J/AJ/169/235 TESS-Keck Survey. XXIV. 47 distant giants RVs (Van Zandt+, 2025)
The TESS-Keck Survey. XXIV.
Outer giants may be more prevalent in the presence of inner small planets.
Van Zandt J., Petigura E.A., Lubin J., Weiss L.M., Turtelboom E.V.,
Fetherolf T., Murphy J.M.A., Crossfield I.J.M., Gilbert G.J., Mocnik T.,
Batalha N.M., Dressing C., Fulton B., Howard A.W., Huber D., Isaacson H.,
Kane S.R., Robertson P., Roy A., Angelo I., Behmard A., Beard C.,
Chontos A., Dai F., Giacalone S., Hill M.L., Holcomb R., Howell S.B.,
Mayo A.W., Pidhorodetska D., Polanski A.S., Rogers J., Rosenthal L.J.,
Rubenzahl R.A., Scarsdale N., Tyler D., Yee S.W., Zink J.
<Astron. J., 169, 235 (2025)>
=2025AJ....169..235V 2025AJ....169..235V
ADC_Keywords: Exoplanets; Radial velocities; Spectra, optical; Surveys;
Infrared sources
Keywords: Exoplanet astronomy ; Exoplanet detection methods ; Radial velocity ;
Bayesian statistics
Abstract:
We present the results of the Distant Giants Survey, a 3yr radial
velocity (RV) campaign to search for wide-separation giant planets
orbiting Sun-like stars known to host an inner transiting planet. We
defined a distant giant (DG) to have a=1-10AU and
Mpsin(i)=70-4000M⊕=0.2-12.5MJ, and required transiting
planets to have a<1AU and Rp=1-4R⊕. We assembled our sample
of 47 stars using a single selection function and observed each star
at monthly intervals to obtain ∼30RV observations per target. The
final catalog includes a total of 12 distant companions: four giant
planets detected during our survey, two previously known giant
planets, and six objects of uncertain disposition identified through
RV/astrometric accelerations. Statistically, half of the uncertain
objects are planets and the remainder are stars/brown dwarfs. We
calculated target-by-target completeness maps to account for missed
planets. We found evidence for a moderate enhancement of DGs in the
presence of close-in small planets (CSs), P(DG|CS)=31-11+12%, over
the field rate of P(DG)=16-2+2%. No enhancement is disfavored
(p∼8%). In contrast to a previous study, we found no evidence that
stellar metallicity raises the enhancement of P(DG|CS) over P(DG). We
found evidence that DG companions preferentially accompany
shorter-period CS planets and have lower eccentricities than randomly
selected giant planets. This points toward a nuanced picture of
dynamically cool formation in which giants interact with, but do not
disrupt, their inner systems.
Description:
The Distant Giants Survey targeted 47 Sun-like (M*=0.5-1.5M☉,
Teff<6250K) TESS targets, each hosting at least one transiting
planet candidate (Guerrero+2021, J/ApJS/254/39), compiled to determine
the conditional occurrence rate of long-period gas giants in the
presence of inner small planets (Van Zandt+2023, J/AJ/165/60). We
carried out our survey as part of the larger TESS-Keck Survey (TKS),
a multi-institutional RV survey of over 100 TESS objects of interest
(Chontos+, 2022AJ....163..297C 2022AJ....163..297C). We prioritized RV amenability in our
sample, selecting stars with low activity, low rotational velocity,
and high decl. to facilitate observations from the Keck and Lick
Observatories, located in Hawaii and California respectively.
We tailored our observing strategy to detect planets with long periods
and large K-amplitudes: we observed each target once per month,
primarily using the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES)
spectrograph coupled to the Keck I telescope, with supplementary
observations for bright targets (V<10) from the Automated Planet
Finder (APF)/Levy spectrograph at the Lick Observatory. We collected a
total of 4026 RVs between 2020 August 1 and 2024 January 31, 1990 of
which were taken using Keck/HIRES and 2036 using APF/Levy. We reached
at least 25 RVs and at least 1096days (3.0yr) baselines for all of our
47 systems.
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
tableb1.dat 62 47 *Properties of the 47 stars in the distant giants
sample
table1.dat 71 4026 Distant giants radial velocities
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Note on tableb1.dat: We calculated metallicity values using the
SpecMatch-Synthetic code (Petigura,2015PhDT........82P 2015PhDT........82P) for host stars with
Teff>4800K (σ[Fe/H]=0.06dex).
We used SpecMatch-Empirical (Yee+2017, J/ApJ/836/77) for host stars above
this limit (σ[Fe/H]=0.09dex). We retrieved all other values from
Chontos+ (2022AJ....163..297C 2022AJ....163..297C).
