accretion rates (Spezzi+, 2012)
J/MNRAS/435/3058 : VIc phot. of IR-excess stars in NGC6611 (De Marchi+ 2013)
J/ApJS/208/9 : Intrinsic colors & temperatures of PMS stars (Pecaut+, 2013)
J/A+A/561/A2 : 36 accreting YSOs emission lines (Alcala+, 2014)
J/ApJ/784/126 : Infrared phot. of all known members in Taurus (Esplin+, 2014)
J/ApJ/786/97 : Photospheric properties of T Tauri stars (Herczeg+, 2014)
J/MNRAS/453/2220 : Early-type Sco-Cen memb. with literature RVs (Murphy+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/461/794 : Scorpius-Centaurus K-Type Stars (Pecaut+, 2016)
J/A+A/600/A20 : Lupus YSOs X-shooter spectroscopy (Alcala+, 2017)
J/AJ/153/188 : Spect. of the foreground population in Orion A (Fang+, 2017)
J/AJ/156/75 : Circumstellar disks in the Upper Sco association (Esplin+, 2018)
J/MNRAS/475/5659 : OB association members (Ward+, 2018)
J/AJ/157/234 : ACRONYM. III. Candidate young low-mass stars (Schneider+, 2019)
J/ApJ/892/31 : Teff and metallicities of M dwarfs in APOGEE DR14 (Birky+, 2020)
J/ApJ/904/146 : Young stars in North the America & Pelican Nebul. (Fang+, 2020)
J/AJ/160/44 : Upper Scorpius spectroscopy and photometry (Luhman+, 2020)
J/MNRAS/495/663 : Gaia DR2 OB associations (Ward+, 2020)
J/ApJS/254/20 : Stellar groups in Taurus field: Gaia DR2 & LAMOST (Liu+, 2021)
J/AJ/163/25 : Circumstellar disk pop. in the Sco-Cen complex (Luhman, 2022)
J/A+A/674/A33 : Gaia synthetic phot. cat. of white dwarfs (Gaia Coll., 2023)
J/A+A/673/A114 : Improving the open cluster census. II. (Hunt+, 2023)
Byte-by-byte Description of file:table2.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 19 A19 --- GaiaDR3 Gaia DR3 (I/355) identifier
21- 30 F10.6 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2016)
32- 40 F9.6 deg DEdeg Declination (J2016)
42- 50 F9.6 mas plx [1/34.7] Parallax
52- 59 F8.6 mas e_plx [0.01/0.32] Parallax uncertainty
61- 71 F11.6 mas/yr pmRA [-165.6/128.3] Proper motion in right
ascension
73- 80 F8.6 mas/yr e_pmRA [0.01/0.51] pmRA uncertainty
82- 92 F11.6 mas/yr pmDE [-126.1/58.2] Proper motion in declination
94- 101 F8.6 mas/yr e_pmDE [0.01/0.34] pmDE uncertainty
103- 106 A4 --- SpType Spectral type (1)
108- 115 F8.6 --- e_SpType [0/6.5] SpType uncertainty
117- 120 I4 --- Teff_S [2558/5500] Effective temperature obtained
by fitting stellar photosphere
122- 130 F9.6 --- logLbol_S [-2.61/0.74] Bolometric luminosity obtained
by fitting stellar photosphere
132- 135 I4 --- Teff_D [2465/5363] Effective temperature obtained
by fitting disked model
137- 145 F9.6 --- logLbol_D [-2.6/1.5] Bolometric luminosity obtained
by fitting disked model
147- 154 F8.6 Msun Mass [0/1.72] Stellar mass
156 A1 --- l_Age Limit flag on Age
158- 163 F6.2 Gyr Age [0/986.4] Stellar age
165 I1 --- HaEM ? =1 for Hα emitters (2)
167- 176 F10.6 0.1nm EWHa [0.55/416.9]? Hα emission line
equivalent width
178- 187 F10.6 --- logMdot [-12.92/-6.01]? Mass accretion rate
189- 192 A4 --- TTS =CTTS for accretors, and =WTTS for
nonaccreting stars (3)
194 I1 --- Var [0/1]? =1 for variables, and =0 for
nonvariables (4)
196- 202 A7 --- DiskType Disk classification (5)
204- 207 I4 --- Cluster [11/7086]? Open cluster ID from Hunt+2023
(J/A+A/673/A114)
209 I1 --- n_Cluster [2/6]? Relation between the source and the
open cluster (6)
211- 220 A10 --- Cloud Molecular cloud name
222 I1 --- n_Cloud [2/3]? Relation between the source and the
molecular cloud (7)
224- 228 A5 --- Pop Old or young population (8)
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Note (1): 647 M-types, 207 K-types, and 1 G-type in total.
Note (2): 351 Hα emitters in total.
Note (3): T Taurus stars (TTS) as follows:
CTTS = classical T Tauri stars, accretors (224 occurrences)
WTTS = weak-line T Tauri stars, nonaccretors (631 occurrences)
Note (4): 391 variable stars and 431 nonvariable stars in total.
Note (5): Disk classification as follows:
FULL = Full disk (631 occurrences)
EVOLVED = Evolved disk (179 occurrences)
TD = Transitional disk (23 occurrences)
DB = Debris disk (22 occurrences)
Note (6): Relation between the source and the cluster as follows:
2 = sources projected toward the cluster
3 = sources with distances consistent with the clusters as well
5 = sources with proper motions also consistent with the clusters
6 = sources listed as members by Hunt+2023 (J/A+A/673/A114)
Note (7): Relation between the source and the cloud as follows:
2 = sources projected toward the molecular clouds
3 = sources with distances consistent with the molecular cloud as well
Note (8): 526 old and 329 young in total.
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Robin Leichtnam [CDS] 19-Dec-2025