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See also:
IV/34 : K2 Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) (Huber+, 2017)
IV/39 : TESS Input Catalog version 8.2 (TIC v8.2) (Paegert+, 2021)
I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)
J/ApJ/622/1102 : The planet-metallicity correlation. (Fischer+, 2005)
J/ApJS/190/1 : A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)
J/AJ/142/19 : Speckle observations of KOI (Howell+, 2011)
J/ApJS/208/9 : Intrinsic colors & temperatures of PMS stars (Pecaut+, 2013)
J/ApJS/210/5 : The twenty-five year Lick planet search (Fischer+, 2014)
J/ApJ/834/17 : Mass & radius of planets, moons, low mass stars (Chen+, 2017)
J/ApJ/836/77 : A library of high-S/N optical spectra of FGKM stars (Yee+, 2017)
J/AJ/155/89 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). IV. Planets (Petigura+, 2018)
J/AJ/157/52 : Radial velocity obs. in super-Earth systems (Bryan+, 2019)
J/AJ/158/13 : The first 300 stars observed by the GPIES (Nielsen+, 2019)
J/AJ/159/63 : New AO obs. of exoplan. & brown dwarf companions (Bowler+, 2020)
J/ApJS/254/42 : Hipparcos-Gaia (EDR3) Cat. of Accelerations (Brandt, 2021)
J/ApJS/254/39 : Exoplanet candidates from TESS first 2yr obs (Guerrero+, 2021)
J/AJ/163/101 : TESS-Keck surv. IX. RVs of HD1919139 (Lubin+, 2022)
J/A+A/667/A1 : HD93963 CHEOPS light curves (Serrano+, 2022)
J/A+A/677/A33 : 38 Kepler and K2 systems RVs (Bonomo+, 2023)
J/MNRAS/523/3069 : HIP 9618 light and radial velocity curves (Osborn+, 2023)
J/AJ/165/60 : TESS-Keck Surv. XIV. 2 exoplanets from DGS (Van Zandt+, 2023)
J/AJ/168/196 : HD 191939 exoplanet system radial velocities (Lubin+, 2024)
J/ApJS/272/32 : TKS. XX. Exoplanet masses & orbit parameters (Polanski+, 2024)
J/ApJS/270/8 : The KGPS. I. Kepler planet-host RVs from HIRES (Weiss+, 2024)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 4 I4 --- TOI [465/2088] TESS Object Identifier of host star
6- 17 A12 --- TKS TESS-Keck Survey identifier of host star
19- 23 F5.1 deg RAdeg [14.1/354.7] Right ascension (J2000)
25- 28 F4.1 deg DEdeg [2.4/86.9] Declination (J2000)
30- 33 F4.1 mag Vmag [5.6/11.9] V-band magnitude
35- 38 I4 K Teff [4420/6049] Stellar effective temperature
40- 44 F5.2 [-] [Fe/H] [-0.38/0.42] Stellar metallicity (1)
46- 48 F3.1 Rsun Rp [1.2/9.2] Planetary radius of inner companion (1)
50- 54 F5.1 d Per [0.5/124.7] Orbital period of inner companion (1)
56- 58 A3 --- DG? Fully resolved giant planet signal? (yes or no)
60- 62 A3 --- Trend? Long term RV trend? (yes or no)
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Note (1): For multitransiting systems, we checked the planets in the order that
TESS detected them and show the properties of the first one that
passed our filters. We truncated period precisions for readability.
The median uncertainties are as follows: [Fe/H], 0.06-0.09dex;
Rp, 9.6%; and Per, 60ppm.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 A8 --- TOI TESS Object Identifier of host star
10- 21 A12 --- TKS TESS-Keck Survey identifier of host star
23- 38 F16.8 d BJD [2459062/2460312] Barycentric Julian Date
40- 52 F13.6 m/s RVel [-95387/20097] Radial velocity
54- 63 F10.6 m/s e_RVel [0.77/100.76] Uncertainty in RVel
65- 71 A7 --- Inst Instrument used (1)
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Note (1): Instruments as follows:
apf = the Levy Spectrograph on the Automated Planet Finder telescope at
Lick Observatory in California (2036 occurrences)
hires_j = the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer instrument at the
Keck Observatory in Hawaii (1990 occurrences)
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
References:
Dalba et al. Paper I. 2020AJ....159..241D 2020AJ....159..241D Cat. J/AJ/159/241
Weiss et al. Paper II. 2021AJ....161...56W 2021AJ....161...56W Cat. J/AJ/161/56
Dai et al. Paper III. 2020AJ....160..193D 2020AJ....160..193D
Rubenzahl et al. Paper IV. 2021AJ....161..119R 2021AJ....161..119R Cat. J/AJ/161/119
Scarsdale et al. Paper V. 2021AJ....162..215S 2021AJ....162..215S Cat. J/AJ/162/215
MacDougall et al. Paper VI. 2021AJ....162..265M 2021AJ....162..265M Cat. J/AJ/162/265
Lange et al. Paper VII. 2024AJ....167..282L 2024AJ....167..282L Cat. J/AJ/167/282
Dalba et al. Paper VIII. 2022AJ....163...61D 2022AJ....163...61D Cat. J/AJ/163/61
Lubin et al. Paper IX. 2022AJ....163..101L 2022AJ....163..101L Cat. J/AJ/163/101
Turtelboom et al. Paper XI. 2022AJ....163..293T 2022AJ....163..293T Cat. J/AJ/163/293
Chontos et al. Paper XII. 2022AJ....163..297C 2022AJ....163..297C
MacDougall et al. Paper XIII. 2022AJ....164...97M 2022AJ....164...97M Cat. J/AJ/164/97
Van Zandt et al. Paper XIV. 2023AJ....165...60V 2023AJ....165...60V Cat. J/AJ/165/60
MacDougall et al. Paper XV. 2023AJ....166...33M 2023AJ....166...33M Cat. J/AJ/166/33
Murphy et al. Paper XVI. 2023AJ....166..153M 2023AJ....166..153M Cat. J/AJ/166/153
Beard et al. Paper XVII. 2024AJ....167...70B 2024AJ....167...70B Cat. J/AJ/167/70
Desai et al. Paper XVIII. 2024AJ....167..194D 2024AJ....167..194D Cat. J/AJ/167/194
Hill et al. Paper XIX. 2024AJ....167..151H 2024AJ....167..151H
Polanski et al. Paper XX. 2024ApJS..272...32P 2024ApJS..272...32P
Pidhorodetska et al. Paper XXII. 2024AJ....168..135P 2024AJ....168..135P Cat. J/AJ/168/135
Van Zandt et al. Paper XXIV. 2025AJ....169..235V 2025AJ....169..235V This catalog
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Robin Leichtnam [CDS] 22-Jan-2026